2018 air quality annual status report (asr) · blackburn with darwen borough council laqm annual...

Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018

2018 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR) In fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management October, 2018


LAQM Annual Status Report 2018

Local Authority Officer

Simon Kirby

Department Environment and Operations Department

Address Davyfield Depot, Roman Road Industrial Estate, Blackburn, BB1 2LX

Telephone 01254 585165

E-mail [email protected]

Report Reference number

ASR_BwDBC_2018

Date October 2018


LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 i

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area

Air Quality in the borough of Blackburn with Darwen

Air pollution is associated with a number of adverse health impacts. It is recognised

as a contributing factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air

pollution particularly affects the most vulnerable in society: children and older people,

and those with heart and lung conditions. There is also often a strong correlation with

equalities issues, because areas with poor air quality are also often the less affluent

areas1,2.

The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK

is estimated to be around £16 billion3.

Air quality is monitored at 47 sites across the Borough and at an automatic monitor at

Accrington Road Community Centre. Four key conclusions can be drawn from the

results of this monitoring:

1. 2017 was a better year for air quality in the Borough. There were no exceedences

of air quality objectives in any of the AQMAs or elsewhere. Compared with

previous years, there has been an improvement at almost all of the 47 monitoring

locations. These improvements occurred across the Borough, so they can’t be

attributed to changes at individual junctions. The 2017 results are welcomed, but

should be treated with caution because some factors, like the weather, can cause

short term changes in the build-up of pollution. The results of monitoring in the

next few years will determine whether 2017 was an anomaly or part of a lasting

improvement.

2. We have identified significant long term (5yr+) trends at the Earcroft, Witton and

Darwen Town Centre AQMAs. There haven’t been any exceedences in these

AQMAs for at least 5 years. These AQMAs will be revoked.

3. Nitrogen dioxide levels at the Intack, Bastwell, Blackamoor and Four Lane Ends

AQMAs have exceeded the annual mean objective in recent years. Air quality still

remains a significant concern at these locations. These AQMAs will not be

revoked until the situation improves. 1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health, 2010

2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006

3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013


LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 ii

4. Two urban junctions have been the subject of detailed assessment because NO2

levels in the previous year exceeded the annual mean objective. However, 2017

exposure at the worst case locations was below the national objective, so the

junctions will not be declared as AQMAs at the present time. These two locations

were at:

The junction of Moorgate Street and Livesey Branch Road

The junction of Accrington Road and Fecitt Brow

Working with Partners

The collective report Reducing deaths and ill-health caused by poor air quality in

Lancashire and Cumbria is an outcome of the 2018 Lancashire and Cumbria Air

Quality Summit. It is backed by the four directors of Public Health responsible for

Blackburn with Darwen, Lancashire, Cumbria and Blackpool and is designed to

highlight issues around poor air quality.

There is a growing willingness to accept the wider challenges presented by poor air

quality.

For such complex problems there are distinct advantages to taking a ‘social

movement for health’ approach, which involves mobilising action across the whole of

society including the public and private sectors, individuals and communities. This is

the approach that the Lancashire and Cumbria Directors of Public Health are

recommending. We need to better understand the ways in which we can accelerate

improvement and make a collective difference.

We will explore the list of suggestions generated at the Summit (see Appendix F for

key recommendations) and work together with all stakeholders to turn them into

appropriate action. We will do as much of this work together with the public as

possible and be as transparent as we can about what we are doing and what

difference it is making.

To work through how we might better mobilise the support of wider society in this

challenge we are working with the NHS Leadership Centre to explore how to better

create public health leadership outside of the health sector. This will be a critical

factor if we are to make a difference.

https://www.healthierlsc.co.uk/application/files/7315/2950/2309/Air_Quality_and_Public_Health_report.pdf

https://www.healthierlsc.co.uk/application/files/7315/2950/2309/Air_Quality_and_Public_Health_report.pdf


LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 iii

Actions to Improve Air Quality

Public Transport

Pennine Reach – The £40m Pennine Reach rapid bus transport scheme was

completed in April 2017. A Monitoring and Evaluation Report One Year Review

was completed in August 2018 for and is currently being peer reviewed by the

Department of Transport. It will be made public in due course.

Bus Travel - £290K has been earmarked for the provision of quality bus shelters

from 2018 to 2021.

Active Travel

Connecting East Lancashire is a ‘smarter travel choices’ campaign to encourage

healthier, greener ways of travelling including walking, cycling, car sharing and public

transport. Enabling Active Travel, which is the focus of Package Two of the

campaign, provides:

Practical support to increase skills and confidence to enable active travel journeys

(3453 personal travel pans produced 2016/17)

Targeted Cycle Training - 3386 event attendees at 2017/18 cycle sessions / led

rides. 600 Bike hires. An Electric Bike Hire scheme was procured late 2017/2018

and there will be measureable outputs in 2018/2019.

Targeted promotion of active travel infrastructure - The 26km £600K Weavers

Wheel cycle route is complete, and £50K of funding has been identified to add

extra spurs during 2018/19. This investment will initiate the start of a strategic

cycle network for Blackburn with Darwen and East Lancashire.

Walking initiatives - 556 walk attendances in 2017/18 on led walks, an average of

15 walks per week delivered

Facilitating the switch to electric vehicles

Home charging of Electric vehicles - All new housing and commercial

developments in the Borough are now required to provide electric charging

facilities, in accordance with the new Air Quality Planning Advisory Note

The Council is investing in publically accessible electric vehicle charging

infrastructure to encourage the switch to more eco-friendly modes of transport

https://www.blackburn.gov.uk/planningdocs/policies/Air-Quality-PANv7-July-2018.pdf


LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 iv

(there are currently over 100 electric vehicles in the borough and over 1,500 in

Lancashire):

- 3 x 22kW AC chargers in Feilden Street Multi Storey car park

- 2 x 22kW AC chargers on Darwen market rooftop carpark

- More are planned:

- 4 x 22kW AC chargers at Brown Street Car Park, Blackburn

- 2 x 22kW AC chargers at Varley Street Car Park, Darwen

- 2 x 22kW AC chargers at Weir Street Car Park, Blackburn

- Blackburn Cinema Car Park (former Waves Site) – number of sockets

to be confirmed.

Details of other non-Council charging facilities can be found on Zap Map

Road Infrastructure Investment

Schemes have been developed and funding allocated for a new link road at the

Blackamoor AQMA and intelligent traffic light system at the Four Lane Ends AQMA.

Four Lane Ends AQMA (No.7) – A £70,000 new intelligent traffic management

system will be installed in 2019. It will improve the flow of traffic, thereby reducing

emissions. The Council will also seek to reduce peak-time congestion by working

with the nearby school to lessen reliance on private car journeys to school.

Blackamoor AQMA (No.6) – In 2019 work will start on the construction of a new

link road which forms part of a £6.8m investment in the SE Blackburn transport

improvement scheme. Through traffic currently travelling along Blackamoor will

join Roman Road north of the current junction, thereby improving traffic

sequencing and reducing congestion.

https://www.zap-map.com/


LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 v

One of the new public fast chargers

Council electric vehicle on charge

Weavers Wheel Cycle Route Encouraging active travel – making a link

with air pollution and other health issues

Conclusions and Priorities

Monitoring has identified significant long term improvement at the Earcroft, Witton

and Earcroft AQMAs (AQMAs No.3, 4 & 5). Future exceedances of the national

objectives are unlikely at these locations. The Council will revoke these AQMAs

before June 2019.

However, the improved air quality experienced in 2017 may be short lived, and

annual NO2 exposure is likely to remain a problem in the four remaining AQMAs.

More work is required to secure a lasting improvement. Priorities for the Council are:

1. Blackamoor AQMA (No.6) – Commence work on the construction of the new link

road during 2019. It will take an estimated 9 months to complete.


LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 vi

2. Four Lane Ends AQMA (No.7) – Commence work on the installation of a new

intelligent traffic management system in 2019. The Council will also work with the

St Mary’s school to reduce reliance on private car journeys to school.

3. Intack and Bastwell AQMAs (No.1 and 2) – The Action plans for these two

AQMAs have run their course and will be reviewed 2018/2019.

4. Continue to monitor air in the Borough, including:

- in existing AQMAs

- at revoked AQMAs, to see if the anticipated improvement is maintained; and

- at potential pollution hotspots, including the two locations that were subject to

recent detailed assessments

5. Delivering the Department of Transport’s Access Fund project “CONNECTING

East Lancashire” - we will work with businesses, educational establishments,

residents and commuters in relation to raising the awareness of travel options and

the choices available, in addition to delivering interventions that address specific

barriers to active travel.

Local Engagement and How to get Involved

Local Engagement

Engagement with local stakeholders:

If you live in one of the AQMAs in Blackburn or Darwen you will have been

consulted when the AQMA was declared and during the process of developing

action plans to address the air quality problem.

Large projects such as Pennine Reach will have also been through a separate

consultation process.

The Council continues to actively engage with businesses, educational

establishments, residents and commuters to raise awareness of the travel options

available to them.

The Council also involves transport organisations like bus and rail companies.

We are working with local industry and businesses to minimise industrial and

bonfire emissions


LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 vii

How to Get Involved

You can find a wide range of information about

healthier, greener ways of travelling including

Walking, cycling, car sharing and public transport on

the BwDConnect website.

If you’re a car user:

Avoid using a car for short journeys

Thinking of buying a new car? - Fewer

people are buying diesel, and the rate at

which people are going electric is

increasing. The Government can help

with grants towards the cost of buying

an electric vehicle and installing a

charging point. Details of public

charging points can be found at Zap

Map and in this report.

Join a car sharing club

If an electric vehicle isn’t for you, check

emission rates before you buy. Some non-

electric vehicles are less polluting than

others.

Check tyre pressures, don’t carry

unnecessary items in your car, get your

car serviced regularly

If you’re parked up, turn it off. Try not to

idle unless it’s necessary.

No Bonfires: Bonfires produce air pollution and can cause

nuisance. Think twice before burning any garden or domestic

waste. Householders can take waste free of charge to the

household waste disposal sites at George Street West in

Blackburn and Vale street in Darwen. The council also offers

a bulky item collection service.

Stoves and Fireplaces: Only burn fuel intended

for fireplaces or stoves and make sure that it is dry.

It will keep you warmer, keep your chimney cleaner

and produce less pollution. Comply with smoke

control regulations.

Buying a new Combi Boiler: Choose a low emisson model. The

new Air Quality Planning Advisory note requires that all domestic

gas boilers in newly constructed homes meet a minimum standard,

which limits emissions to no more than 40 mgNOx/kWh.

Social movement for health: Work will be undertaken to develop local action groups.

Opportunities to get involved will be posted on social media and in subsequent ASRs.

https://www.bwdconnect.org.uk/

https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/government-grants-for-low-emission-vehicles

https://www.zap-map.com/live/

https://www.zap-map.com/live/

https://www.bwdconnect.org.uk/travel-choices/car-sharing/car-sharing-registration/

http://www.blackburn.gov.uk/Pages/Recycling-household-waste.aspx

http://www.blackburn.gov.uk/Pages/Recycling-household-waste.aspx

http://www.blackburn.gov.uk/Pages/Bulky-item-collection.aspx

http://www.blackburn.gov.uk/Pages/Smoke-control-areas.aspx

http://www.blackburn.gov.uk/Pages/Smoke-control-areas.aspx


LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 viii

Table of Contents

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area .......................................................... i

Air Quality in the borough of Blackburn with Darwen........................................................... i

Actions to Improve Air Quality ........................................................................................... iii

Conclusions and Priorities ................................................................................................. v

Local Engagement and How to get Involved ..................................................................... vi

1 Local Air Quality Management ........................................................................ 1

2 Actions to Improve Air Quality ........................................................................ 2

2.1 Air Quality Management Areas .............................................................................. 2

2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Blackburn with

Darwen Borough Council .................................................................................................. 5

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or

Concentrations.................................................................................................................12

3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality

Objectives and National Compliance .................................................................... 14

3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken .....................................................................14

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites .......................................................................................... 14

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites................................................................................... 14

3.2 Individual Pollutants .............................................................................................14

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)................................................................................................. 15

Appendix A: Monitoring Results ........................................................................... 16

Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2017 ................................ 35

Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring

Data QA/QC ............................................................................................................. 38

Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs ................................. 45

Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England .............................. 50

Appendix F: Key Recommendations of the Lancashire and Cumbria Air

Quality Summit ....................................................................................................... 51

Glossary of Terms .................................................................................................. 52

List of Tables

Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas .................................................. 3 Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality .......................................... 8


LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 1

1 Local Air Quality Management

This report provides an overview of air quality in Blackburn with Darwen Borough

Council during 2017. It fulfils the requirements of Local Air Quality Management

(LAQM) as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy

and Technical Guidance documents.

The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review

and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality

objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the

local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare

an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place

in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is an annual

requirement showing the strategies employed by Blackburn with Darwen Borough

Council to improve air quality and any progress that has been made.

The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England can be found in

Table E.1 in Appendix E.



2 Actions to Improve Air Quality

2.1 Air Quality Management Areas

Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance

or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must

prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) within 12-18 months setting out measures

it intends to put in place in pursuit of compliance with the objectives.

A summary of AQMAs declared by Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council can be

found in Table 2.1. Further information related to declared or revoked AQMAs,

including maps of AQMA boundaries are available on:

the Council’s website ,

on the UK Air website,

or in Appendix D of this report.

We intend to revoke:

AQMA No.3 at Darwen Town Centre AQMAs,

AQMA No.4 at Witton

AQMA No.5 at Earcroft

http://www.blackburn.gov.uk/Pages/Air-quality.aspx

https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/aqma/list?la=B&country=england&pollutant=no2



Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas

AQMA Name

Date of Declaratio

n

Pollutants and Air Quality

Objectives

City / Town

One Line Description

Is air quality in the AQMA

influenced by roads

controlled by

Highways England?

Level of Exceedance (maximum

monitored/modelled concentration at a location of relevant

exposure)

Action Plan

At Declaration

Now Name Date of

Publication Link

AQMA 1 - Intack

Declared 13/11/2005

NO2 Annual Mean

Blackburn

An area encompassing a

number of properties at the

junction of Accrington Rd /

Shadsworth Rd / Whitebirk Rd

NO 46 µg/m3 35 µg/m

3

Air Quality Action Plans

Progress Report

2010

http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/2010_Action_Plan_Updat

e.pdf

AQMA 2 - Bastwell

Declared 13/11/2005

NO2 Annual Mean

Blackburn



junction of Whalley New Road /

Whalley Range / Plane St


3


Progress Report

2010


e.pdf

AQMA 3 - A666

between Robert St & Wraith St

Declared 13/11/2005

NO2 Annual Mean

Darwen

An area encompassing

residential properties along the A666 in the centre of Darwen between

Robert St and Wraith St


3


Progress Report

2010


e.pdf



AQMA 4 - Witton

Declared 13/11/2005

NO2 Annual Mean

Blackburn



junction of the A674 & B6447


3


Progress Report

2010


e.pdf

AQMA 5 - Earcroft

Declared 13/11/2005

NO2 Annual Mean

Darwen



junction of the A666 and Lever Way


3


Progress Report

2010


e.pdf

AQMA 6 - Blackamoor

Declared 1/2/2012

NO2 Annual Mean

Blackburn



junction of Roman Road & B6231


3

Action Plan not

finalised, but details of new link

road included in

LTP2

-

See measures identified in Table 2.2

(particularly Measure 1)

AQMA 7 - Four Lane

Ends

Declared 1/2/2012

NO2 Annual Mean

Blackburn



junction of B6233, Revidge Rd & Lammack Rd


3

Draft action Plan

not finalised

-

See measures identified in Table 2.2

(particularly Measure 3)

☒ Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council confirm the information on UK-Air regarding their AQMA(s) is up to date



2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

Defra’s appraisal of last year’s ASR concluded that “there are substantial measures

in place to improve air quality in the area” and identified a number of key points:

There have been no exceedences at AQMAs No.3, No.4 and No.5. Further

monitoring would be required to determine the long term trends at these locations

– Further monitoring has confirmed that future exceedences are unlikely and

these AQMAs are to be revoked. See Figures A.1.3 to A.1.5 for more detail.

AQMA 8 should be revoked – It has now been revoked

Detailed assessments were required because of exceedences at the junction of

Moorgate St / Livesey Branch Road, and Accrington Road / Fecitt Brow – No

exceedences were identified at either junction in 2017, so they will not be

declared as AQMAs at the present time. More monitoring will be undertaken. See

Figures A1.9 and A.1.10 for more information

Air quality action plans were to be finalised for AQMAs No.6 and No.7

- Blackamoor AQMA No.6 – In 2019 work will start on the construction of a new

link road which forms part of a £6.8m investment in the SE Blackburn

transport improvement scheme. Through traffic currently travelling along

Blackamoor will join Roman Road north of the current junction, thereby

improving traffic sequencing and reducing congestion.

- Four Lane Ends AQMA No.7 – A £70,000 new intelligent traffic management

system will be installed in 2019. It will improve the flow of traffic, thereby

reducing emissions. The Council will also seek to reduce peak-time

congestion by working with the nearby school to reduce reliance on private

car journeys to school.

Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council has taken forward a number of direct

measures during the current reporting year of 2017 in pursuit of improving local air

quality. Details of all measures completed, in progress or planned are set out in



Table 2.2. More detail on these measures can be found in their respective Action

Plans. Key completed measures are:

The Pennine Reach £40m rapid bus transport scheme, which was completed in

August 2017

£600K 26km Weavers Wheel Cycling route

New intelligent traffic signals have been installed at Blackamoor.

Funding has been secured for local road projects including the Blackamoor Link

Road

The 2018 Lancashire and Cumbria Air Quality Summit represents a call to arms,

galvanising Public Health professionals and their partner organisations across the

County. As a result, they are actively seeking to better understand the ways in

which we can accelerate improvement and make a collective difference.

Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council expects the following measures to be

completed over the course of the next two reporting years. Blackburn with Darwen

Borough Council’s priorities for the coming year are:

1. Blackamoor AQMA (No.6) – Commence work on the construction of the new link

road during 2019. It will take an estimated 9 months to complete.

2. Four Lane Ends AQMA (No.7) – Commence work on the installation of a new

intelligent traffic management system in 2019. The Council will also work with the

St Mary’s school to reduce reliance on private car journeys to school.

3. Intack and Bastwell AQMAs (No.1 and 2) – The Action plans for these two

AQMAs have run their course and will be reviewed 2018/2019.

4. Continue to monitor air quality the Borough, including:

- In existing AQMAs

- At revoked AQMAs, to ensure that the anticipated improvement is maintained

- At potential pollution hotspots, including the two locations that were subject to

recent detailed assessments



5. Delivering the Department of Transport’s Access Fund project “CONNECTING

East Lancashire” where we will work with businesses, educational

establishments, residents and commuters in relation to raising the awareness of

travel options and the choices available, in addition to delivering interventions that

address specific barriers to active travel.

The principal challenges and barriers to implementation that Blackburn with Darwen

Borough Council anticipates facing are:

Our AQMAs are at busy urban junctions where emissions from slow moving

vehicles are trapped by nearby buildings and the surrounding topography.

This is particularly true for AQMA 7 at Four Lane Ends. The tightly formed

Victorian streetscape can make it difficult to implement changes to physical

infrastructure (e.g. changing road layouts).

Relative to other more affluent areas, the profit made from developing land in

our Borough is not particularly high. As a consequence, expensive mitigation

options are less likely to be implemented

Limited financial resources.

Whilst the measures stated above and in Table 2.2 will help to contribute towards

compliance, Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council anticipates that further

additional measures not yet prescribed will be required in subsequent years to

achieve compliance and enable the revocation of the AQMAs at Intack (AQMA No.1),

Bastwell (AQMA No.2), and Four Lane Ends ( AQMA No.7).

Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council anticipates that the measures stated above

and in Table 2.2 will achieve compliance in AQMA No.6



Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality

Measure No.

Measure EU Category EU

Classification

Organisations involved and

Funding Source

Planning Phase

Implementation Phase

Key Performance

Indicator

Reduction in Pollutant / Emission

from Measure

Progress to Date

Estimated / Actual

Completion Date

Comments / Barriers to

implementation

1 Link Road, Blackamoor

Transport Planning and Infrastructure

Other

£6.8m for transport

upgrades in Blackburn SE Area (link road

£3m) - DfT National

Productivity Investment

Fund, Growth Deal 3, s106 contributions

being investigated.

2016-2018 2019/20 Reduction in NO2

below annual objective

No estimate available at

present

Included in Adopted Local Plan 2. Public consultation

ends October 2018

2019/20

One arm of a busy crossroads at

heart of AQMA will become a dead-

end, thereby reducing

congestion

2 Pennine Reach

Transport Planning and Infrastructure

Bus route improvements

£40m - BwDBC & Lancashire

county Council, DfT Funding

2015 2015/16

Indictors to include:

• Increased passenger

numbers on buses • Improved public transport

passenger satisfaction • New

bus station • Improved waiting facilities · Better public transport

information • Improved online

passenger information • Reduced bus

journey times on Pennine Reach

routes • Improved bus punctuality /

reliability on Pennine Reach

routes • Improved pedestrian and

2% Completed Completed

August 2016

Monitoring & Evaluation Report completed August 2018 and is being peer reviewed by

DfT. It will be made public in

due course. However, AQMA

No.8 at junction of Accrington Road

and Burnley Road revoked as a

consequence of Pennine Reach.



cycle facilities • Modal shift from

cars / reduction in car based traffic • Improved travel

times for general • traffic on

Pennine Reach routes •

Reduction in carbon emissions

3 Maximise

Signal Efficiency

Traffic Management

Other £70k for Four Lane Ends -

BwDBC 2015/16

Initially 2016/17, but put back to

2018/19

New signal system at

Blackamoor and Four Lane Ends

No estimate available

Blackamoor completed.

Four Lane Ends signal

upgrade 2018/19

New Blackamoor road layout

anticipated, so spend on

evaluation not appropriate.

Pleckgate system upgrade had been delayed because

of limited resources, but funding now

secured

4 Development

Control

Policy Guidance and Development

Control

Air Quality Planning and

Policy Guidance

BwDBC 2016/17 2017/18

Implementation of Supplementary

Planning Document - since

amended


Planning Advisory Note

completed and in use

July 2018

SPD not considered appropriate,

Planning Advisory Note (PAN)

implemented

5

Control of Bonfire and

Chimney Emissions

Other Other BwDBC Not

applicable Ongoing

Compliance with legislation and good practice


Responded to 116 service

requests Ongoing

6 Control of Industrial Emissions

Environmental Permits

Other measure

through permit systems and

economic instruments

BwDBC, Local Industry

Not applicable

Ongoing Compliance with Defra inspection

regime

BAT - not quantified

All installations inspected in accordance with Defra

regime

Ongoing

7

Car Sharing - Shared

wheels and relaunch of

Royal Blackburn

Hospital car

Alternatives to private vehicle

use

Car & lift sharing

schemes

Lancashire Authorities, 3yrs of DfT

Access Fund

Completed Ongoing Number of members


5636 Members

across Lancashire,

152 Blackburn with Darwen

members

Ongoing Funding



share website

8

Weaver's Wheel -

26km cycle track route encircling Blackburn


use Other

BwDBC, 2015/19 £600k

earmarked. Additional £50

2018/19 & £50k 2020/21 for

network improvements, maintenance £30k per yr

2014/15 2016-2019 26km of cycle

track completed No estimate

available

Completed 2017. Extra spurs now

being added over 3 years

to 2021

2019, additional

spurs completed

2021

Initial measure implemented, now

being extended with additional

spurs

9

Cycling events /

training / bike hire


use Other BwDBC 2014/15 2015 onwards

Number of participants

Ride to Work Week

reduced commuting

NOx emissions by 2.7kg

NOx across L:ancashire, and 0.3kg in Blackburn

and Darwen

2017/18 - 3386 event

attendances, 47 Learn to Ride and 3

led rides per week, 600 bike hires. . An Electric Bike Hire

scheme was procured late

2017/2018 and there will

be measureable

outputs in 2018/2019

2020

10 Personal

travel Planning

Promoting Travel

Alternatives

Personalised Travel

Planning

BwDBC, Hospital

2014/15 Ongoing No. personal

plans No estimate

available

3453 personal travel pans produced 2016/17

2020

11

School travel plans at St

Marys college and Pleckgate

City Learning Centre

Promoting Travel

Alternatives

School Travel Plans

BwDBC, School Ongoing 2019/20 To be confirmed No estimate

available None 2019/20

Lack of progress to date due to lack

of funding for travel planning



12

Parking Restrictions -

Four Lane Ends

Junction

Traffic Management

Workplace Parking Levy,

Parking Enforcement on highway

BwDBC 2016/17 2018/18 Less congestion No estimate

available No progress 2017/18

Likely to be small scale

amendments to restrictions in

vicinity of lights

13 Bus Stop

Relocation Traffic

Management



BwDBC 2016/17 Withdrawn from

action plan Withdrawn from

action plan

Withdrawn from action

plan


plan


plan

Withdrawn from action plan

14 Formal Right

Turn on Shear Brow

Traffic Management



BwDBC 2016/17 Withdrawn from

action plan Withdrawn from

action plan


plan


plan


plan

Withdrawn from action plan

15 Quality Bus

Shelters

Promoting Travel

Alternatives Other £290k - BwDBC 2018 3yrs to 2021

Completed quality bus shelters


Ongoing 2020/21



2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations

As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 (Chapter 7), local authorities are

expected to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5

(particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less). There is clear

evidence that PM2.5 has a significant impact on human health, including premature

mortality, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular diseases.

According to the Public Health Outcomes Framework 2016 data, 4.7% of all-cause

adult mortality in the Borough is attributable to anthropogenic particulate air pollution

(measured as fine particulate matter, PM2.5). The fractions for England and the North

West Region are 5.3% and 4.7% respectively.

Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council is taking the following measures to address

PM2.5. Details can be found in Table 2.2, but include:

Bonfire Emissions – Smoke emissions from bonfires and chimneys are being

regulated through the Clean Air Act and waste related legislation (Table 2.2

Measure No.5).

Emissions from the burning of domestic solid fuel - Approximately 38% of UK

primary particulate matter emissions come from burning wood and coal in

domestic open fires and solid fuel stoves4. Smoke emissions from stove and open

fireplaces are being regulated through the Clean Air Act (Measure No.5). The

large urban conurbations within the Borough are Smoke Control Areas, where

restrictions are in place controlling burning in stoves and fireplaces.

Physical changes at junctions seek to address congestion and reduce emissions.

The Pennine Reach £40m rapid bus transport scheme (Measure 2), completed in

August 2017, involved a range of measures including the relocation of a heavily

congested junction. This this has already brought about a dramatic improvement

in air quality at the Accrington Rd / Burnley Rd AQMA. Funding has been secured

for local road projects including the Blackamoor Link Road (Measure 1). New

intelligent traffic signals have been installed at Blackamoor (Measure 3).

4 https://consult.defra.gov.uk/airquality/domestic-solid-fuel-regulations/

https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/profile/public-health-outcomes-framework/data#page/3/gid/1000043/pat/6/par/E12000002/ati/102/are/E06000008/iid/30101/age/230/sex/4



Improvements to public transport - Major improvements in the quality of bus

services have been delivered by Pennine Reach (Measure 2). New high quality

bus shelters will be installed (Measure 15). When delivering the Department of

Transport’s Access Fund project “Connecting East Lancashire” we will work with

businesses, educational establishments, residents and commuters in relation to

raising the awareness of travel options and the choices available, in addition to

delivering interventions that address specific barriers to active travel.

Active travel is being encouraged. We are seeking to reduce the reliance on the

private car as a means of getting around. Walking and cycling initiatives are

proving popular. Traditional and electric bikes are available for hire (Measure 9).

The 26km Weavers Wheel cycle route is complete, and new funding has been

secured to add extra spurs (Measure 8).

Lancashire and South Cumbria Summit - The Lancashire and Cumbria Directors

of Public Health are seeking to develop a ‘social movement for health’ approach

to air quality, which involves mobilising action across the whole of society

including the public and private sectors, individuals and communities.



3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance

3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

This section sets out what monitoring has taken place and how it compares with

objectives.

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council undertook automatic (continuous)

monitoring at one site during 2017. Table A.1 in Appendix A shows the details of the

sites.

National monitoring results are available at https://uk-

air.defra.gov.uk/networks/network-info?view=aurn

Maps showing the location of the local monitoring site are provided in Appendix D.

Further details on how the monitors are calibrated and how the data has been

adjusted are included in Appendix C.

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council undertook non- automatic (passive)

monitoring of NO2 at 46 sites during 2017. Table A.2 in Appendix A shows the details

of the sites.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D.

Further details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) for the diffusion tubes,

including bias adjustments and any other adjustments applied (e.g. “annualisation”

and/or distance correction), are included in Appendix C.

3.2 Individual Pollutants

The air quality monitoring results presented in this section are, where relevant,

adjusted for bias, “annualisation” and distance correction. Further details on

adjustments are provided in Appendix C.

https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/networks/network-info?view=aurn

https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/networks/network-info?view=aurn



3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Table A.3 in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored NO2 annual

mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3.

The full 2017 diffusion tube dataset of monthly mean values is provided in

Appendix B.

Table A.4 in Appendix A compares the ratified continuous monitored NO2 hourly

mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 200µg/m3,

not to be exceeded more than 18 times per year.

Monitoring at all 46 sites across the Borough during 2017 didn’t identify exceedences

of the NO2 annual mean objective, and as these monitored exposures were well

below 60µg/m3 it is unlikely that there will be exceedances of the 1-hour mean

objective.



Appendix A: Monitoring Results

Table A.1 – Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites

Site ID Site

Name Site Type

X OS Grid Ref

Y OS Grid Ref

Pollutants Monitored

In AQMA?

Monitoring Technique

Distance to Relevant

Exposure (m) (1)

Distance to kerb of

nearest road (m)

(2)

Inlet Height (m)

CM1 Blackburn Accrington

Road Roadside 370241 428026 NO2 NO Chemiluminescent 17.8 3.2 3

Notes:

(1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on the façade of a residential property).

(2) N/A if not applicable.



Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Site ID

Site Name Site Type X OS

Grid Ref Y OS

Grid Ref Pollutants Monitored

In AQMA?

Distance to Relevant

Exposure (m) (1)

Distance to kerb of

nearest road (m)

(2)

Tube collocated with a

Continuous Analyser?

Height (m)

DT1 14 St Helier

Close Urban

Background 367034 425946 NO2 NO 2 1 NO 3

DT2 Moorgate Arms, Livesey Branch

Rd Roadside 367135 425923 NO2 NO 1 3 NO 3

DT3 149 Livesey Branch Rd

Roadside 367153 425915 NO2 NO 0 3 NO 3

DT4 238 Blackamoor

Road Roadside 370492 425781 NO2 NO 0 7.8 NO 3

DT5 283 Haslingden


DT6 250 Bolton


DT7 170 Accrington

Road Roadside 370386 427973 NO2 NO 0 4 NO 3

DT8b Witton Junction Kerbside 366640 427264 NO2 YES 14 0.5 NO 3

DT8c 11-13 Bolton

Road, Darwen Roadside 369253 422099 NO2 YES No exposure 1.8 NO 3

DT9 15 Shadsworth

Road Roadside 370826 427962 NO2 YES 0 2.3 NO 3

DT10 306 Accrington


DT11 280 Accrington

Road Roadside 370758 428004 NO2 YES 0 4 NO 3

DT12 16 Whitebirk


DT13 39 Peronne

Crescent Urban

Background 370908 428217 NO2 NO 7.4 1 NO 3

DT14 371 Accrington Roadside 370876 428054 NO2 YES 0 7.1 NO 3



Road

DT15 114 Whalley New Road

Roadside 369026 429180 NO2 YES 0 2.2 NO 3

DT16 255 Whalley

Range Roadside 368964 429168 NO2 YES 0 2.5 NO 3

DT17 86 Whalley New


DT18 9 Palm Street Urban


DT19 24 Plane Street Roadside 369074 429152 NO2 YES 0 2.2 NO 3

DT20 33 Bolton Road Roadside 369259 422050 NO2 YES 0 2.9 NO 3

DT21 20 Market St

(Circus) Roadside 369244 422192 NO2 YES 0 7.2 NO 3

DT22 15 Tudor Close Urban


DT23 Hawkshead

Close Urban


DT24a 171 Redlam Roadside 366674 427323 NO2 YES 0 4 NO 3

DT24b Millstone, 11

Church St Roadside 369278 422162 NO2 YES 2.6 5.4 NO 3

DT25 183 Redlam Roadside 366652 427281 NO2 YES 0 2.6 NO 3

DT26 171 Buncer

Lane Roadside 366609 427295 NO2 YES 0 11 NO 3

DT27 12 Preston Old


DT28 5 Campbell

Place Roadside 366668 427250 NO2 YES 0 5.1 NO 3

DT29 639 Blackburn


DT30 179 Accrington


DT31 145 Blackburn


DT32 7 Bolton Rd Roadside 369252 422131 NO2 YES No exposure 2.1 NO 3



DT33 555 Blackburn


DT34 486 Blackburn


DT35 442 Blackburn


DT36 9 View Road Urban


DT37 26 Pickering

Fold Urban


DT38 2 Blackamoor


DT39 138 Roman


DT40 161 Roman


DT41 113 Stopes

Brow Kerbside 369583 425358 NO2 YES 0 0.6 NO 3

DT42 535 Revidge


DT43 254 Shear Brow Roadside 367934 429582 NO2 YES 0 1 NO 3

DT44 Rhodes Avenue Urban


DT45 335 Shear Brow Roadside 367924 429561 NO2 YES 0 1.7 NO 3

DT46 38 Accrington


DT47 Acc Rd AURN Roadside 370241 428026 NO2 NO 17.8 3.2 YES 3



Notes:

(1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on/adjacent to the façade of a residential property).

(2) N/A if not applicable.



Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

Site ID Site Type Monitoring

Type

Valid Data Capture for Monitoring

Period (%) (1)

Valid Data Capture

2017 (%) (2)

NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3)

(3)

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

CM1 Roadside Automatic 98 98

25 27.6 34.4 21.2

DT1 Urban

Background Diffusion

Tube 100 100 18.9 18.5 17.8 17.5 14.8

DT2 Roadside Diffusion

Tube 100 100 29.7 27.9 27.8 30.2 24.9


Tube 100 100 39.3 41.5 39.2 40.9 33.8


Tube 100 100

28.4 30.6 22.8


Tube 100 100 30.8 32.4 29.5 31.2 22.9


Tube 100 100 34.3 32.9 29.8 29.7 22.0


Tube 100 100 37.3 39.4 36.2 42.6 32.1

DT8b Kerbside Diffusion

Tube 100 58

24.8 32.4

DT8c Roadside Diffusion

Tube 100 42

29.3


Tube 100 100 31.8 33.2 29.1 33.9 25.0


Tube 100 100 38.4 42.3 39.9 42.5 34.5


Tube 100 100 34.3 36.6 36.4 36.3 28.2


Tube 100 100 25.9 25.8 24.7 25.9 20.2

DT13 Urban


Tube 100 100 19.4 20.4 18.7 19.5 15.6




Tube 100 100 28.4 29.3 30 31.3 25.3


Tube 100 100 39.5 41.2 37.4 40.1 31.9


Tube 92 100 33.1 32.3 31.8 33.9 27.4


Tube 100 92 26.8 28.3 26.6 26.5 21.3

DT18 Urban


Tube 100 100 20.9 18.7 18.9 19.4 16.1


Tube 100 100 29.6 29.4 28.4 29.5 24.0


Tube 92 100 36.4 36.5 34.6 37 27.1


Tube 83 92 28 27.4 25 25 20.5

DT22 Urban


Tube 100 83 16.6 16.9 16.1 17 14.5

DT23 Urban


Tube 100 100 16.6 17.4 15.5 16.6 12.7

DT24a Roadside Diffusion

Tube 100 58 28.2 27.6 26.9 28.7 24.3

DT24b Roadside Diffusion

Tube 100 42

20.9


Tube 100 100 36 35.3 34.4 37.3 25.6


Tube 100 100 23.4 24.3 21.8 23.5 17.4


Tube 100 100 24.5 24.8 24 25.2 19.6


Tube 83 100 29.7 28.5 27.3 30.5 22.3


Tube 100 100 34 34 32.2 34 25.7


Tube 100 83 30.7 30.6 28.5 30.1 27.7




Tube 100 100 31.4 34.5 28.7 29.2 22.4


Tube 100 100 45.9 32.4


Tube 100 100 34.8 34.5 30 33.3 25.6


Tube 100 100 33.2 33.5 31.7 34.6 26.9


Tube 100 100 32.6 33.1 32.8 33.2 25.9

DT36 Urban


Tube 100 100 21 21.6 21.5 21.1 17.1

DT37 Urban


Tube 100 100 19.3 20.3 17.7 19.9 15.2


Tube 92 100 41.3 43 40 45 33.6


Tube 100 100 41.2 38.5 42.6 38.7 35.9


Tube 100 92 38.3 38.9 35.7 39.5 29.4

DT41 Kerbside Diffusion

Tube 83 100 44.1 45.1 42.5 46.7 30.6


Tube 100 100 28.2 28.3 28.2 30.6 25.1


Tube 100 83 39 44.2 40 42.3 34.3

DT44 Urban


Tube 100 100 21.4 21.2 21.6 20.6 16.2


Tube 92 100 39.4 44.5 41.8 45.3 36.5


Tube 83 100 38.6 38.2 34.4 30.8 22.4


Tube 100 92 24.9 25.9 20.6


Tube 83 24.6 26.1 20.2




Tube 100 24.1 26.7 21.3

☒ Diffusion tube data has been bias corrected

☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75%

Notes:

Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m3 are shown in bold.

NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m3, indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined.

(1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year.

(2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%).

(3) Means for diffusion tubes have been corrected for bias. All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16 if valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.



Figure A.1.1 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at AQMA 1 – Intack

Exposure during 2017 at the Intack AQMA was under the annual mean NO2 national obective, but there have been exceedences in recent years so the AQMA will not be revoked. Annual mean exposures were well under 60µg/m3, so there is no indication of a 1-hour mean air quality objective exceedence.



Figure A.1.2 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at AQMA 2 – Bastwell

Exposure during 2017 at the Bastwell AQMA was under the annual mean NO2 national obective, but there have been exceedences in recent years so the AQMA will not be revoked. Annual mean exposures were well under 60µg/m3, so there is no indication of a 1-hour mean air quality objective exceedence.



Figure A.1.3 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at AQMA 3 – Darwen Town Centre

There hasn’t been an exceedence of the NO2 annual mean objective at a relevant receptor in the Darwen Town Centre AQMA since 2010. There is evidence of a long term improvement and the AQMA will be revoked (There is no relevant exposure close to DT8c and DT32). Annual mean exposures were well under 60µg/m3, so there is no indication of a 1-hour mean air quality objective exceedence.



Figure A.1.4 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at AQMA 4 – Witton

There hasn’t been an exceedence of the NO2 annual mean objective at a relevant receptor in the Witton AQMA since 2010. There is evidence of a long term improvement and the AQMA will be revoked. Annual mean exposures were well under 60µg/m3, so there is no indication of a 1-hour mean air quality objective exceedence.



Figure A.1.5 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at AQMA 5 – Earcroft

There hasn’t been an exceedence of the NO2 annual mean objective at a relevant receptor in the Earcroft AQMA since 2008. There is evidence of a long term improvement and the AQMA will be revoked. Annual mean exposures were well under 60µg/m3, so there is no indication of a 1-hour mean air quality objective exceedence.



Figure A.1.6 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at AQMA 6 – Blackamoor




Figure A.1.7 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at AQMA 7 – Four Lane Ends




Figure A.1.8 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at NON-AQMA Diffusion Tube Sites

Diffusion tube monitoring at locations outside the AQMAs has not identified exceedences of the NO2 annual mean objective at relevant receptors. Annual mean exposures were well under 60µg/m3, so there is no indication of a 1-hour mean air quality objective exceedence. There is no need to declare new AQMAs. Detailed Assessments at non-AQMA locations - Two urban junctions, circled in red on the above map, have been the subject of detailed assessment as exposure in recent years had exceeded the NO2 annual mean objective. These exceedences were identified by diffusion tube monitoring at worse case locations – see below. However, 2017 exposure has been below the national objective so the junctions will not be declared as AQMAs at the present time.No modelling was undertaken as actual monitoring at worst case locations will be more representative. More monitoring will be undertake at these locations to determine any trends in future years.



Figure A.1.9 - Detailed assessment 1:

Junction Accrington Road / Fecitt Brow

Figure A.1.10 - Detailed assesment 2:

Junction Moorgate Street and Livesey Branch Road



Figure A.1.9 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at the automatic monitor

There hasn’t been an exceedence of the NO2 annual mean objective at the automatic monitor. There isn’t as yet any evidence of a stable and lasting trend. Annual mean exposures were well under 60µg/m3, so there is no indication of a 1-hour mean air quality objective exceedence.



Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

Site ID Site Type Monitoring

Type

Valid Data Capture for Monitoring Period (%)

(1)

Valid Data Capture

2017 (%) (2)

NO2 1-Hour Means > 200µg/m3 (3)

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

CM1 Roadside NO2 98% 98% - 0 0 0 0

Notes:

Exceedances of the NO2 1-hour mean objective (200µg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 18 times/year) are shown in bold.

(1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year.

(2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%).

(3) If the period of valid data is less than 85%, the 99.8th percentile of 1-hour means is provided in brackets.



Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2017

Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2017

Site ID

NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m3)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Annual Mean

Raw Data

Bias Adjusted (0.74) and

Annualised (1)

Distance Corrected

to Nearest

Exposure (2)

DT1 33.2 23.3 23.9 14.1 15.2 9.2 13.7 15.5 17.9 19.4 23.0 32.4 20.1 14.8 14.8

DT2 41.9 35.6 38.8 36.3 29.0 26.0 26.5 27.3 31.7 31.3 36.4 43.1 33.7 24.9 24.2

DT3 60.3 53.6 49.6 37.3 41.6 42.5 31.7 43.9 45.4 48.8 40.2 53.1 45.7 33.8 33.8

DT4 40.6 36.5 39.7 25.4 31.7 19.9 26.3 24.3 29.6 26.6 34.3 34.5 30.8 22.8 22.8

DT5 43.6 33.9 32.7 29.6 27.7 24.7 25.8 24.9 33.7 29.4 31.8 33.0 30.9 22.9 22.9

DT6 40.5 33.8 32.9 29.0 23.2 23.6 23.9 24.4 27.5 27.0 33.6 37.9 29.8 22.0 22.0

DT7 53.0 49.3 50.6 35.0 40.7 40.3 35.1 34.9 45.2 31.0 50.0 56.3 43.4 32.1 32.1

DT8b 49.1 45.6 45.9 39.6 35.4 26.1 32.0 39.1 32.4 20.7

DT8c 37.7 48.0 45.5 46.3 51.5 45.8 29.3 No

exposure

DT9 42.0 37.2 41.9 28.9 33.3 23.6 28.3 26.8 34.0 32.4 37.3 40.4 33.8 25.0 25.0

DT10 60.9 56.2 57.5 36.3 42.9 35.1 38.7 34.0 58.2 41.3 44.3 54.4 46.7 34.5 34.5

DT11 48.4 48.9 43.9 30.6 39.9 31.0 34.5 30.1 35.6 35.1 34.8 44.6 38.1 28.2 28.2

DT12 37.9 23.6 33.4 21.8 26.9 21.2 22.6 20.7 28.4 24.4 28.8 37.2 27.2 20.2 20.2

DT13 33.3 23.5 25.6 15.6 16.9 14.0 15.6 16.4 18.2 19.5 24.9 29.8 21.1 15.6 15.6



DT14 40.2 32.0 31.9 34.5 30.6 31.3 30.9 26.7 33.0 32.0 45.0 42.3 34.2 25.3 25.3

DT15 47.5 45.8 48.5 37.1 40.2 31.6 36.5 34.8 41.7 41.7 46.7 65.1 43.1 31.9 31.9

DT16 46.5 38.2 42.7 33.6 35.8 28.6 29.6 28.1 35.5 34.5 45.9 45.3 37.0 27.4 27.4

DT17 41.8 33.4 25.8 26.7 19.0 23.2 20.2 27.5 26.5 34.1 39.2 28.8 21.3 21.3

DT18 33.4 23.7 24.5 15.7 16.2 13.4 15.3 17.0 20.6 22.9 28.0 29.8 21.7 16.1 16.1

DT19 38.0 28.1 35.8 31.0 25.9 24.9 25.5 26.0 28.7 41.1 39.3 44.6 32.4 24.0 24.0

DT20 44.6 36.7 41.8 33.7 42.6 26.6 32.1 32.8 37.3 30.3 39.2 41.2 36.6 27.1 27.1

DT21 39.4 30.0 33.2 25.2 18.0 21.1 20.9 28.7 26.6 29.2 32.7 27.7 20.5 20.5

DT22 30.3 21.1 21.2 17.2 13.1 12.9 18.3 16.9 20.4 23.9 19.5 14.5 14.5

DT23 28.9 22.4 22.1 12.0 13.7 9.4 10.8 12.3 16.1 15.4 19.2 23.2 17.1 12.7 12.7

DT24a 41.7 31.9 33.5 24.9 26.1 24.5 22.2 29.3 24.3 24.3

DT24b 23.7 30.4 32.0 34.6 42.9 32.7 20.9 No

exposure

DT25 52.6 32.2 31.3 33.7 34.7 25.6 15.9 28.8 37.5 35.6 41.2 46.1 34.6 25.6 25.6

DT26 35.4 27.2 28.7 19.9 20.3 14.5 18.8 18.4 23.7 21.5 24.1 29.9 23.5 17.4 17.4

DT27 38.6 27.3 30.9 25.0 24.9 20.3 22.5 20.2 24.1 22.6 28.3 33.8 26.5 19.6 19.6

DT28 39.8 41.7 42.3 28.2 30.8 18.4 21.1 22.2 26.1 25.2 32.4 33.9 30.2 22.3 22.3

DT29 41.8 39.4 39.6 30.0 35.6 25.7 28.6 31.4 34.9 32.8 38.8 38.4 34.8 25.7 25.7

DT30 49.2 39.2 34.0 24.3 29.9 32.0 36.6 35.8 42.9 50.1 37.4 27.7 27.7

DT31 43.9 28.7 36.9 29.0 31.3 25.4 23.6 22.7 28.9 26.6 32.5 34.4 30.3 22.4 22.4

DT32 53.6 51.4 54.6 36.5 44.5 33.6 36.3 33.3 45.8 47.0 39.4 49.2 43.8 32.4 No

exposure

DT33 48.0 35.8 42.2 33.5 33.6 23.9 29.9 30.2 35.1 30.4 37.5 35.9 34.7 25.6 25.6

DT34 48.6 30.9 44.9 38.0 31.8 30.4 30.3 27.9 37.5 31.2 41.6 42.4 36.3 26.9 26.9

DT35 43.8 33.5 39.3 34.7 28.8 29.3 29.6 30.2 32.9 33.9 40.2 43.9 35.0 25.9 25.9

DT36 33.1 27.2 26.8 20.5 17.3 15.2 16.6 16.7 23.0 20.4 31.1 28.7 23.1 17.1 17.1

DT37 33.7 24.2 25.9 17.9 15.6 12.4 15.6 15.6 16.6 19.8 22.5 26.9 20.5 15.2 15.2



DT38 71.1 46.8 55.8 39.0 45.7 35.8 39.4 35.8 45.4 38.1 42.9 48.4 45.4 33.6 33.6

DT39 58.8 49.6 56.8 52.9 42.3 35.9 36.7 38.5 40.7 44.3 70.1 55.4 48.5 35.9 30.0

DT40 52.1 37.6 50.2 37.2 31.7 37.5 33.0 37.2 34.7 45.1 41.1 39.8 29.4 29.4

DT41 52.6 43.3 50.3 45.8 39.3 29.6 37.7 32.1 43.8 34.9 44.3 43.1 41.4 30.6 30.6

DT42 45.0 42.1 34.8 34.0 31.1 26.2 29.8 25.5 34.4 31.0 36.2 36.5 33.9 25.1 25.1

DT43 65.0 53.7 50.8 43.7 38.7 35.6 46.7 40.0 43.2 46.8 46.4 34.3 34.3

DT44 38.9 28.2 24.5 17.6 16.6 13.1 15.8 14.8 20.9 20.9 22.9 28.1 21.9 16.2 16.2

DT45 56.4 53.0 52.0 47.6 39.4 47.4 43.8 41.3 47.8 42.0 67.5 53.6 49.3 36.5 36.5

DT46 42.5 36.2 36.0 28.6 25.5 20.3 22.4 23.6 31.9 26.0 31.9 39.0 30.3 22.4 22.4

DT47 44.1 31.5 34.3 26.0 22.1 18.6 21.3 17.6 27.0 26.1 38.0 27.9 20.6 19.8

DT48 45.6 30.6 32.0 26.1 22.1 18.9 21.3 22.8 26.5 26.7 27.2 20.2 19.4

DT49 46.3 33.5 28.6 25.2 22.5 21.4 21.6 21.0 28.0 27.1 33.7 37.2 28.8 21.3 20.4

☒ Local bias adjustment factor used

☐ National bias adjustment factor used

☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75%

☒ Where applicable, data has been distance corrected for relevant exposure

Notes:

Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m3 are shown in bold.

NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m3, indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined.

(1) See Appendix C for details on bias adjustment and annualisation.

(2) Distance corrected to nearest relevant public exposure.



Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC

Screening of the Network Rail Servicing Depot

1. Depot Location:

The Wranglings, Whalley Banks, Blackburn.

Grid Ref: 36767 42751

2. Brief Description of deport:

The depot services diesel trains at night – refuelling, washing facilities etc. Trains

are then stabled overnight before leaving the next day to continue their journey.

3. Background NO2:

2016 diffusion tube monitoring at DT23 Hawkshead Close 16.9 µg/m3 (max 18.3 from

2011 onwards). DT23 is approx. 740m from the depot.

Background map NO2 background for grid ref 367500 427500 is 16.5 µg/m3

4. Location of receptors:

Receptor locations are highlighted in yellow (from closest section of train line to

façade of dwelling / school)



5. Anticipated train movements

In a typical night there will be 22 train movements. There will be no train movements

during the day during normal operations.

22:30 to 23:00 1 x diesel train movement

23:00 to 00:00 3 x diesel train movements



02:00 to 03:00 4 x diesel vehicle movements

03:00 to 04:00 no train movements




07:00 to 08:00 1 x diesel vehicle movements

6. Description of potential concern:



TG(16) section 7.18 states that diesel or coal fired stationary locomotives can give

rise to high short-term SO2 concentrations near railway stations or depots.

Additionally, moving diesel locomotives can contribute to elevated short-term NO2

concentrations close to the track. Criteria are provided for the screening of rail

depots.

7. Screening Criteria:

Criteria for stationary diesel or steam locomotives Criteria met?

Identify locations where diesel or steam locomotives are regularly (at least 3 times a day) stationary for periods of 15 minutes or more; and

Locations where locomotives are present >15mins

Determine relevant exposure within 15m of the locomotives No exposure

Both criteria met? No

Criteria for moving diesel locomotives Criteria met?

Determine relevant exposure within 30m of the relevant railway tracks; and

Exposure <30m

Identify whether the background annual mean NO2 concentration is above 25µg/m3 in these areas

Background <25µg/m3

Both criteria met? No

8. Conclusion:

The criteria weren’t met for stationary and moving locomotives so the Blackburn with

Darwen Borough Council can conclude that there isn’t a risk of exceedance of the

SO2 15-minute mean objective (for stationary locomotives) or the NO2 annual mean

objective (for moving locomotives), and a monitoring survey isn’t required.

Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC

Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council monitor NO2 levels at 47 locations including

a triple tube co-location trial at the Blackburn Accrington Road AURN site. The 20%

TEA in water diffusion tubes are provided and analysed by Gradko Ltd.



Annualisation calculations

Distance corrections



Local Bias adjustment factor and Bias and precision & adjustment



National Bias Adjustment Factor (at September 2018)



Discussion of bias adjustment factor used

2017 Local bias adjustment factor = 0.74

2017 National Bias adjustment factor = 0.87

The 2017 ASR used the national bias adjustment factor, and its continued use would

provide consistency and a more precautionary approach.

But, in most circumstances, TG16 recommends the use of a local factor over a

national factor. A number of factors supported the conclusion that the local factor was

likely to be more representative:

1. The tubes were exposed monthly for the full year in accordance with Defra’s

Diffusion Tube Monitoring Calendar at sites.

2. The co-location trial gave “good” precision for the diffusion tubes.

3. The automatic monitor chemiluminescence results were to national AURN

standards with good overall data capture.

4. The urban roadside location of the co-located tubes was similar to the rest of the

diffusion tube monitoring locations.

In light of the above, the local bias adjustment factor of 0.74 has been used to adjust

the 2017 diffusion tube monitoring results.

However, it is important to highlight the difference between the two factors. As a

precautionary measure, Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council will not be

recommending that 2017 is used as a baseline for future modelling.



Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs

All AQMAs



AQMA 1 - Intack

AQMA 2 - Bastwell



AQMA 3 – Darwen Town Centre

AQMA 4 – Witton



AQMA 5 – Earcroft

AQMA 6 – Blackamoor



AQMA 7 – Four Lane Ends



Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England

Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England

Pollutant Air Quality Objective5

Concentration Measured as

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 18 times a year

1-hour mean

40 µg/m3 Annual mean

Particulate Matter (PM10)

50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 35 times a year

24-hour mean

40 µg/m3 Annual mean

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)


1-hour mean


24-hour mean


15-minute mean

5 The units are in microgrammes of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m

3).



Appendix F: Key Recommendations of the Lancashire and Cumbria Air Quality Summit

Theme Suggested areas for further work across Lancashire and Cumbria

Leadership at all levels:

Strengthen and improve local leadership for action on air quality including;

Elected Member and officer Air Quality Champion roles

Inclusion and consolidation of air quality in strategic plans, such as Health and Wellbeing Strategies, Joint Strategic Needs Assessment, Walking and Cycling, Public Health, Transport and Economic plans.

Extension of professional networks to include wider partners and help facilitate sharing of best practice and knowledge.

Public Awareness and Engagement

Encourage greater transparency about local air quality and empower local people to understand how air pollution can affect their health, how they can reduce air pollution, protect themselves and understand the opportunities, tools and powers available in support of this. For example:

Making information about local air quality more accessible to members of the public in a range of formats

Community Air Quality Champions

A simple but coordinated set of messages for different audiences and coordinated communications plan

Planning Policy: Adopt a common set of principles/guidance for planning policy and ensure these are considered as part of (any) new application. A Supplementary Planning Document (SPD) is the strongest form of guidance needed to compete with other planning issues and priorities.

Green Infrastructure

Collaborate across Lancashire and Cumbria to understand and develop best practice in relation to green infrastructure, for example type of species and locations, and their potential to mitigate against air pollution. National grant funding could be accessed collectively.

Travel and Transport

Action on these areas is underway at a local level, however, some interventions could be more effective when considered on a wider footprint.

Help people to be less reliant on their cars and change travel habits by providing alternatives e.g. public transport, walking and cycling routes.

School and business travel plans – working with large employers

Making it easier for people to drive in the most efficient, least polluting way by providing them with information and training.

No idling zones, around schools, hospitals for example

Facilitating the uptake of elective vehicles and other clean alternatives to petrol and diesel vehicles

Improving vehicle emission standards for taxis and private hire vehicles consistent with neighbouring authorities

Reducing emissions from public transport and improving the public transport experience.

Non transport pollution sources

Clarify and communicate the health messages and advice available to inform choice and behaviour to reduce personal exposure to non-transport pollution sources from activities around the home such as wood burning stoves, open fires and cleaning with certain solvents. Other non-transport pollution sources include farming and industry, such as from commercial biomass boilers.

Growing the evidence base & evaluation of actions

Interventions should be based on the evidence of what works and be evaluated before and after. There are opportunities to work across Lancashire and Cumbria to assess and evaluate actions that are best delivered large-scale such as on the highway network, for example the use of intelligent traffic systems and real time monitoring could be explored.



Glossary of Terms

Abbreviation Description

AQAP Air Quality Action Plan - A detailed description of measures, outcomes, achievement dates and implementation methods, showing how the local authority intends to achieve air quality limit values’

AQMA Air Quality Management Area – An area where air pollutant concentrations exceed / are likely to exceed the relevant air quality objectives. AQMAs are declared for specific pollutants and objectives

ASR Air quality Annual Status Report

Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges – Air quality screening tool produced by Highways England

BwDBC Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

EU European Union

FDMS Filter Dynamics Measurement System

LAQM Local Air Quality Management

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

PM10 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10µm (micrometres or microns) or less

PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less

QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

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2018 air quality annual status report (asr) · blackburn with darwen borough council laqm annual...

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