2256-22 workshop on aerosol impact in the environment...

2256-22

Workshop on Aerosol Impact in the Environment: from Air Pollution to Climate Change

D. Ruprecht

8 - 12 August 2011

LARS, Environmental Research Lab. Firenze Italy

Comparison of different real time measurements methods

The Limits of Aerosol MeasurementComparison of different real time measurement methods:

Gravimetric (BAM & TEOM), OPC, CPC, DMA, DMPS, SMPS, APS, BC, OC: different suitability for different kind of

environmental assessment

Ario A. Ruprecht a *, Cinzia De Marcoa , Roberto Mazzaa , Grisa Mocnikb, Constantinos Sioutasc, Dane Westerdahld, Giovanni Invernizzi a ,

a LARS, Environmental Research Laboratory SIMG-Italian College Gps; ISDE-International Doctors for the Environment, Milan, Italy

bAerosol d.o.o., Ljubljana, Sloveniac University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

d Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

* A.A. Ruprecht e-mail: [email protected]

However the tremendous increase of combustion processes for production ofenergy, transport, industry manufacturing etc. followed by the industrialrevolution increased noticeably the pollution with heavy consequences on theenvironment as well as on the health of people.

The Aerosol is formed by solid or liquid particles of dimensions andmorphology that allow them to remain suspended in the air after they areproduced

Some are big enough to be visible as smoke or ashes, but other are so small to be visible only at the electronic microscope

The composition is very variable and is determined by their originThe official measurement metric of the aerosol is the mass in g/m3 but thenumber of particles per liter or cc is also considered and used as a parameterin many scientific works

CLASSIFICATION OF PARTICULATE AEROSOL

TSP Total Suspended Particles

PM10 <= 10 micrometers (m)

PM2.5 <= 2.5 micrometers

PM1 <= 1.0 micrometers

Ultrafine (UFP or UP) <= 0.1 micrometers

Note: Normally in all Monitoring Stations operated by the Environmental Protection Agencies only the mass in g/m3 of PM10 and PM2.5 is measured and used for epidemiological studies

But the measurement of the PM aerosol is not as easy as the measurements of other gaseous pollutants such as NOx, SO2, CO, VOC, CO2 etc. All these pollutants are well identified in their chemical and physical characteristics and also in their health effects

The measurement principles of these analyzers, based on UV, IR, chemiluminescence etc. can produce very accurate and precise values thanks to the possibility to be calibrated using gas cylinders with a known and certified concentration of gas to be measured

Unfortunately these procedures are not applicable to any PM measurements systems since it is not possible to have cylinders of known PM amount and composition

Consequently the only method to know the amount, the toxicity and carcinogenicity of the aerosol is collecting samples on special filters (usually teflon and/or quartz) and proceed with laboratory analysis.

But this procedure is complicated, time consuming and doesn't allow to have informations in real time

However in research projects as well as in the Monitoring Stations it isabsolutely necessary to know immediately or in a short time the PMconcentrations.

The different technologies that have been developed to measure the PM aerosolin real time are mainly:

Gravimetric automatic (BAM & TEOM), Optical Particle Counter (OPC),Condensation Particle Counter (CPC), Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA) andParticle Sizer (DMPS), Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), AerodynamicParticle Sizer (APS).

Other technologies allow the measurements in real time also of somecomponents of the PM such as the Black Carbon (BC) and the Organic Carbon(OC) in PM

Gravimetric manual system must be used as reference method for masscalibration of all other PM mass analyzers.

GRAVIMETRIC MANUAL(Reference method)

The air to be measured is sampled by a pump at a known flow through a PM10PM2.5 or PM1 inlet and a pre-weighted, temperature and humidity controlledfilter for a programmed time where the particulate matter is accumulated.Mean of the sampling time as mass in g/m3 is determined from the increasein filter mass and volume of air sampled.

The method requires skilled technicians, adequate laboratory equipment andproduce the results only after a few days.

However this is the only Reference Method to measure aerosol mass to which allother gravimetric automatic method must refer for calibration (FederalReference Method in the U.S.A.)

GRAVIMETRIC AUTOMATIC(Certified as Equivalent to Federal Reference Method)

Gravimetric automatic systems are based on two principle of operation: the BetaAttenuation Monitors (BAM) and the Tapered Element OscillatingMicrobalance (TEOM). Both systems are delivering the measurements in higlytime resolved mass measurements.

The BAM uses beta ray attenuation to calculate collected particle massconcentrations in units of g/m3. A 14C element (<60 μCi) emits a constantsource of high-energy electrons, also known as beta particles. The beta raysare attenuated as they collide with particles collected on a filter tape. Thedecrease in signal detected by the BAM-1020 scintillation counter is inverselyproportional to the mass loading on the filter tape.

The TEOM uses a tapered tube fixed on a rigid base, on the top of the narrowend of the tube is mounted a filter which accumulate the particulate. Thenatural frequency of oscillation of the tube changes as a function of theweight accumulated.

GRAVIMETRIC AUTOMATIC(BAM: certified as Equivalent to Federal Reference Method)

GRAVIMETRIC AUTOMATIC(TEOM: certified as Equivalent to Federal Reference Method)

OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTER

The basic principle of operation of the Optical particle Counter (OPC) is tomeasure the amount of light scattered by the particles as they are passingthrough a laser beam. Part of the scattered light is focused by a mirror/lenssystem to a photodetector and converted in a voltage pulse. The magnitude ofthe voltage is correlated with the particle size.

OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTERThe measurement is possible with very fast sampling time (1 second) and is

expressed in number of particles per liter or cc comprised withinprogrammable size intervals, for instance number of particles between 0.3and 1.0 m. Multiple size channels ar also possible.

Some models also use mathematical equations for converting the number ofparticles in mass using a specific gravity factor that must be found only aftercalibration of each single instrument and for each aerosol type with agravimetric system (manual or automatic).

All OPCs are unfortunately subject to heavy Relative Humidity interferenceabove 50 % RH that must be eliminated by heating or drying the sample ormathematically compensated.

OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTER

Relative Humidity interference

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Relative Humidity %

OPC

mas

s K

Fac

tor According Wiesenthal et al. Math. Compensation

OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTERADVANTAGESThey provide instantaneous informations, both in number of particles and in

mass which is often very important for continuous monitoring andidentification of the sources

Several models are portable or palm top and some also suitable for continuousoperation in outdoor environments

DISADVANTAGESThe particles properties such as shape, reflective index, morphology and

chemical composition are normally unknown and in the real world verydifferent from the ideal homogeneous sphere and this can lead to significantuncertainties in estimate both the number, size and/or mass of the aerosols.

The lower limit of measurement is about 300 nanometers in diameters sinceparticles smalles are not big enough to produce a signal above noise level

CONDENSATION PARTICLE COUNTER

To solve the problem of the lower limit of 300 nanometer of the OPCs, the Condensation Particle Counters (CPC), operating on the same principle, add the function of growing the particles diameter by condensation in a supersaturated environment until they are sufficiently large to be detected optically above the noise level.

Different substances are used ascondensing vapours:n-butil alcoholand water are the most common

CONDENSATION PARTICLE COUNTER

ADVANTAGESCPCs can detect particles as small as 2.5 nm and are extraordinarily sensitive in

detecting small amounts of aerosol mass.

Fast response to aerosol concentration changes

Insensitive to chemical composition of the aerosols due to very highsupersaturation of the condensing vapours

DISADVANTAGESPossibility to optical floodingsRequires fine adjustments and not very suitable for continuous operation

DIFFERENTIAL MOBILITY ANALYZER

Principle of operation:the Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA) can be described as an assembly of two concentrically cylindrical electrodes with an air gap between the walls. The sample, exposed to a stream of beta radiations in order to give to the particles a known electrical charge, enter from one end, pass through the annulus and exit the other end. An electric field is applied between the inner and outer electrodes. Particles having a specific electrical mobility exit with the monodisperse air flow through a small slit located at the bottom of the inner electrode.

DIFFERENTIAL MOBILITY ANALYZER

The DMA have been developed and are used because it is of fundamental importance to measure and classify the nanoparticles in the range from 2.5 to 1,000 nm in different fields: materials synthesis, biotechnology, semiconductor manufacturing, pharmaceutical products, nano-composites and ceramics, emission control, health effects etc.

The monodisperse aerosol, with a diameter that is a function of the differential voltages and other parameters, and coming out from the central tube may be directed to one CPC or to a Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (DMPS) or to Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) to determine the particle concentrations and diameter distribution

These applications will be described in the next slides

DIFFERENTIAL MOBILITY PARTICLE SIZER

Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (DMPS) is an alternative to OPCs to measure submicrometric particle size distribution since all optical techniques cannot detect particles smaller than 300 nm and also are susceptible to errors in sizing due to changes in shape and refractive index

However DMPS cannot reach the same temporal resolution, typically 1 second response time, of the OPCs because of the time necessary to perform a complete scan

The scan is performed changing the electrode tube voltage both smoothly or in discrete steps

DIFFERENTIAL MOBILITY PARTICLE SIZER

Example of experimental setup

SCANNING MOBILITY PARTICLE SIZER

One of the most widespread system is the Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS)

High resolution data: up to 167 particle sizes channels

Broad size range: from 2.5 to1,000 nm

Fast measurement scan

SCANNING MOBILITY PARTICLE SIZERSMPS setup (TSI)

SCANNING MOBILITY PARTICLE SIZER

Example of measurement of the SMPS (TSI)

AERODYNAMIC PARTICLE SIZER

A new technology is now available, based on a different principle of operation than that of the OPC, CPC or DMA, which may open new fields of research: the time-of-flight technique (TSI Model 3321)

The principle of operation is similar to that of the OPCs, but with important changes: two overlapping laser beams, new optics and nozzle

AERODYNAMIC PARTICLE SIZERTSI Model3321 schematic diagram


Aerodynamic diameter. The APS sizes particles in the range from 0.5 to 20 micrometers using the time-of-flight technique in real time

Because time-of-flight aerodynamic sizing accounts for particle shape and is unaffected by index of refraction or Mie scattering, it is superior to sizing by light scattering.

In addition, the monotonic response curve of the time-of-flight measurement ensures high-resolution sizing over the entire particle size range.

Relative light-scattering intensity. The APS detects particles from 0.37 to 20 micrometers using the light-scattering technique. While light-scattering intensity is not always a reliable indicator of particle size, it remains a parameter of interest.

The APS keeps this second measurement separate and distinct from aerodynamic size.


This is the only method capable of detecting coincidence (coincidence occurs when two particles are aligned when passing through the laser beam,)

The time between the crests provides aerodynamic particle size information. If more than one particle is in the viewing volume, more than two crests appear, and the APS logs this separately as a coincidence event

Converting light-scattering intensity to geometric size often produces inaccuracies when sizing particles of different shapes and refraction indices. The APS measures relative light-scattering intensity, but rather than use it to determine particle size, the APS logs this measurement as a separate parameter.

Light-scattering measurements can be made alone, in addition to aerodynamic diameter, or correlated to aerodynamic diameter on a particle-by-particle basis.

Thus, researchers are able to gain additional insights into aerosol composition.

BLACK AND ORGANIC CARBON

A step forward the possibility to analyze in real time the chemical composition of the PM is the measurement of the Black Carbon (BC) and the Organic Carbon (OC)

BC and OC are produced by incomplete combustion processes of any origin, forest fires, stove and open fires for domestic heating, vehicular emissions, thermal power stations etc. and are an empirical indicators of the precence of particle bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAH), many of them classified as human carcinogens

BC shows a specific dynamics in diffusion as compared with other PM as shown in the next two slides which make this parameter particularly suitable for traffic proximity pollution measurements


Zhu, Hinds, Kim and Sioutas, Journal Air Waste Management Association, 2002

Measuring Black Carbon and Source Apportionment

with AethalometersICTP, 11 Aug 2011

Griša Močnik

Aerosol [email protected]

Aerosol Black Carbon BC is a product of incomplete combustion BC not automatically related to CO2 emission BC emissions can not be predicted:

must be measured

BC particles from different sources can have different characteristics that produce different effects in the atmosphere:

(Coal/Diesel/Biomass, USA/Asia/Europe)

dpp=20 nm

dpp=46 nm

Note change in scale

dm=472 nm

Advantages / Attributes of Optical Analysis

Typical chemical speciation time resolution – hours, day!

Optical methods – minute!

Instantaneous Non-destructive Mobile / Portable Added dimension - time Added dimension – wavelength

Optical Analysis Method for Black Carbon

Analytical Instrument : Aethalometer™

Collect sample continuously. Optical absorption ~ change in attenuation (ATN). Measure optical absorption continuously :

optical wavelengths from 370 nm to 950 nm. Convert optical absorption to concentration of BC:

BC (t, λ) = babs (t, λ) / �(λ)

Real-time data: 1 s / 1 min / 5 minutes Dynamical, real-time measurement, updated each period

Aethalometer – Continuous rack mount instruments

AE31 Spectrum – Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Seven wavelength (370, 470, 520, 590, 660,

880, and 950 nm) Local source identification Regional, Continental, Global Atmospheric

studies Particle size distribution, radiative transfer Climate change, albedo, cloud modification

EXAMPLES OF MEASUREMENTS

Our Environmental Research Laboratory (LARS) of SIMG, Italian College of GP's is making intensive use of several of the above tecnologies for temporal and spatial diffusion of aerosol pollution both in outdoor and indoor environments.


Our Environmental Research Laboratory (LARS) of SIMG, Italian College of GP's is making intensive use of most of the above tecnologies for researches on temporal and spatial diffusion of aerosol pollution both in outdoor and indoor environments.

Most of of our researches are translational researches, or having the scope to supply to decision makers the instruments to evaluate in real time the effects of the introdution of pollution reduction actions such as traffic restrictions, improvements in heating efficiency, etc.

EXAMPLES OF MEASUREMENTSOur Environmental Research Laboratory (LARS) of SIMG, Italian College

of GP's is making intensive use of most of the above tecnologies for researches on temporal and spatial diffusion of aerosol pollution both in outdoor and indoor environments.

Most of of our researches are translational researches, or having the scope to supply to decision makers the instruments to evaluate in real time the effects of the introdution of pollution reduction actions such as traffic restrictions, improvements in heating efficiency, etc.

Some of our works are shown in the next slides

EXAMPLES OF MEASUREMENTSMeasurement of black carbon (BC) concentration as an indicator of air quality

benefits of traffic restriction policies within the ecopass zone in Milan, Italy

EXAMPLES OF MEASUREMENTSMeasurement of black carbon (BC) concentration as an indicator of air quality

benefits of traffic restriction policies within the ecopass zone in Milan, Italy

% BC in PM10 in the different zones

9.8

7.8 7.9 8.5

12.6

9.6

13.211.8

25.3 24.7

17.7

22.6

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

I° test II° test III° test Mean of the three tests

% B

C in

PM

10

Pedestrian zone Ecopass zone No restrictions zone

EXAMPLES OF MEASUREMENTSResults of monitoring campaign about the impact of no-traffic Sunday's on

atmospheric pollution: a scientific breaking news for the City of Milan PM10 and BC absolute values (SD) on Jan. 30th weekend and no traffic Sunday

79.9

37.5

56.7 60.1

117.2

8.32.7 2.1 4.1

8.1

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Friday Saturday Sunday before 6,00 pm:no traffic

Sunday after 6,00 pm:with traffic

Monday

mic

rogr

amm

i per

m3

PM10 BC

PM10 and BC absolute values (SD) on Feb. 6th. weekend and no traffic Sunday

89.878.3

120.6

141.3

117.5

9.5 11.5 8.117.6

9.9

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Friday Saturday Sunday before 6.00 pm:no traffic

Sunday after 6.00 pm:with traffic

Monday

mic

rogr

ams

per m

3

PM10 BC

PM10 and BC absolute values (SD) on Feb. 12th. weekend with traffic Sunday

78.1

45.7

92.4

106.9 105.7

6.1 7.8 10.6 11.0 12.5

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Friday Saturday Sunday before 6.00 pm:with traffic

Sunday after 6.00 pmwith traffic

Monday

mic

rogr

ams

per m

3

PM10 BC

EXAMPLES OF MEASUREMENTSInfluence of Outdoor Smoking on Outdoor Urban PollutionInfluence of Outdoor Smoking on Outdoor Urban Pollution

PM and Black Carbon Concentration Measurement at Fixed Monitoring Stations over a Typical Summer Weekend in the Pedestrian Brera Historical

District of Milan, Italy




PM 2.5 comparison between Brera and Pontaccio

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

10/9

/10

14.2

4

10/9

/10

16.4

8

10/9

/10

19.1

2

10/9

/10

21.3

6

11/9

/10

0.00

11/9

/10

2.24

11/9

/10

4.48

11/9

/10

7.12

11/9

/10

9.36

11/9

/10

12.0

0

11/9

/10

14.2

4

11/9

/10

16.4

8

11/9

/10

19.1

2

11/9

/10

21.3

6

12/9

/10

0.00

12/9

/10

2.24

12/9

/10

4.48

12/9

/10

7.12

12/9

/10

9.36

12/9

/10

12.0

0

12/9

/10

14.2

4

12/9

/10

16.4

8

12/9

/10

19.1

2

12/9

/10

21.3

6

13/9

/10

0.00

13/9

/10

2.24

13/9

/10

4.48

13/9

/10

7.12

13/9

/10

9.36

mic

rogr

ams

per m

3

PM2.5 Brera PM2.5 Pontaccio

Rush hours Rush hours Rush hours




Nicotine was detected only in the pedestrian but not in the open to traffic street

Differential increase between rush hours and quiet hours in Brera and Pontaccio

1.15

1.81 1.781.66

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

BC PM1 PM2.5 PM10

del

ta in

crea

se fa

ctor

EXAMPLES OF MEASUREMENTSInfluence of Outdoor Smoking on PM and Black Carbon (BC) Concentration

Measurement during a soccer game in the Meazza Stadium of Milan, Italy



Comparison PM2.5 IN e OUT

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

13:5

6

14:0

2

14:0

8

14:1

4

14:2

0

14:2

6

14:3

3

14:3

9

14:4

5

14:5

1

14:5

7

15:0

3

15:0

9

15:1

5

15:2

1

15:2

7

15:3

3

15:3

9

15:4

5

15:5

1

15:5

7

16:0

3

16:0

9

16:1

5

16:2

1

16:2

7

16:3

3

16:3

9

16:4

5

16:5

1

16:5

7

17:0

3

17:0

9

17:1

5

17:2

1

17:2

7

17:3

3

17:3

9

17:4

5

17:5

1

17:5

7

mic

rogr

ams

per m

3

PM2.5 OUT PM2.5 IN



Comparison Nicotine inside/outside

1.32

3.43

2.88

0.51

0.08 0.070.18 0.16

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Hour before game I° time II° time Hour after game

mic

rogr

ams

per m

3

Nicotine inside the Stadium Nicotine outside the Stadium



IS THE STADIUM A SAFE PLACE FOR CHILDREN?

EXAMPLES OF MEASUREMENTSMeasurements of Particulate Matter (PM) pollution in the

Subway System of the City of Milan, Italy

PM10: mean of the three lines

49.5

92.3

141.8

253.0

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

mic

rogr

ams

per m

3

Mean outdoor Mean ticket level Mean platforms Mean trains

EXAMPLES OF MEASUREMENTSMeasurements of number of particles in a Museum using 8 channels OPC (0.3;

0.3; 0.5; 0.7; 1.0; 2.0; 5.0; 7.0; >10.0

Daily trend of particles numbers measured with OPC in a Museum

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

2010

/10/

12 1

2.34

.10

2010

/10/

12 2

0.19

.18

2010

/10/

13 0

4.04

.25

2010

/10/

13 1

1.49

.33

2010

/10/

13 1

9.34

.40

2010

/10/

14 0

3.19

.55

2010

/10/

14 1

1.05

.03

2010

/10/

14 1

8.50

.10

2010

/10/

15 0

2.35

.18

2010

/10/

16 1

0.40

.18

2010

/10/

16 1

8.25

.26

2010

/10/

17 0

2.10

.33

2010

/10/

17 0

9.55

.41

2010

/10/

17 1

7.40

.48

2010

/10/

18 0

1.25

.56

2010

/10/

18 0

9.11

.03

2010

/10/

18 1

6.56

.11

2010

/10/

19 0

0.41

.18

2010

/10/

19 0

8.26

.26

2010

/10/

19 1

6.11

.33

2010

/10/

20 0

0.12

.00

2010

/10/

20 0

7.57

.07

2010

/10/

20 1

5.42

.15

2010

/10/

20 2

3.27

.23

2010

/10/

21 0

7.12

.30

2010

/10/

21 1

4.57

.38

2010

/10/

21 2

2.42

.45

2010

/10/

22 0

6.27

.53

2010

/10/

22 1

4.13

.00

2010

/10/

22 2

1.58

.07

2010

/10/

23 0

5.43

.15

2010

/10/

23 1

3.28

.22

2010

/10/

23 2

1.13

.29

2010

/10/

24 0

4.58

.37

2010

/10/

24 1

2.43

.44

2010

/10/

24 2

0.28

.51

2010

/10/

25 0

4.13

.59

2010

/10/

25 1

1.59

.06

2010

/10/

25 1

9.44

.14

2010

/10/

26 0

3.29

.21

2010

/10/

26 1

1.14

.28

2010

/10/

26 1

8.59

.36

2010

/10/

27 0

2.44

.43

2010

/10/

27 1

0.29

.51

2010

/10/

27 1

8.14

.58

2010

/10/

28 0

2.00

.05

2010

/10/

28 0

9.45

.13

2010

/10/

28 1

7.30

.20

2010

/10/

29 0

1.15

.27

2010

/10/

29 0

9.00

.35

2010

/10/

29 1

6.45

.42

2010

/10/

30 0

0.30

.49

2010

/10/

30 0

8.15

.57

num

ber o

f par

ticle

s pe

r lite

r

0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 2.0 5.0 7.0 >10.0

EXAMPLES OF MEASUREMENTSMeasurements of number of particles in a Museum using the 99 channels

(from90 to 7,500 nanometers) APS Model ATS 3321 Laser Aerosol Spectrometer

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

0 2 3 5 6 8 9 11 12 14 15 17 18 20 21 23 24 26 27 29 30 32 33 35 36 38 39 41 42 44 45 47 48 50 51 53 54 56 57 59 60 62 63 65 66 68 69

cumulative hoursAerodinamic diameters in nanometers

num

ber o

f par

ticle

s pe

r cc

94.11 98.41 102.91 107.61 112.53 117.67 123.04 128.66 134.54 140.69 147.12 153.84 160.87 168.22 175.9183.94 192.34 201.13 210.32 219.93 229.98 240.49 251.47 262.96 274.98 287.54 300.68 314.42 328.78 343.8359.51 375.94 393.11 411.07 429.85 449.49 470.03 491.5 513.96 537.44 562 587.67 614.52 642.6 671.96702.66 734.76 768.33 803.44 840.14 878.53 918.67 960.64 1004.53 1050.42 1098.41 1148.6 1201.08 1255.95 1313.331373.34 1436.08 1501.69 1570.3 1642.05 1717.07 1795.52 1877.56 1963.34 2053.04 2146.84 2244.92 2347.49 2454.74 2566.92684.17 2806.81 2935.05 3069.14 3209.37 3356 3509.33 3669.66 3837.32 4012.64 4195.97 4387.68 4588.14 4797.77 5016.975246.18 5485.87 5736.51 5998.6 6272.67 6559.26 6858.94 7172.31 7500

02/22/2010 02/23/2010 02/24/2010 02/25/2010

EXAMPLES OF MEASUREMENTSIn search of a real time ETS “fingerprint”: preliminary characterization of real

time PM mass and composition profile in smokes from different sources: cigarette, incense sticks, potato frying, and urban pollution

0.35

0.33

0.11

0.04

0.24

0.02 0.

060.

01

0.21

0.01 0.

050.

01

0.15

0.01 0.

040.

01

0.69

0.06

0.55

0.15

0.61

0.04

0.44

0.14

0.43

0.03

0.42

0.14

0.88

0.72

0.80

0.91

0.63

0.57

0.76

0.91

0.71

0.80

0.96 1.

00

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

BC/UV BCPM1 BC/PM2.5 BC/PM10 UV/PM1 UV/PM2.5 UV/PM10 PM1/PM2.5 PM1/PM10 PM2.5/PM10

Urban background Frying potatoes Environmental Tobacco Smoke Incense stickR

ATI

OS

EXAMPLES OF MEASUREMENTSSmoking in car: mass measurements and sub micrometric particles pollution

generated by 1 cigarette in different window openingsSmoking in car: mass measurements of pollution generated by

1 cigarette in different window openings

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

80015

:34

15:3

8

15:4

2

15:4

6

15:5

0

15:5

4

15:5

8

16:0

2

16:0

6

16:1

0

16:1

4

16:1

8

16:2

2

16:2

6

16:3

0

16:3

4

16:3

8

16:4

2

16:4

6

16:5

0

16:5

4

16:5

9

17:0

3

17:0

7

17:1

1

time

mic

rogr

amm

s pe

r m3

PM1 PM 2.5 PM10 window closed but AC in operation window fully open window 1/4 open

1 cigarette 1 cigarette

1 cigarette

Smoking in car: sub micrometric particles measurements of pollution generated by 1 cigarette in different window openings

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

15:3

4:23

15:3

8:24

15:4

2:24

15:4

6:24

15:5

0:25

15:5

4:25

15:5

8:26

16:0

2:26

16:0

6:27

16:1

0:27

16:1

4:28

16:1

8:28

16:2

2:28

16:2

6:29

16:3

0:29

16:3

4:30

16:3

8:30

16:4

2:31

16:4

6:31

16:5

0:31

16:5

4:32

16:5

8:32

17:0

2:33

17:0

6:33

17:1

0:34

time

part

icle

s pe

r lite

r

particles > 0.3 um particles > 0.4 um

window closed but AC in operation window fully open window 1/4 open

1cigarette

1 cigarette

1 cigarette

EXAMPLES OF MEASUREMENTSBC and PM10 correlations in different locations

BC time-series

15.1.2011 25.1.2011 4.2.2011 14.2.2011 24.2.2011 6.3.20110

2

4

6

8

10

12

BC (

g/m

3 )

Maribor BC

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

PM

10 (

g/m

3 )

PM10

15.1.2011 25.1.2011 4.2.2011 14.2.2011 24.2.2011 6.3.20110

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

BC

(g/

m3 )

Zell BC

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140P

M10

(g/

m3 )

PM10

15.1.2011 25.1.2011 4.2.2011 14.2.2011 24.2.2011 6.3.20110

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

BC (

g/m

3 )

Vrbanski plato BC

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

PM

10 (

g/m

3 )

PM10

15.1.2011 25.1.2011 4.2.2011 14.2.2011 24.2.2011 6.3.20110

5

10

15

20

BC (

g/m

3 )

Klagenfurt BC

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

PM10

(g/

m3 )

PM10

EXAMPLES OF MEASUREMENTSRenewable fuels: wood

wood/biomass is a sustainable fuel – trees recycle CO2

burning biomass is and has been a major energy source

various combustion regimes: high‐efficiency distric heating ovens – individual wood‐stoves

possible extreme emissions of PM – up to 40% of PM is woodsmoke (Caseiro 2009) ,20% in Paris center (Favez 2009)!

EXAMPLES OF MEASUREMENTSWood-smoke vs. diesel

measure attenuation with the Aethalometer: UV‐IR

calculate absorption coefficient babs (λ)

for completely black sample: babs ~1/λ

woodsmoke contains aromatic substances –increased absorption: more at lower wavelengths!

EXAMPLES OF MEASUREMENTSWood-smoke vs. diesel – 7 wavelengths

measure attenuation with the Aethalometer

absorption coefficient ‐ babs

for pure black carbon: babs ~1/λ

generalize Angstrom exponent: babs ~1/λα

diesel: α ≈ 1

wood‐smoke: α ≈ 2 and higher

EXAMPLES OF MEASUREMENTSAngstrom exponent

Klagenfurt Zell Maribor Vrbanski plato Armfels Celje - avg1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8


15.1.2011 25.1.2011 4.2.2011 14.2.2011 24.2.2011 6.3.20110

2

4

6

8

10

0

2

4

6

8

10

BC

(g/

m3 )

Vrbanski plato Total Diesel Wood

15.1.2011 25.1.2011 4.2.2011 14.2.2011 24.2.2011 6.3.20110

5

10

15

0

5

10

15

BC

( g/

m3 )

Maribor Total Diesel Wood

15.1.2011 25.1.2011 4.2.2011 14.2.2011 24.2.2011 6.3.20110

5

10

15

20

0

5

10

15

20

BC

(g/

m3 )

Klagenfurt Total Diesel Wood

BCff, BCwb time series

17

Klagenfurt Maribor

Vrbanjski plato

15.1.2011 25.1.2011 4.2.2011 14.2.2011 24.2.2011 6.3.20110

5

10

15

20

0

5

10

15

20

BC

(g/

m3 )

X A i Titl

Zell Total Diesel Wood

Zell

EXAMPLES OF MEASUREMENTSEaster bonefires!

19.4.2011 21.4.2011 23.4.2011 25.4.2011 27.4.2011 29.4.2011 1.5.20110

2

4

6

8

10B

C (

g/m

3) BCd BCw

19.4.2011 21.4.2011 23.4.2011 25.4.2011 27.4.2011 29.4.2011-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Y Ax

is T

itle

X Axis Title

BCd BCw

19.4.2011 21.4.2011 23.4.2011 25.4.2011 27.4.2011 29.4.2011 1.5.20111,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2,0

Celovec - Klagenfurt

19.4.2011 21.4.2011 23.4.2011 25.4.2011 27.4.2011 29.4.2011

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2,0

2,2

X Axis Title

alfa

BC

Angstrom exp


BCff, BCwb diurnal

0

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000

7.000

0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00

0

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000

0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00

0

200

400

600

800

1.000

1.200

1.400

1.600

0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00


21.1.2010 4.2.2010 18.2.2010 4.3.2010 18.3.20100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

konc

. (g

/m3 )

SO4 NH4 K Ca Na Mg NO3 Cl CMff CMwb

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

PM10

27.10.2009 3.11.2009 10.11.2009 17.11.2009 24.11.20090

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

konc

. (g

/m3 )

SO4 NH4 K Ca Na Mg NO3 Cl CMff CMwb

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

PM10

Wood smoke is a major air pollution component!

Chemical filter analysis ‐ ARSO

EXAMPLES OF MEASUREMENTSCMff, CMwb – example from Nova Gorica

EXAMPLES OF MEASUREMENTSConclusions of BC examples

we can measure fossil fuel and wood‐smoke Black Carbonwith the Aethalometer: less BC from wb than ff

time resolution is 5 min

we can investigate time evolution of BC and wood‐smoke during the day

Quantitative wood‐smoke and diesel exhaust determination – use 24 h TC calibration, Aethalometer ‐> high time resolution

See POSTER: Influence of biomass combusiton on air quality in two pre‐Alpine towns with different geographical settings

CONCLUSION 1

Generally the gravimetric manual and automatic (BAMs & TEOMs) are employed as certified mass maesurements in Monitoring Station operated by Environmental Protection Agencies while the portable and fixed OPCs are employed in real time researches of outdoor and indoor temporal and spatial diffusion of the aerosols

All other technologies (CPCs, DMA, DMPS, SMPS and APS) are mainly employed in research programs

Generally in many research programs, the described different technologies are used toghether with laboratory chemical analysis for better source apportionement

All these systems can supply extremely accurate informations in number of particles and/or in mass in real time but unfortunately none can give any information about the chemical composition, toxicity and/or carcinogenicity of the aerosols

CONCLUSION 2

However BC, OC and PM simultaneous measurements allows the calculation of the percent BC/OC in PM10, PM2.5 and PM1

CONCLUSION 2

BC, OC and PM simultaneous measurements allows the calculation of the percent BC/OC in PM10, PM2.5 and PM1

BC is a valuable additional air quality indicator to evaluate the health risks of air quality dominated by primary combustion particles and should be considered as an additional indicator of adverse health effects of airborne particles compared to PM10 and PM2.5 (Janssen NA et al. Environmental Health Perspectives 2011)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many thanks to collaborators and funding bodies:

Irena Ježek, Luka Drinovec, Aerosol d.o.o. (Slovenia),

Jean Sciare, LSCE IPSL / CEA (France),

Janja Turšič, Tanja Bolte, Environmental Agency of Republic of Slovenia,

Municipalities of Nova Gorica, Maribor (Slovenia), Klagenfurt (Austria), Regional governments of Carynthia and Styria (Austria),

Slovenian Research Agency, grant BI‐FR/CEA/10‐12‐006.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

2256-22 workshop on aerosol impact in the environment...

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