21ST Century Management:

A New Paradigm

碩專一甲學生 黃景祥2010.10.30

在探討 21 世紀的管理之前，讓我們想想我們的生活有哪些變化：

Past and Current Management Assumptions （管理設定）

Past Management Assumptions Current Management Assumptions

Management is business management

One does not manage people. The task is to Lead people, and the goal is to make productive the specific strengths 特殊創意 and knowledge （ know-how ） of each individual.

Management is the specific and distinguished organ of any and all organizations. 在任何機構與組織，管理是具體且明確的

There is ---or there must be—one right organization.

The organization is the one that fits the task. 正確的任務

There is –must be –one right way to manage people.

Past and Current Management Roles （管理角色）

Past Management Roles Current Management Roles

Overseer 監督者

Police person 警察

Controller 管理者

Authority figure 有權力的人

Order issuer 命令指揮者

Policy enforcer 政策執行者

Punisher 處罰者

Manipulator 操作者

Dictator 獨裁者

Cheerleader 拉拉隊長

Encourager 鼓勵者

Facilitator 促進者

Coach 教練

Teacher 老師

Humanizer of policies 人性化政策

Promoter of values 價值推動者

Developer of people 人才開發者

Communicator 傳播者

A symbol of integrity 誠信的象徵

Edginton(1998,p.5)has written:

Key concepts 關鍵概念 for managing recreation, parks, and leisure service organizations in the 21st Century include ：

•The ability to be visionary 想像力•To be agile 敏捷•To build collaborative partnerships 建立團隊合作關係•To promote independent learning and growth 促進獨立學習與成長•To create structures 增進創造力

Management of recreation, parks, and leisure service organizations

Who are managers? What is management? What are the characteristics of admired leaders

令人欣賞的領導者 ? What do recreation, parks, and leisure service m

anagers do ? What is a recreation, parks, and leisure service or

ganization?

Who are managers?

Recreation, parks, and leisure service managers are individuals who have the responsibility 責任感 and authority 有權者 to provide direction to a recreation, parks, and leisure service organization and who have the ability 能力 to move it toward its goals and objectives. 朝目標前進

Bennis and Nanus (1985)have stated, “…managers do things right, leaders do the right thing.”

What is Past and Current Management ?

Henri Fayol （ 1841~1925 ） defined the management process as including five primary functions: （ 1 ） planning （ 2 ） organizing 組織（ 3 ） command 指揮（ 4 ） Coordination 協調（ 5 ） control. This historical view may or may not be relevant 恰當 today.

Drucker(1994)has suggests that the fundamental task 重要的工作 of the manager is to make people capable of joint performance 共同效益 by providing them with a common vision or goal 共同遠景或目的 , an appropriate structure 適當的組織 to work within, and training as needed to perform the appropriate task 適當的任務 and respond to changing conditions within the environment. 對環境的條件變化，作適當的反應

What are the characteristics of admired leaders 令人欣賞的領導者 ? Kouzes and Posner (1995) their perspective 認為 on manage

ment or leadership characteristics helps provide an understanding of what individuals admire in leaders.

Important traits 重要特徵 are honesty 誠實 , being forward-looking 正向思考 , being inspiring 激發人心 , and being competent 稱職的 .

All of these traits together communicate the image 都是為了傳播一個思想 that the recreation, parks, and leisure service manager sends to individuals. A person of integrity 誠實 , who is visionary 想像力 , who can move people to action, and who is capable at his or her work is the profile to aspire to 企圖心 .

Classifications 類別 of Leisure Service Managers The supervisor 監督者 The bureaucrat 官僚主義者 The manager. The manager is differentiated from th

e supervisor or bureaucrat in that this person is selected for his or her intellectual capacity 思考力 , not technical knowledge. Because the manager deals with the future 思考未來 , that individual needs behavioral flexibility 靈活的行動力 (Reddin, 1974,p.9)

Skills of the Recreation, Parks, and Leisure Service Manager

Robert L.Katz(1955,pp.33-42)identifies three areas of skill that are necessary to the management process ：

Technical skills 專業技巧 Human skills 人際關係 Conceptual skills 創造力

What is a recreation, parks, and leisure service organization?

Edginton, Hudson, and Scholl (2005) have identified three basic types of recreation, parks, and leisure Service organizations:

public governmental organizations nonprofit, non-governmental organizations Commercial/private enterprises. 商業 / 個人企業

Summary The 21st century presents a new set of assumptions that wi

ll influence the work of recreation, parks, and leisure service managers.

Greater emphasis on quality 優質且靠近市區 Doing more with less 物超所值 Technology and telecommunications 專業與網絡化 Rapid discontinuous change 快速且不斷創新 Coupled with a more sophisticated workforce 專業團隊 Will create great challenges . 可以創造新的挑戰

Summary （ There will be a need ）

Organizational structures ： Flexible 有彈性 Agile 敏捷 Responsive 反應力Activities: Networking 網絡化 Collaboration 同心協力 Coalition building 綜合建築 Teaming 團隊 Establishing partnerships 夥伴關係

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