202lec 11 carbon cycle and greenhouse effect 202 summer 2008 presentation
TRANSCRIPT
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Biogeochemical Cycles 20 essential inorganic elements for living
organisms.
Unlike energy - essentially no input of
inorganic nutrients
Essential elements present in finite amounts
recycled from dead tissue and wastes
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Earths ecosystems are maintained by a
constant influx of energy
Solar
Energy Autotroph Herbivore Carnivore
Respiratory Loss
Transformation Loss of Energy
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Biogeochemical Cycles
Cycling of chemical elements
between living and non-living
portions of the earths ecosystems
Biotic
Abiotic
Uptake
Decomposition
Respiration
Excretion
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Abiotic Reservoirs for Essential
Elements
Lithosphere (bedrock and soil)
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere (especially the
ocean)
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Carbon Cycle
Where do we find carbon?
Air (carbon dioxide)
Dissolved in water:
Carbonic acid
Carbonate and bicarbonate ions Rocks and soil:
e.g. limestone calcium carbonate
Fossil fuel deposits:
Coal, oil, natural gas
Living organisms - organic molecules:
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats)
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Relative amounts of carbon in Reservoirs
and living and dead Tissues
Atmosphere = 1
Living organisms = 0.66
Decaying Organic Matter = 6.7 Fossil Fuels =14.3
Ocean Waters = 50
Carbonate Sediments (limestone) = 29,000,000
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Types of Reservoirs Active Reservoirs
Storage Reservoirs
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Active Reservoirs for Carbon
Atmosphere
C
arbon dioxide Hydrosphere
Carbon dioxide
Bicarbonate ionsCarbonate ions
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Storage Reservoirs forC
arbon
Carbonate rocks
limestone Fossil fuels
Coal
OilNatural Gas
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Chemicals move from one abiotic
Reservoir to another
AtmosphereCO2
Carbonic acid Bicarbonate ion Carbonate ion
+ Calcium
Calcium CarbonateSedimentary
Rock
(Limestone)
Volcanic
Activity
Hydrosphere
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The Carbon Cycle
Atmosphere contains0.037% (370 ppm) carbon dioxide
@720 trillion kg Carbon
Annually in photosynthesis
@120 trillion kg of carbon
1/6 of atmosphericC
O2
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Why photosynthesis does not deplete
atmospheric CO2
Rapid recycling (high Mobility)
Biotic and Abiotic
Oceans stabilize atmospheric concentration
Release from storage reservoirs
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Reason 1: There is great mobility of carbon
Photosynthesis removes CO2 from the atmosphere
Solar Energy
CO2 + H2O carbohydrate + oxygen
Chlorophyll
120
trillion kg
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Reason 1: There is great mobility of carbon
Respiration/Decomposition returns CO2 to the
atmosphere
Carbohydrate + Oxygen CO2 + H2O
Plants 60 trillion kg
heterotrophs (decomposers) 60 trillion kg
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Balance between photosynthesis and
respiration
Plants remove 120 trillion kg ofCarbon
Photosynthesis
Respiration returns 120 trillion kg of
Carbon
Plant respiration 60 trillion kg ofCarbon
Heterotrophic respiration 60 trillion kg of
Carbon
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Seasonal Variation in
atmospheric carbon dioxide
Conc.
carbon
dioxide
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Maximum Photosynthesis
Month
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Ocean Help Stabilize Levels of
Atmospheric CO2
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Oceans help stabilize Levels of
Atmospheric CO2
Ocean AtmosphereEquilibrium
Ocean Atmosphere
Ocean Atmosphere
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Aquatic/Atmospheric Reservoirs
30 to 50% of Atmospheric carbon dioxide
in the ocean in a few years
Currently a Net flux of carbon into ocean
Carbon Dioxide Net
Flux 2 trillion kg Atmosphere
OC
EAN
107 trillion kg
105 trillion kg
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3. Release from storage Reservoirs:
Fossil Deposits
Fossil fuels
Coal, oil and natural gas
Carboniferous - 345-280 million YBP
Carbonate rock
Shells of marine animals
Limestone and Dolomite
Slow exchangeCarbon locked up for millions of years
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Amounts in the Storage Pools
Compared to the Atmosphere(Atmosphere = 1)
Fossil Fuels (14.3)
Carbonate Sediments (29,000,000)
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How Does Carbon Get From the
Storage Reservoirs to the Active
Reservoirs?
Burning of fossil fuels
Subduction and volcanic activity
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Plate Tectonics
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PlateTectonics
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Plate tectonics Plate tectonics
Move apartSlide past
Override (subduction)
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CO2
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Changes in atmospheric carbon
dioxide
In the past 150 years, there has been asubstantial increase in atmospheric carbon
dioxide
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Increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide
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Estimates of Carbon Reservoirs
Trillion kg of carbon Soil Organic Carbon 1,500
Litter 100
Live Biomass 650
Total 2,250
Atmosphere 720 Soil + litter + live biomass (2,250 ) is 3Xs
the atmosphere (720)
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Forests as Carbon Sinks
Tree
Carbon
dioxide
PhotosynthesisCarbon is stored in the
plants tissues (roots, stems,
and leaves)
Carbon is incorporated
into the soil
Decomposer
respiration
Plant respiration
Carbon
dioxide
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Young Forests and Mature
ForestsGross Primary
Production
Respiration
Carbon Net Primary
Production
YOUNG MATURE
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Young Forests and Mature Forests
Gross Primary
Production
Respiration
Carbon
Biomass
YOUNG MATURE
Carbon Removed fromthe atmosphere
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Forests as carbons sinks (Mature Vs. Young
Forests)
Young forests
Accumulate more carbon than they give off in
respiration
Represent smaller carbon sinks Mature forests
Approximate balance between photosynthesis
and respiration
Larger sinks for carbon
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Cutting and Burning Forest returns large
amounts of carbon to the atmosphere
What happens when forests
are converted to cropland?
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Reasons for increased carbon dioxide
Industry
Fossil fuel burning 6.9-7.0 trillion kg of
carbon (77%)
Deforestation 1.8-2.0 trillion kg of carbon (22%)
mostly in tropical regions of the world
Consequences?
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Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse
Glass
Energy AbsorbedCarbon dioxide lets Shortwave radiation pass through
0.1-7.0 microns
long-wave
radiation is
absorbed
8-12 microns
Solar
Radiation
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Greenhouse Gases
Earth
In coming
radiation
Carbon dioxide
Energy absorbed by carbon dioxide is
radiated in all directions.
Some of this energy is absorbed by the earth
causing the greenhouse effect.
CO2 is essentially
transparent tosolar energy
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Greenhouse Gases
Gas % Rel. Efficiency
Contribution
CO2 65% 1
Methane (CH4) 20% 21
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 5% 270
CFCs >5% 15,000
CFC = Chlorofluorcarbons
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Greenhouse Gases
Gas Atmospheric Conc. (ppm)
CO2 370
CFCs 0.000225
Methane* 1.6
Nitrous Oxide 0.31
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Methane Production (20% Global
Warming)
Natural Sources (40%) Decomposition of detritis
Human Sources (60%)
Land fills
Natural Gas Management
Livestock Production
Ruminant 25-500 liters/day Manure Management
37% of human sources
2% of global warming
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1996 (C02 from fossil fuels, cement production, gas flaring)
RANK NATION CO2 TOT * CO2/ CAP**
1 UNITEDS
TATES
OF AMERICA 1446777 5.3
72 CHINA (MAINLAND) 917997 0.76
3 RUSSIAN FEDERATION 431090 2.91
4 JAPAN 318686 2.54
5 INDIA 272212 0.29
6 GERMANY 235050 2.877 UNITED KINGDOM 152015 2.59
8 CANADA 111723 3.76
9 REPUBLIC OF KOREA 111370 2.46
10 ITALY (INCLUDING SAN MARINO) 110052 1.92
11 UKRAINE 108431 2.10
12 FRANCE (INCLUDING MONACO) 98750 1.69
13 POLAND 97375 2.52
14 MEXICO 95007 1.02
Total* = 1,000 metric tons of carbon, metric tons per capita**
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Changes in Carbon dioxide
Emissions
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China surpassed USAs emissions in 2006by 8%, Chinas CO2 emissions are now
estimated to be about 14% higher thanthose from the USA
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Current Total CO2 Emissions (2007)
Five Leading Nations
Country Total (%)China 24
USA 21
EU-15 15India 8
Russian Federation 6%
Total 71%
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Per capita Emission Top Five Country Capita (metric tons)
USA 19.4
Russia 11.8
EU-15 8.6
China 5.1
India 1.8
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China Lacks Technology to Curb
Emissions
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How much CO2 does the
earths atmosphere
accumulate each year?
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Global Carbon Emissions
Breakdown Giga tons (Trillion tons)
Global Emissions: 8.7-9.1
Fossil fuels: 6.9-7.0 (77%)
Land-use change (deforestation): 1.8-2.0 (22%)Other (cement production, gas flaring): 0.1 (1%)
Global Absorption:8.7-9.1
Remains in atmosphere:4.5
Absorbed by oceans:2.3
Absorbed by vegetation:1.9-2.3
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In er Glacial
CO2
2000 1800 1000120014001600
Year AD
he Indus rial Revolu ionCaused a
Drama ic Rise in CO2
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W ld T
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World Temperature
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Changes in World Climate
Five of the six warmest years in
meteorological history occurred in this
century
Nineteen of warmest years in global
meteorological history occurred in the
past 20 years 2006 5th warmest year
2007 2nd warmest year
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Departure from World Warming Trend in 1992 and 1993
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Trends in world temperature Increasing temperature interrupted 1992 &
1993
Eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines
Sulfur dioxide
two-year cooling trend
sulfur dioxide - nucleus for water droplets to form
Increase low cloudiness
cause world temperatures to cool
warming resumed in 1994
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Some consequences of global
warming?
Some parts of the world become cooler.
Loss of biological diversity
Plant growth faster with less water loss
Patterns of world crop yields change
Insect damage to crops increase
Human tropical diseases may spread Sea level rises
Climate less predictable
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Unexpected Climatic Change
Some parts of the world may
become markedly cooler!!Ocean Conveyor Belt
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Loss of pollinators
L f Bi di it
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Loss of Biodiversity
Hummingbirds pollinate flowers in mountains
Wintering birds migrate at a precise photoperiod Cannot rely on local climate
Arrive when plants are in flower
Flowering plants
Specialized for hummingbirds
Flower controlled by temp.
Global warming means earlier flowering Pollinators arrive too late
Cascading interactions:
Pollinators have no resources Plants set no seeds
Herbivores and seed predators decline
Predators decline
Wh t th P ibl C
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What are the Possible Consequences
of Global Warming?
Loss of biological diversity
Loss of migration routes due to habitat destruction
Encouragement of aggressive, exotic
species
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Polar Bears
Decline in polar bears
20,000 25,000 Polar bears are now Federally listed
An endangered species is one that is in
danger of extinction throughout all or a
significant portion of its range. Athreatened species is one that is likely
to become endangered in the foreseeable
future.
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Effect of elevated CO2 on plant growth
Generally plants
Higher photosynthesis as CO2 increases
Lose less water
Negative effects
Higher temperature and drought
CO2 H2O
Crop Yields
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Crop Yields
Generally increased crop yields
Worlds three major crops:
Rice, corn and wheat
Tropical regions
Higher temperatures and reduced moisture
Likely will decrease crop yields
Overall no expected change world wide
Local Change ?
S f l b l
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Some consequences of global
warming?
Some parts of the world become cooler.
Loss of biological diversity
Plant growth faster with less water loss Patterns of world crop yields change
Insect damage to crops increase
Human tropical diseases may spread Sea level rises
Climate less predictable
l
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Insect Damage to plants may
increase due to global warming
Warmer temperatures
Increase insect metabolism
Plants will grow faster
Less nitrogen per unit of plant tissue
Insects eat more plant to obtain nitrogen
Insect pests of crops
Spread into new areas European corn borer
Europe and North America
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Tropical human diseases may spread northward
Malaria
Dengue Fever Break bone fever
Four related Viral disease transmitted by
mosquitoes
Symptoms: Rash, fever,
Joints ache (Break bone fever)
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Dengue hemorrhagic fever
Prior immunity: People infect by
more than one strain of virus
Bleeding breaks through the skin
(hemorrhagic disease) small blood
vessels (capillaries)
5% of cases fatal
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Hemmorhagic Disease
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Vectors
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Asian Tiger Mosquito
Now found in
Peoria, IllinoisAedes aegypti
Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger
mosquito) -
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Transmitted by anopheles mosquito occurs
every where but Antarctica
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C f i i l l
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Consequences of rising sea level
Estuary systems Quality of coastal fresh water
Coastal settlements threatened
include, Tokyo, Los Angeles,Cairo, New York , Shanghia,
Bangkok
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Melting of land ice will contribute to Sea Rise
Why will onlymelting of land icecontribute to sealevel rise?
Where is most ofthe land ice?
Antarctica
Greenland
West Antarctica ice
sheet 6 meters
Climate will be less predictable and climatic
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Climate will be less predictable and climatic
extremes will increase
Will climate change increase severity or frequencyof major storms, including hurricanes
Some evidence relates frequency of severe hurricanes
to global warming
U.S. NOAA (National Ocean and Atmospheric
Administration)
Steady increase in precipitation derived from extreme
one-day precipitation events
Insurance companies are paying out more money
because of unexpected disastrous storms
Kyoto Protocol
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Kyoto Protocol
Adopted on 12 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan
(UNFCCC)
Terms for implementation
55 parties to United Nations FrameworkConvention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 1992 Earth Summit
At least of 55% of 1990 CO2 emissions
Effective February 16, 2005
178 signatories (as of April 2008)
61.6% of emissions
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Kyoto Protocol USA
President Clinton
President Bush
Carbon credits
Companies with excess emission purchase
credits from companies with excess allowances
Green companies: plant trees to absorb excesscarbon dioxide and sell carbon credits to
companies with excess allowance.
Carbon emission from fossil fuel burning
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Carbon emission from fossil fuel burningSelected Total Per capita Tons/$ Growth
Countries (million tons) (tons) GNP* 1990-94
USA 1,371 5.26 210 4.4%
China 835 0.71 330 13.0
Russia 455 3.08 590 -24.1
Japan 299 2.39 110 0.1
United Kingdom 153 2.62 150 -0.3
Poland 89 2.31 460 -4.5
South Korea 88 1.98 200 43.7
* tons per million dollars
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Planting Trees
In the tropics:
one trees is planted for every 10 cut
Africa one planted for every 29 cut
World wide we would have to plant 1,000
trees per person annually
USA --we would have plant 4,500 treesper person, at 1,200 trees/acre this is 3.75
acres per year