2014-09 4 th itu green standards week study on e-waste generation and flow in china jie yang...
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2014-092014-09
44thth ITU ITU Green Green Standards Standards WeekWeek
Study on E-waste Generation and Flow in China
Jie Yang , ,Jinhui LIBasel Convention Regional Centre for Asia and the PacificTsinghua University
Contents
Background E-waste generation in China E-waste collection and flow in China Conclusion
Large discarded quantity and Rapid increase worldwideLarge discarded quantity and Rapid increase worldwide
It is estimated that , worldwide 51 million tonnes of e-waste were discarded in 2012 , more than 10% are generated in China.
E-waste generation in the world (Source: StEP 2013)
E-waste generation in countries with GDP in top 10 (source: StEP)
E-waste generation worldwide
Illegal transboundary of e-waste Illegal transboundary of e-waste Due to high environmental management requirements and high processing cost,
illegal transboundary movement of e-waste from developed countries to developing countries happens occasionally, China is one of the main destination countries of illegal export of e-waste
Source, Banned Export WEEESource, Permitted Export WEEESource, Not legislation Export WEEEDestination, Banned Import WEEEDestination, Permitted Import WEEEDestination, Not legislation Import WEEEKnown Routes from Sources to Destinations
E-waste generation worldwide
Jinhui Li , Brenda N. Lopez⇑ .Regional or global WEEE recycling. Where to go? .Waste Management , 2013
Contents
Background E-waste generation in China E-waste collection and flow in China Conclusion
Main e-waste type in ChinaMain e-waste type in China
E-waste classification Main generated e-waste
TelevisionsEtc.
fluorescent lampEtc.
source
1 : Social ownership coefficient method2 : Market supply method3 : estimation model4 : Stanford method
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1:Y. He, X. Liao, and H. Tian, "China's scrap household appliance generation measurement methods and result analysis," Appliance Technology, p. 2, 2010.2: L. Li, Y. Liu, and Q. Wang, "National plan for recycling and disposal of waste electric and elelctronic equipment," Research of Enivironmental Science vol. 22, p. 5, 2009.3: J. Li, B. Tian, T. Liu, H. Liu, X. Wen, and S. i. Honda, "Status quo of e-waste management in mainland China," Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, vol. 8, pp. 13-20, 2006.4: A. Veenstra, C. Wang, W. Fan, and Y. Ru, "An analysis of E-waste flows in China," The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 47, pp. 449-459, 2010.
E-waste generation in ChinaE-waste generation in China
• No official statistic data of e-waste volume
• Difference among estimation results in different methods
• Most are lack of other e-waste volume estimation
E-waste generation in ChinaE-waste generation in China
Estimation of total e-waste volume
=∑Total volume of main e-waste types
=∑household appliances + Consumer equipment+ IT and telecommunication equipment + Lighting equipment
=∑Total volume of representative products of each main e-waste types
=∑(washing machines + Refrigerators + room air conditioners)+ (Televisions)+(Computers + Printers and copiers + mobile phones)+ (fluorescent lamp)
E-waste generation in ChinaE-waste generation in China
Large production and ownership of the main five traditional e-products (televisions, Large production and ownership of the main five traditional e-products (televisions, washing machines, refrigerators, room air conditioners, computer)washing machines, refrigerators, room air conditioners, computer)
1) Production: from ca.100 million units in 2001 to ca. 780 million units in 2012;
2) Social ownership: over 1.8 billion units in 2012 (social ownership of residents accounts for 90%)
• Rapid increase of computer production
• Stable increase of production of air conditioner, refrigerator and washing machine
• Relative slow-growth of televisions
E-waste generation in ChinaE-waste generation in China
large and rapid increased generation of the main five major e-wastelarge and rapid increased generation of the main five major e-waste
Generation of the five main e-waste was estimated to be 150 million units, namely ca. 4.5 million tonnes in 2013, and would reach to 10 million tonnes in 2020
Generation of the five main e-waste ( in 10000 units and million tonnes)
E-waste generation in ChinaE-waste generation in China
Generation of offices equipment (e.g. printers and copiers)Generation of offices equipment (e.g. printers and copiers)
Rapid production volume of printers: from ca. 18 million units in 2001 to 70.6 billion units in 2012.Large and increased generation volume of waste printers: from ca. 20 million units in 2010 to ca. 39 million units (ca. 390 thousand tonnes) in 2013, which would keep growing in the future, but the speed will slow down graduallyVolume of waste copiers is ca. 1-2% of waste printers.
E-waste generation in ChinaE-waste generation in China
Generation of waste mobile phonesGeneration of waste mobile phones
Rapid production volume of mobile phones: from ca. 80 million units in 2001 to 1.46 billion units in 2013.Large and rapid increased generation volume of waste mobile phones: from 83 million units in 2010 to ca. 230 million units (ca. 28 thousand tonnes) in 2013, which would keep growing in the future, but the speed will slow down gradually
It is estimated that in 2013, total waste fluorescent is about 3.44 billion units, total weight is about 519 thousand tonnes; Which will reach 5.84 billion units, and total weight with about 937 thousand tonnes.in 2020 Guangdong , Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, and Sichuan are the top five waste-FL-generating provinces in China. ( Quanyin Tan; Jinhui Li. A study of waste fluorescent lamp generation in mainland China. Journal of Cleaner Production , 2014 )
E-waste generation in ChinaE-waste generation in China
Generation of waste fluorescent lampGeneration of waste fluorescent lamp
Distribution of waste generation
E-waste generation in ChinaE-waste generation in China
Large discarded quantity and Rapid Large discarded quantity and Rapid increase of e-waste lead to environmental increase of e-waste lead to environmental pressure pressure
The total weight of the main generated e-waste reached ca. 5.52 million tonnes in 2013.
Pressure of the illegal Pressure of the illegal tranboundary of e-waste tranboundary of e-waste
From Jan. to Oct. 2013, China customs seized 10 cases of e-waste smuggling, with a total of more than 1500 tonnes. Mostly are waste lead-acid batteries, waste printed circuit board, waste computer equipment and office products etc., mainly from Hong Kong, Vietnam, myanmar, Mongolia and other places, but the origin countries of waste are unknown.In early 2014, the customs seized the largest e-waste smuggling since "hedge" special action , with 185container and total of more than 200 tonnes. It find out that since 2013 the smuggling gang smuggled more than 2800 container and bulk e-waste , with a total of more than 72000 tonnes.
Contents
Background E-waste generation in China E-waste collection and flow in China Conclusion
Administrative measures for Collection Management of WEEE (2012) (Consulting)
E-waste collection in ChinaE-waste collection in China
Market spontaneous
Construction of renewable resources collection system of Ministry of Commerce (2006)
“Old for New "Policy of household appliance(2009-2011)
The Regulation for the Administration of Recycling and Treatment of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment ( 2009 )(Chinese WEEE)
Before
Community collection network of the MOC
“Old for New “ activities
Regulated multi-collection channels
Records management of collection activities
Mu
lti-collectio
n ch
ann
el
E-waste collection in ChinaE-waste collection in China
E-waste flow in ChinaE-waste flow in China
Main influence factors
Policy, e.g. fund subsidy
Economy, e.g. treatment cost and profit
Product characteristics, e.g. resource value and reusability
……
Fund subsidy
resource value
reusability
TV 85 yuan/unit low low
Refrigerator 80 yuan/unit medium low
Washing machine
35 yuan/unit medium low
Air conditioner 35 yuan/unit high medium
Computer 85 yuan/unit high high
Printer and copier
no medium low
Mobile phone no high high
fluorescent lamp
no low low
Others no
E-waste flow in ChinaE-waste flow in China
Televisions (43.79 million units)
Individual collector
Second-hand market
retailers
MOC collection network
Pilot Base of Urban Mining
Qualified treatment enterprises for dismantling ( 38.95 million units ( 89%))
Second market for reuse
Workshops for dismantling
Waste Televisions :•Formal and informal collection channels coexist: mainly come from household, which were mainly collected by individual collectors, second-hand market, retailers and treatment enterprises etc.
•High recycling rate: High fund subsidy and low resource value and reusability make television relative easy to collect. In 2013, ca. 89% waste TVs flowed into qualified e-waste enterprises for dismantling and recycling, ca. 11% waste TVs flowed into second market or workshops.
Waste washing machines, refrigerators, room air conditioners:•Formal and informal collection channels coexist: mainly come from household, which were mainly collected by individual collectors, second-hand market, retailers and treatment enterprises etc.
•Low recycling rate: In 2013, ca. 10.5% Washing machines, 4% Refrigerators, and 0.018% air conditioners flowed into qualified e-waste enterprises for dismantling and recycling, most flowed into second market or workshops.
E-waste flow in ChinaE-waste flow in China
Washing machines (16.03 million units)Refrigerators(14.69 million units) room air conditioners(28.32 million units)
Individual collector
Second-hand market
retailers
MOC collection network
Pilot Base of Urban Mining
Qualified treatment enterprises for dismantling(Washing machines 1.69 million units/10.5%); Refrigerators 0.6 million units/4%); air conditioners5000 units/0.018%)
Second market for reuse
Workshops for dismantling
E-waste flow in ChinaE-waste flow in China
Computers (50.79 million units)
Individual collector
Second-hand market
retailers
MOC collection network
Pilot Base of Urban Mining
Qualified treatment enterprises for dismantling ( 1.1 million units ( 2% ))
Second market for reuse
Workshops for dismantling
Waste computers :•Formal and informal collection channels coexist: mainly come from household and offices, which were collected by individual collectors, second-hand market, Institutions & Enterprises, retailers and treatment enterprises etc.
•Low recycling rate: high resource value and reusability make computer difficult to collect. In 2013, ca. 2% waste computers flowed into qualified e-waste enterprises for dismantling and recycling, most flowed into second market or workshops.
Institutions & Enterprises
Wastemobilephone(230 million units
Leave unused
Formal collector and treatment enterprises
Repairer,secondary market
Producer, retailer and operator
Individual collector
Abandon
Donate
others
Collection
Reuse
workshop
Qualified treatment enterprises
52%
21%
5%
6%
8%
6%
1%
1%
34%-27%
14%-21%
5%
9%-16%
Waste mobile phones:•Formal and informal collection channels coexist: mainly come from consumers, which were collected mainly by individual collectors, second-hand market, retailers and operators, treatment enterprises etc. •High proportion for leave unused or donate for reuse•High reuse rate: 34%-27%•Low recycling rate: only 5% flowed into qualified e-waste enterprises for dismantling and recycling, others flowed into second market or workshops.
E-waste flow in ChinaE-waste flow in China
Most used mobile phones are transported in Guangdong provinces like Shenzhen for refurbishment
Waste printers:•Formal and informal collection channels coexist: mainly come from office areas, which were collected mainly by individual collectors, second-hand market, producers and retailers, treatment enterprises etc. •High proportion of temporary stored waste printers: more than 50% •High remanufacturing of waste drum/ink cartridges •Low collection rate by formal treatment enterprises: ca.15% flowed into qualified e-waste enterprises for dismantling and recycling, others flowed into second market or workshops.
Waste pri nter(38. 93 mi l l i on uni ts)
temporary stored
Others
Treatment enterpri ses
Producer,retai l er
i ndi vi dual col l ector, second-
hand market
di scard
Remanufactu
ri ng
Landfi l l
54%
30%
5%
10%
1%
80-90%Drum/ i nk
cartri dgesdi smant
l i ng
Reuse
10%
36%
E-waste flow in ChinaE-waste flow in China
E-waste flow in ChinaE-waste flow in China
waste fluorescent lamp(3.44 billion units)
Household waste disposal facilities
Hazardous waste facilities ( ca.1%)
waste fluorescent lamp:•At present, only some recycling pilot in institutions and the communities are conducted in a few cities such as Beijing, Tianjin, Nanning, Changsha. For example, Beijing Eco-island Science and Technology co., LTD. collected 3.67 million Waste fluorescent in 2012, only ca. 0.1% of total waste amount. •Treated with household waste: Most waste fluorescent tubes are discarded with household waste, and flow to Household waste disposal facilities
Discard
Collection pilot
E-waste flow in ChinaE-waste flow in China
Other e-waste
Individual collector
Second-hand market
Second market for reuse
Workshops for dismantling
Other e-waste:•Informal collection channels : as waste e-scrap collected by waste scrap collector, second-hand market etc. ; Small E-waste with low value would be discarded with household waste; Some e-waste with medium resource value would be sold to scrap collector, some with medium reusability would be sold to second-hand market•Dismantling by individuals or workshops for metal and plastics.
Discard
Sold as waste scrap
Comsumer
Formal col l ector and deal er
Secondhand market
I nformal col l ector
Di scard or l andfi l l
Downstream processi ng enterpri ses
ManualDi smantl i ng
51%
Refurbi shment
60%
Resi dual s5%
Temporary storage
10%15%
24%
40%
Reuse of components Hazardous waste
Enterpri ses wi th HW management l i cense
Metal s,pl asti cs etc.
I l l egal i mport
E-waste flow in ChinaE-waste flow in China
Main flow direction: •Formal treatment enterprises•Secondhand market for reuse as whole machine or components•Informal workshop
As of Sep. 2014, 106 qualified enterprises have been authorized to be funded, total treatment ability exceed 100 million units WEEE per year.
According to the certificated dismantled amount of WEEE in the first and second quarter of 2013, most formally collected WEEE mainly flowed in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, shanghai, Sichuan, Hubei, Tianjin provinces for dismantling.
E-waste flow in ChinaE-waste flow in China
E-waste flow in ChinaE-waste flow in China
Only few enterprises have mobile phone disassembly line, e.g. Shanghai Weixiang
Only few enterprises have printers disassembly line ,e.g. Fuji Xerox (Suzhou)and Canon ( Dalian ) are 2 enterprises specially for printers collection and recycling
Only 4 enterprises have the fluorescent lamp treatment permit, ca. 16100 tonnes
Main disassemble components e.g. CRT glass are sent to Tianjin Renxin
Waste plastics processing are mainly concentrated in Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong etc. provinces
There are ca. more than 80 enterprises with PCBs treatment permit, which mainly located in Jiangsu, Zhejiang province and Shanghai City, of which ca. 16 enterprises are WEEE enterprises with WEEE treatment permit
Contents
Background E-waste generation in China E-waste collection and flow in China Conclusion
ConclusionConclusion Concerning the main 8 representative types e-waste, the total weight was estimated
to be ca. 5.52 million tonnes in 2013. Besides, the amont of illegal import of e-waste could reach hundreds of thousands tonnes. Except the traditional e-waste ( televisions, washing machines , refrigerators, room air conditioners, and computers), the waste generation volume such as printers, fluorescent lamp have significant percent of 7% and 9%.
E-waste secondhand market and workshops are still popular in China. In 2013, only ca. 24% e-waste flowed into formal sector, and ca. 35% e-waste directly or after refurbishment flowed into second market, and ca. 30% were directly dismantled by workshops.
Under the fund subsidy, the collection system of television is relative mature, with ca. 89% flowed into formal treatment enterprises. But facing e-waste with high or medium resource value e.g. air conditioner, computer, refrigerator, and washing machine, the subsidy with the principle of compensation of the environmental cost can not lead these e-waste products to flow into qualified treatment companies. Besides Massive secondhand market in China lead also to the difficulty to collect e-waste with high reusability such as computers, mobile phones etc.
In the first and second quarter of 2013 , most formally collected WEEE mainly flowed in Jisangsu, Zhejiang, shanghai, Sichuan, Hubei, Tianjing provinces for dismantling. New treatment enterprises which got the fund qualifications would increase the collection competition
The 9th The 9th International Conference on International Conference on
Waste Management and TechnologyWaste Management and Technology
October 29-31, 2014 Beijing, ChinaOctober 29-31, 2014 Beijing, China
Dr. Chen Yuan Ms. Wang Jiecong
Basel Convention Regional Centre for Asia and the Pacific,
School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China,
E-mail: [email protected]
http://2014.icwmt.org
44thth ITU ITU Green Green Standards Standards WeekWeek
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