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TRANSCRIPT
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME
208
EVALUATION OF RUNOFF DEPTH FOR AL-ADEEM RIVER BASIN BY
USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE AND GIS INTEGRATION
Dr. GhassanAl-adeem AL-Dulaimi*
*Institute of Technology\Baghdad
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to determine runoff depth for Al-adeem river basin in north eastern
part of Iraq by using remote sensing and Geographic information system (GIS) integration.
Various data sets were used such as Landsat7-ETM satellite image, 1:25000 standard
topographic map and soil map data. The basin area and physical characteristics of the studied area
such as slope and aspect maps were determined with the help of DEM (Digital Elevation Model)by
using Global Mapper 11 software. Supervised classification process was used in this research to
drive the land cover map by using ERDAS 8.4 program. A hydrological model US Soil Conservation
Service method or (SCS) method was used to determine curve numbers and runoff depth distribution
on the entire studied basin.
Results obtained from this research coincide with varying morphology of studied basin. High runoff
depth obtained in the middle parts of the basin that consist mainly from soil with low infiltration
rate(clayey soil) and pasture land cover that has an ability of high retention. Low runoff depth
obtained in the north parts of the basin that consist mainly from soil with high infiltration rate(course
sand and gravel soils) and shrub land cover that has an ability of low retention.
Keyword: Runoff depth, ERDAS, SCS Model
2. INTRODUCTION
For the last years, engineers and planners have been working on the modeling of
environmental system. An accurate modeling of basin will require determination of the spatial and
temporal distribution of hydrological parameters. Remote sensing and Geographic Information
system within creasing the advancement of the computer technology have been applying to extract
land surface properties at spatial and temporal scales which are very useful input data for
hydrological model.
Land use and land cover have several impacts on the hydrological cycle such as floods,
droughts, runoff, water-quality. Rainfall-Runoff model play an important role to understand
hydrological condition of basin area and predict their behavior over time.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)
ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online)
Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December, pp. 208-213
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November
Conventional hydrological model, to estimate runoff model input parameters
through ground truth measurements which still need
Therefore remote sensing can also provide
and large-land coverage.
Direct measurement of runoff is the accurate way of measurement but in most it is not
possible at desired time and location, thus use of hydrological model for estimating run
become increasingly popular.
Al-adeem River basin lies in the
of Iraq, from the southern foots of (Karadagh),
in Sulaymania governorate. The height of these mountains varies from 1400 to 1800m above sea
level. Studied area is about 13000km²; Al
tributaries. It occupies most of Kirkuk governorate area and discharges in Tigris River so
Ballad city .The basin extends between the two basins of Lesser Zab River at the north and Diyala
River at the south in the region located between the latitudes 34
longitudes 43030
’ and 45
0 30
’ east . The important valleys
Chai), (Tawok Chai),and (Quri Chai).
The area of this region is about (11000km
The basin has an erodible and weak top soil which is easily washed out towards the strea
storms, thus causing an increase of sediments loads in River water. So, Al
badly influences domestic water at Baghdad city, especially when Tigris has low levels because of
the difficulties of purifying the water from fin
All Iraqi rivers are considered as mixing river where they are fed by rain, ice and ground water,
except Al-adeem River which is classified as a rain
in feeding its basin [2].
3. MATERIALS AND METHOD
A Satellite image of Landsat7
The satellite data was visually interoperated and accuracy was checked on the ground. Digital
Elevation Model (DEM) was created using Global Mapper.11
Fig. (1) Satellite image Landsat 7
for studied basin
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976
6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME
209
to estimate runoff model input parameters have to be determined
truth measurements which still need huge economic and time labor consuming.
Therefore remote sensing can also provide information about runoff input data most cost
Direct measurement of runoff is the accurate way of measurement but in most it is not
possible at desired time and location, thus use of hydrological model for estimating run
adeem River basin lies in the Iraqi land. It originates at mountainous parts in north eastern
from the southern foots of (Karadagh), (Skermahdagh), (Tasslugga) and (Shwan) mountains
rnorate. The height of these mountains varies from 1400 to 1800m above sea
level. Studied area is about 13000km²; Al-adeem River is considered one of the main Tigris
tributaries. It occupies most of Kirkuk governorate area and discharges in Tigris River so
Ballad city .The basin extends between the two basins of Lesser Zab River at the north and Diyala
River at the south in the region located between the latitudes 340 and 35
0 34
east . The important valleys that the river originates from (Khassa
(Tawok Chai),and (Quri Chai).
The area of this region is about (11000km2) which forms (85%) from the whole basin area.
The basin has an erodible and weak top soil which is easily washed out towards the strea
storms, thus causing an increase of sediments loads in River water. So, Al-adeem River peak flow
badly influences domestic water at Baghdad city, especially when Tigris has low levels because of
the difficulties of purifying the water from fine sediments [1].
All Iraqi rivers are considered as mixing river where they are fed by rain, ice and ground water,
adeem River which is classified as a rain–fed river due to its main dependence on rainfall
AND METHOD
A Satellite image of Landsat7-ETM corrected was used in this research as shown in Fig. (1)
The satellite data was visually interoperated and accuracy was checked on the ground. Digital
Elevation Model (DEM) was created using Global Mapper.11 Fig. (2).
Satellite image Landsat 7-ETM Fig (2) Digital elevation model
for studied basin Global Mapper 11
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
December (2013), © IAEME
have to be determined
huge economic and time labor consuming.
information about runoff input data most cost-effective
Direct measurement of runoff is the accurate way of measurement but in most it is not
possible at desired time and location, thus use of hydrological model for estimating runoff depth has
Iraqi land. It originates at mountainous parts in north eastern
(Tasslugga) and (Shwan) mountains
rnorate. The height of these mountains varies from 1400 to 1800m above sea
adeem River is considered one of the main Tigris
tributaries. It occupies most of Kirkuk governorate area and discharges in Tigris River south of
Ballad city .The basin extends between the two basins of Lesser Zab River at the north and Diyala
34’nourh and the
that the river originates from (Khassa
) which forms (85%) from the whole basin area.
The basin has an erodible and weak top soil which is easily washed out towards the stream after rain
adeem River peak flow
badly influences domestic water at Baghdad city, especially when Tigris has low levels because of
All Iraqi rivers are considered as mixing river where they are fed by rain, ice and ground water,
fed river due to its main dependence on rainfall
ETM corrected was used in this research as shown in Fig. (1)
The satellite data was visually interoperated and accuracy was checked on the ground. Digital
Digital elevation model (DEM)
for studied basin Global Mapper 11
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November
The DEM map used for drive slope map for the catchment area by using the same software
(Global Mapper .11), Fig.(3) shows the slope map for the studied catchment area.
Fig. (3) Slope map for studied basin Global Mapper 11.1
ERDAS 8.4 software used for p
Hydraulic Soil Group map (HSG) for the catchment area that constructed by using Arc
software depending on the soil data for the catchment area as shown in Fig.(4) and Fig.(5). The basin
dived into four sub-basins according to the variety in soil type,
Fig.(4) Hydraulic soil group (HSG)
map for studied basin ArcVeiw GIS 3.3
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976
6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME
210
The DEM map used for drive slope map for the catchment area by using the same software
(Global Mapper .11), Fig.(3) shows the slope map for the studied catchment area.
Slope map for studied basin Global Mapper 11.1
ERDAS 8.4 software used for produce supervised classification map[3] depending on the
Hydraulic Soil Group map (HSG) for the catchment area that constructed by using Arc
software depending on the soil data for the catchment area as shown in Fig.(4) and Fig.(5). The basin
basins according to the variety in soil type, land cover and divide flow Fig.(6).
Hydraulic soil group (HSG) Fig.(5) Supervised classification map
map for studied basin ArcVeiw GIS 3.3 for studied basin ERDAS 8.4
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
December (2013), © IAEME
The DEM map used for drive slope map for the catchment area by using the same software
roduce supervised classification map[3] depending on the
Hydraulic Soil Group map (HSG) for the catchment area that constructed by using Arc Veiw GIS 3.3
software depending on the soil data for the catchment area as shown in Fig.(4) and Fig.(5). The basin
land cover and divide flow Fig.(6).
Supervised classification map
ERDAS 8.4
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME
211
The Soil Conservation Model (SCS)[4]was used in this research as a hydrological model to
drive the runoff depth in catchment area, the main input data in this model is the rainfall data which
collected from Kirkuk metrological station. Average rainfall data found by using Isohyetal method.
The soil conservation model (SCS) developed by United states Department of Agriculture (USDA)
computes direct runoff through an empirical equation that requires the rainfall and a watershed
coefficient as inputs. The SCS has developed an index, which is called the runoff curve number
(CN), to represent the combined hydrologic effect of soil, land use, agricultural, land treatment class
hydrologic condition, and antecedent soil moisture condition.
General equation for the SCS curve number method is as follows [5]:
F
S�
Q
P � I……… . . 1�
Where P: rainfall depth (mm), F: actual retention (mm), S: watershed storage (mm), Q: actual direct
runoff (mm), I: initial abstraction.
From the continuity principle:
F � P � I� � Q………2�
The SCS method defined the value of initial abstraction (I) to be approximately equal to 20% of
watershed storage (S).
� � 0.2 � S………………… . 3�
Solving equation (1) and (2)
simultaneously:
� �� � 0.2���
� � 0.8� …… . . 4�
The watershed storage S and curve number CN are related
� �25400
��� 254………5�
The parameter CN, having a range of value between 0 and 100, called the curve number. In
this method a curve number (CN) assigned to each watershed or portion of watershed based on soil
type, land use and treatment .Fig.(7) shows curve number (CN) value for each sub-basin depending
on soil type and land cover by using SCS tables.
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November
Fig.(6) Sub-basin number
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The curve number value (CN) that obtained from Fig.
watershed storage (S).Runoff depth (Q) calculated by substitute watershed storage (S) and rainfall
depth (P) values in equation (4).Table (1) shows the calculation process
each sub-basin, from this table it’s obviously that the value of curve number (CN) have a direct
proportion relationship with runoff depth. High runoff depth can be obtained with high curve number
value and vice versa.
Fig.(8) shows the average runoff depth (Q) for each sub
to be most rainy month.
Table (1)
Sub-
basin No. month
Areal
Rainfall
(mm)
I
Feb.
175
II 177
III 182
IV 181
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976
6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME
212
basin number Fig.(7) Curve number(CN) map
studied basin
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
number value (CN) that obtained from Fig. (7) substitute in Equation (5) to obtain
watershed storage (S).Runoff depth (Q) calculated by substitute watershed storage (S) and rainfall
depth (P) values in equation (4).Table (1) shows the calculation processto determine runoff depth for
basin, from this table it’s obviously that the value of curve number (CN) have a direct
proportion relationship with runoff depth. High runoff depth can be obtained with high curve number
shows the average runoff depth (Q) for each sub-basin in February month that expect
Table (1) Runoff depth (mm)
Areal
Rainfall
(mm)
CN S Ia (P-Ia)²
175 65 136 27.2 21844.84
177 82 55.7 11.14 27509.5
182 68 119.5 23.9 24995.61
181 75 84.6 16.92 26922.2
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
December (2013), © IAEME
Curve number(CN) map For
studied basin
(7) substitute in Equation (5) to obtain
watershed storage (S).Runoff depth (Q) calculated by substitute watershed storage (S) and rainfall
determine runoff depth for
basin, from this table it’s obviously that the value of curve number (CN) have a direct
proportion relationship with runoff depth. High runoff depth can be obtained with high curve number
basin in February month that expect
Runoff (Q)
(mm)
76.97
124.16
90
108.26
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November
Fig. (8)
5. CONCLUSION
In this research showed that the remote sensing and
determine the runoff depth in Al-adeem River basin. The result obtained from this research coincides
with the diversity in soil type and land cover of the basin. High runoff depth obtained in sub
(II) that has a hydraulic soil group Type (D) which specified by a very slow infiltration rates and
pasture land cover that has an ability of high retention.
of the basin (sub-basin II) that consist mainly from hydraulic soil
a high infiltration rate(course sand and
retention.
REFERENCES
1. Ali, S.H.,The hydrology of Tigris river
University Of Baghdad , Iraq.1981.
2. Sanad, A .E. Simulation of hydrological processes by using digital computers.
Dissertation .Civil department,
3. Kenie T.J.M, Remote sensing in civil engin
4. Ponce,V.M,Engineering Hydrology Principles And Practices, Prentice
5. Mccuen R.H.,A Guide To Hydrologic Analysis Using SCS Method,2nded.,University of
Maryland, Prentice-Hall,1992.
6. Mohammed Hashim Ameen a
Potential and Land Use/ Land Cover
International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume
pp. 1 - 11, ISSN Print: 0976 –
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976
6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November – December (2013), © IAEME
213
Fig. (8) Runoff depth map for studied basin
In this research showed that the remote sensing and GIS technique are very useful tools to
adeem River basin. The result obtained from this research coincides
with the diversity in soil type and land cover of the basin. High runoff depth obtained in sub
hydraulic soil group Type (D) which specified by a very slow infiltration rates and
pasture land cover that has an ability of high retention. Low runoff depth obtained in the north parts
that consist mainly from hydraulic soil group Type (A) which specified by
a high infiltration rate(course sand and gravel soils) and shrubland cover that has an ability of low
Ali, S.H.,The hydrology of Tigris river basin in Iraq, PhD Dissertation, College of Arts ,
ersity Of Baghdad , Iraq.1981.
Sanad, A .E. Simulation of hydrological processes by using digital computers.
Dissertation .Civil department, College of engineering. University of Baghdad,Iraq. 1985.
Kenie T.J.M, Remote sensing in civil engineering, Surrey university press, 1992.
Ponce,V.M,Engineering Hydrology Principles And Practices, Prentice-HallLondon,1989.
Mccuen R.H.,A Guide To Hydrologic Analysis Using SCS Method,2nded.,University of
and Dr. R. K. Pandey, “Delineation of Irrigation Infrastructural,
nd Land Use/ Land Cover of Muzaffarnagar by using Remote Sensing
International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume
– 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
December (2013), © IAEME
GIS technique are very useful tools to
adeem River basin. The result obtained from this research coincides
with the diversity in soil type and land cover of the basin. High runoff depth obtained in sub-basin
hydraulic soil group Type (D) which specified by a very slow infiltration rates and
Low runoff depth obtained in the north parts
group Type (A) which specified by
gravel soils) and shrubland cover that has an ability of low
College of Arts ,
Sanad, A .E. Simulation of hydrological processes by using digital computers. Msc.
College of engineering. University of Baghdad,Iraq. 1985.
1992.
HallLondon,1989.
Mccuen R.H.,A Guide To Hydrologic Analysis Using SCS Method,2nded.,University of
f Irrigation Infrastructural,
sing Remote Sensing and GIS”,
International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 3, 2013,