1

2

Neoarchean – Paleoproterozoic ~2800 Ma – ~2000 Ma

Eg Hamersley Iron Province WA

Neoproterozoic ~750 Ma – ~600 Ma

Eg Braemar Iron Province SA & NSW

Hamersley BIF Magnetite - Hematite - Jasper

Braemar IF Magnetite - Hematite - Siltstone After Robb, 2005, p. 269, Fig. 5.16

Paleoarchean - Mesoarchean ~3500 Ma – ~3000 Ma

Eg Pilbara & Yilgarn Cratons WA

3

Rodinia breakup (rifting)

Sturtian Glaciation

Marinoan Glaciation

Rapitan type IF

4

Iron (Fe2+) Dissolution Conditions •  Reduced (anoxic) •  Low pH (acidic) •  Source – hydrothermal, continental crust,

continental waters

Source: L.J., Robb, 2005, p. 271, Fig. 5.18

5

Iron (Fe3+) Precipitation Conditions •  Oxidised (oxic) •  Neutral to high pH (basic) •  Product – iron hydroxides, carbonates and

sulphides

Hematite Fe3+

2O3 Fe2+

Magnetite Fe3+

2Fe2+O4

Siderite Fe2+CO3

Pyrite Fe2+S2

Initial Precipitate Iron Hydroxides Iron Oxides

Diagenesis Metamorphism Dehydrate Recrystallise Iron Oxides

Weathering

Rehydrate Oxidise

Iron Oxides Iron Hydroxides

Hematite Magnetite

Magnetite Hematite Martite

Goethite Limonite

After Robb L.J., 2005, p. 270, Fig. 5.17

6

Source: Holland, 2006, p. 912, Fig. 10

1 2 4 3 5

7 After Klein & Beukes, 1993, p. 543, Fig. 2

Global Glaciation - Iron Dissolution

•  Sturtian Glaciation ~750 - 700 Ma (most severe)

•  Marinoan Glaciation ~650 - 600 Ma

•  Decoupling of water column from the atmosphere

•  Replicated Archean conditions - reduced, anoxic and acidic

•  Dissolution of iron

•  Iron source – Continental crust/sediment and or hydrothermal

Glacial Melting - Iron Precipitation

•  Glacial regression recoupling of the water column to the atmosphere

•  Partial seasonal melting (oxygenated melt water introduction)

•  Iron hydroxide precipitation

•  Deposited in rift basins, shallow oceans and lakes during the break up of Rodinia 8

After Cox et al., 2013, p. 9, Fig. 4

•  Occur in rift basins at low paleo-latitudes

•  Seasonal glacial melting

•  Sediment staking and mixing

•  Williams & Schmidt 2015, confirms equatorial paleo-latitude for South Australian Umberatena Group in the late Cryogenian

9

10

Global Rapitan Iron Formation Locations

Data Sources: G.M Cox et al., 2013 Klein and Buekes, 1993 Bekker et al., 2010 R.J. Stern et al., 2013 Beukes and Gutzmer, 2008 S.L. Ellefmo, 2005

t

Canada Rapitan Group

Holowilena Iron Stone Oraparinna Iron Stone

Braemar Iron Facies

Teamster Creek Subgroup Unnamed Iron Stone Occurrence

•  Adelaide Rift Complex/Fold Belt/Geosyncline

•  Holowilena / Oraparinna Iron Stones

•  Braemar Iron Facies

•  Teamster Creek Unnamed Iron Stone occurrence

Source: Brewster et al., 2009, (presentation) 11

Aeromagnetic Image Showing:

•  Adelaide Fold Belt outline

•  Bramar Iron deposits as magnetic highs

•  Over 300 km strike extent

•  Metamorphic grade increasing to the east

•  20 to 40 billion tonnes of regional exploration targets

•  Over 6 billion tonnes in JORC resources

12

Quartzite

Siltstone Hematite (martite)

Ferricrete

Iron Stone Alluvial Cover

Source: Brewster et al., 2009, p. 4, Fig. 2

13

Bedded Magnetic Siltstone (Unit 2 & 3)

Bedded Magnetic Sandstone (Interbed & Unit 3)

Diamictic Magnetic Siltstone (Unit 2)

Massive Iron Stone/Siltstone (Unit 2 & 3)

14

Massive Ironstone

Siltstone

Sandstone

Diamictite

Youn

ging

Youn

ging

Hawsons Stratigraphy 400 m true thickness

Graded siltstone (Tet)

Parallel lamination in sandstone (Tb)

Immature pebbly sandstone (Ta)

Pebbly mudstone with intrabasinal rip up clasts or viscous mass flow (Ta)

Flute and load structures After Neudert. M., 2013, p. 5, Fig. 6

Tet

Tb Ta

15

Stage 1 Sediments

Stage 2 Sediments

Stage 1 – Ferruginous sediment stacking

Stage 2 – Redeposition via high energy gravity flows

After Neudert. M., 2013, p. 13, Fig. 13 16

Massive Ironstone

Siltstone

Sandstone

Diamictite

Carbonate Cap

MFS?

Tran

sgre

ssio

n?

Tran

sgre

ssio

n?

Reg

ress

ion?

Hawsons Stratigraphy 400 m true thickness

1 3 2

After Tear, S., 2014, p. 6, Fig. 7

•  Very homogeneous magnetite mineralisation

•  Correlatable magnetic susceptibility patterns

•  Further evidence for a two stage depositional model

17

1

3 2

Magnetite (white)

Quartz (grey)

Biotite Chlorite Muscovite Dolomite

(black)

High grade iron concentrate High grade iron pellet After Teale, G.S., 2010, Plate 43.

After Roll-A-pipe undated, p. 14, Fig. 28

18

Magnetic Separator

19

20

is gratefully acknowledged for his help with the interpretation and development of the mineralisation and depositional models for the Hawsons Iron Deposit.

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