Transportation and Sectional Interdependence 1800-1850Sam Foster, Hannah Martin, Monica Ladd

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Transportation

Modes of transportation in the United States were improved during the early to mid 1800s.

Canals, roads, and railroads were built. Rivers were also utilized for a means of transportation.

These advancements of places for transportation made way for new ways to get around the country.

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Roads and Waterways

The Cumberland Road was begun in 1811. This road was a way for people in the states to travel to the

new frontier. 1

Improved roads allowed for wagons, carriages, and other carts such as these to travel easier between the states.

The Erie Canal was finished in 1825.1

This canal gave merchants the ability to send food, clothing, building materials, and other necessities to the people living on the frontier. 1

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The Cumberland Road 2

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The Erie Canal 3

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1817-1825 The Erie Canal revolutionized transportation. This Canal allowed the North East and North West to transport things

back and forth easier, quicker, and less expensive. (North East= Buffalo, New York; North West= Great Lakes region)

If the price of something used to be 100 dollars prior to the Canal, after the canal it was around 5 dollars.

Also before the canal it took someone or something 20 days to get from east to west and the same from west to east, after the canal it took 6 days.

The Canal could transport not only products but also people. This helped immensely with westward expansion.

Population especially grew on the canal and the great lakes. New York became more important than New Orleans because of this

canal. However during the winter months the canal was not allowed to be

used considering it was still water which would freeze from the cold. 17

Erie Canal

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Railroads

The first steam engine was designed in 1803 by Samuel Homfray.4

Prior to this, rails had been used for carts that were pulled by horses.4 Rails were used for these carts because it was more efficient than pulling a cart of dirt, rock, and other elements.4

The steam engine was then added to a type of car in 1804 by Richard Trevithick.4 This was the first train that was powered by steam.4 This steam-powered train could pull more of a load than the horse-drawn carts, which made it more of an resourceful way to haul goods across the country.4

Stockton and Darlington Railroad Company was founded in 1825. 4

This company used the locomotive to transport people, as well as cargo, around the United States.4

Railroads allowed people to travel easier between states, even more than the improved roads did. The powerful steam engine trains could pull more people than a wagon or carriage.

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Railroads

In the 1840’s 75% of railroads were in the North East and North West. 17

Trains were convenient for the North East and North West in the winter month’s considering they could continue to run no matter how cold it was. Also they could run the train as long as they got all of the snow off the tracks.

Unfortunately the trains were not always successful.

Their brakes were extremely poor. Also freight was not allowed on trains.

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The Pony Express

The pony Express was the way to get mail from East to West.

The rider would ride for hours until he got to the stopping spot and from there a new rider would get on and ride. This cycle would continue until they reached their destination.

They would only rely on speed. The riders only carried the mail. No weapons or food. 17

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Riverboat

This first successful riverboat trip was in 1807.5 The boat was named “The Clermont,” and was developed by

Robert Fulton. 5 This trip went departed from New York City and arrived in Albany

around two days later.5

After this, the use of the riverboat quickly spread through the United States. 5 Riverboat trips were especially popular on the Mississippi River.5

The riverboat could carry people, as well as other cargo, along the river.5

The use of the riverboat was more efficient than the previous method of taking a raft down the river to sell goods, and then making a long journey back across hundreds of miles.

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Riverboat 6

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Summary of Transportation The use of roads, rivers, and railways were essential

for the growth of the United States. Without these modes of transportation, food,

building materials, clothing, and people would not have been able to move around the country and across the frontier as well. If the goods had not been able to be transported efficiently, then the growth of the country may not have occurred, or at the least stunted, because the goods may not have reached their intended destination.

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Interregional trade By the mid 1800’s, each section of the

United States contributed a particular item to the national economy.

Due to climate, original settlement patterns, and other factors, the North and South developed very different economies and cultures. The north had industry; the south slaves. The south featured independent farms, while the North became clusters of specialized workers whose mass production of one good left them dependent on others for the food they didn’t have time/space to grow. This food came from the west.

Cotton plantations in the south provided the cotton for the textile factories in the Northeast, and western farmers grew grain to export to the Southeast. As the Southeast began to grow its own food, the West began to look for a market in the northeast, and it need transportation to do so. 17

Southern cotton made up 50% of all exports within the US from 1815- 1860. 18

In 1850 alone, 750,00o tons of cotton were produced in America. 18

West

North

South

Europe

Manufa

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goods

cott

on

cotto

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grai

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grain

Manufactured

goods

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Cotton Plantation in South

The American System

Henry Clay proposed the American System in 1824. This three part plan instituted a protective tariff, strong national bank, and improved transportation.20

The protective tariff strengthened northern industries an encouraged Americans to buy northern goods over imported goods from Britain.

The strong national bank emerged from a mindset of nationalism that greatly contributed to interregional dependence.

Clay’s proposal for internal improvements was never completely funded, but his ideas demonstrate the nations increased desire the better transportation that would stimulate an interconnected national economy. 20

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A Change in Relations

Before the transportation revolution of the 1800’s, the Mississippi River had been the primary way to send crops and goods between regions. However, travel was slow, and going upriver nearly impossible.

The invention of the steamboat in 1807 allowed travel both directions on the Mississippi. This allowed Mid-western farmers to get their crops to New Orleans more rapidly. Cotton could go north faster; manufactured goods could be shipped south cheaper.

The Mississippi and other rivers like it allowed trade between the north and the south, but the Appalachian mountains were a major obstacle in trade between the West and the East. As railroads and canals spread west, they allowed for greater westward expansion, allowed cheap and quick transportation between regions, and encouraged interregional trade (and interdependence).

Trade between the West and the East became feasible, and eventually even more important than the former north-south trade. Once East- West transportation had improved, New York became the country’s most important port, replacing the former prominence of New Orleans. 17

As the relationship between the Northeast and the Northwest grew stronger, a foundation was laid for their alliance against the south in the looming Civil War.

As the North became more interconnected, the South became self-sufficient and developed less transportation systems than the North. This would also be important in the Civil War. H

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Sources

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