(2) san basics

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Prepared By - Date –

Storage Basics

Ripunjaya Rawat

StorageTechnical Manager - Storage

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At the end of this course, you will be able to:

Have overview of a Storage network. Differentiate between Storage Network Technologies such as

DAS, SAN & NAS Identify features and benefits of each Storage Network Technology Have overview of Fiber Channel protocol List SAN components Define different SAN topologies such as point-to-point, arbitrated loop,

and switched fabric topologies

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In order to ensure productivity of training, we need to be….

- Punctual……………..

- Put mobile on vibration and do not receive calls within the training

room……………..

- Not dropout from the training without permission……………..

- Be more interactive…………….

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LESSON 1 Introduction to SANs

Basic terms and concepts

Advantages of SAN and NAS

LESSON 2 SAN Connectivity

A Fibre Channel Primer

LESSON 3 SAN Components

Products and features

LESSON 4 SAN Topology

Point-to-point, arbitrated loop,switched fabric

LESSON 5 ZONING

Hard and soft zoning

LESSON 6 RAID

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INTRODUCTION TO SAN

LESSON 1

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A dedicated network forservers and storage systems

LAN

SAN

What is a Storage Area Network?

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2-san-basics 7/64Prepared By - Date –

Storage Basics

Disk Storage Subsystem

Hard Disk

Controller

Bus

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SAN STORAGE

• RAID: ―Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks‖

Fault-tolerant grouping of disks that server sees as a single diskvolume

Combination of parity-checking, mirroring, striping

Self-contained, manageable unit of storage

• JBOD: ―Just a Bunch of Disks‖

Drives independently attached to the I/O channel

Scaleable, but requires server to manage multiple volumes

Do not provide protection in case of drive failure

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SAN Components

Servers with host busadaptersStorage systems

RAIDJBOD

Tape

Optical

Hubs and switches

Bridges and extendersSAN management software

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Storage Basics

Traditional host to storage communication usedParallel Transport like SCSI & ESCON.

High performance

Low protocol overhead

Static configuration

Short distances

Connectivity is limited to a single host

Channels

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Storage Basics

Use Serial Transport

More flexible

Provide greater distance capabilities

Provide shared connectivity between hostsystems

Networks

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DAS - Direct attached storage

DAS, SAN , NAS

The most familiar form of storage.

This offers high performance. Runs on various versions of SCSI and SATA Access Devices like Hard disks, tape drives

& Robotic controls in a Tape library

Now expanding to USB based connections

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SAN – What’s different

Contd..

Uses a network to create a shared pool of storagedevices.

Allows sharing data between different networkservers.

Provides a fast connection medium for data

backup, restoration, archiving and retrieval.

Network allows the devices to be connected over long distances.

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SAN – Storage Area Networks

Contd…

SAN is a collection of computers and storage devices,connected over a high-speed optical network and dedicated tothe task of storing and protecting data.

SAN devices use optical fiber or bus based access topologiesfor very fast disks connected directly through special networksand special network cards.

The disks used are typically SCSI or Fiber Channel

disks. These solutions are required for critical response

solutions.

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(Network Attached Storage) NAS

Attacheddirectly to

network

Dedicated,multi-protocol

filer

File I/O File I/O

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SAN and NAS

Good for simple,

scalable file sharing

Good for hosting

large databases

SAN

• Remote storage access

• Private net for storage

• Storage protocols

• Centralized management

NAS

• Remote file access

• Shares user net

• Network protocols

• Distributed management

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Summary

• SAN Benefits

• SANs fully exploit high-performance, high-connectivity

network technologies• SANs expand easily to keep pace with fast growing

storage needs

• SANs allow any server to access any data

• SANs help centralize management of storage resources• SANs reduce total cost of ownership

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SAN CONNECTIVITY

LESSON 2

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Storage Basics

Increase in the number of servers and storage devices. Network like flexibility, channel-like reliability and performance. The SCSI driver is well implemented in all operating system.

SCSI commands are mapped to Fibre Channel constructs,then encapsulated and transported within Fibre Channel frames.This allows the SCSI protocol to be used over a Fibre Channelnetwork.

Fibre Channel - why and how?

bandwidth -- availability -- reliability -- integrity -- scalability

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Open, unstructured

Error-free secondary

Peer to peer

Data, voice, video

Software intensive

Closed, structured

High performance

Error-free

Large data transfer

Hardware intensive

Network Channel Traditional Connectivity

Disk

Processor

Memory

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Open, unstructured

Error-free secondary

Peer to peer

Data, voice, video

Software intensive

Closed, structured

High performance

Error-free

Large data transfer

Hardware intensive

Network Channel Traditional Connectivity

Disk

Processor

Memory

Fibre Channel

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Storage Basics

Initiator arbitrates for access before transmitting, thisensures channel-like access to target.

All SCSI commands and user data is sent over 2112byte Fibre Channel payload frames.

Low latency: Less than 2 micro second latency inputport to output port of FC

Fibre Channel features

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Storage Basics

Connectivity: Thousands of devices per fabric

(network) Performance: Current speeds: 1 and 2 Gbit/sec (100and 200 MBytes/sec), 4 Gbit/sec & 10 Gbit/sec(400MBytes/sec and 1 GBytes/sec) just released.

Long distance: Up to 10KM distance, even longer with extenders. Heterogeneous systems support - UNIX, Windowsetc.

Fibre Channel features

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ATM

FC - ATM

IP

FC Link

Encapsulation

FC - LE

ULP (Upper Level Protocol) SCSI-3

SCSI - 3 Command

Set Mapping FC - 4

IPI - 3 Command

Set Mapping

(IPI-3 STD)

FC - 3 Common Services

FC - 0

FC - 1

FC - 2 Fibre Channel Physical

& Signaling Interface( FC- PH, FC-PH2,

FC-PH3 ) Physical Variant

Encode / Decode

Framing ProtocolFC - AL

8B/10B Encoding

Copper, Optical

FC - AL -2

FC Protocol Architecture

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• Class 1

Acknowledged Connection Service Dedicated path between ports

• Class 2

Acknowledged Connectionless Service

Independently switched frames

Non-dedicated path between ports• Class 3

Unacknowledged Connectionless Service

Same as Class 2 without acknowledgements

Invalid frames are discarded.

provides error correction/handling

FC Frame Classes

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• Speed Xfer rate: 1.062 Gbit/sec

(2x, 4x also defined) Maximum User Payload: 2112 bytes Bit Error Rate: 1x10-12

• Distance Copper: 10’s m

Shortwave Laser (MMF): ~500 m (850 nm) Longwave Laser (SMF): ~10 km (1300 nm)

• Connections Point to Point: 2 Arbitrated Loop: 126 Switched Fabric: 16 Million (224)

Fibre Channel by the Numbers

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Fibre

Channel

Fibre

Channel AL

Parallel

SCSI

Connections 16 Million 126 15

Distance 10km 10km 25m

Bandwidth 200 MB/secPer connection

200 MB/secShared Bandwidth

160 MB/secShared Bandwidth

Hot Plug Yes Yes No

MultipleProtocols

Yes Yes No

How Does FC Compare to SCSI?

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LESSON 3

SAN COMPONENTS

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Storage Basics

Host Bus Adapter (HBA)

Fiber/Copper Cabling

Hub Fibre Channel or IP Switch

Multi-protocol Gateway or Router

Storage Array

Management System

SAN components

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Storage Basics

FC Connectors

SC (Seimens Connector)

LC (Lucent Connector)

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Storage Basics

Provides an Interface between the Servers or Workstations Internal Bus (e.g.PCI or SBUS) andFibre Channel network.

HBA software driver provides the storageinformation required by the Operating System.

Handles I/O and Control requests.

Copper/Optical media support.

May be dual port cards.

FC (HBAs) Host Bus Adapters

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• PCI to FC Adapter 32/64-bit, 33/66-MHz, PCI 2.1 compliant Other buses - HSC, SBus 100 MB/sec FC performance

• Features

GBIC support SNMP and MIB compliance AL and Fabric login support (vendor-specific) Copper/optical media support (vendor-specific) Operating system support (vendor-specific)

Host Bus Adapters & Interfaces

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• Multi-Port Fibre Channel Hub

6 -16 ports, copper or optical GBIC’s Network management software

Supports FC-AL

Hubs

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Hub

Node Node Node Node Node

Fibre Channel Hub

• Features

Zoning

Integrated SNMP and MIB-compliant management

Configuration management tools and utilization monitoring

Automated port isolation and device failover

N+1 hot-swappable components for fault-tolerance

Fabric upgradeability/integration

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• Multi-Port Fibre Channel Switch 8 -16 ports (or more)

Copper or optical GBIC’s Fast, non-blocking, dedicated bandwidth

Special services (time, name, etc.)

Fibre Channel Switch

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Switch


• Features Zoning

Integrated SNMP and MIB-compliant management

Configuration management tools with utilizationmonitoring

Automated port and device fail-over

N+1 hot-swappable components for fault-tolerance

Fibre Channel Switch

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• Features

FC-attached to the SAN

High RPM, fibre drives

Support for multiple RAID levels

SNMP and MIB-compliant Multiple storage processors for load-balancing

N+1 hot-swappable components

GUI configuration management tools withutilization monitoring

Storage Systems

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Storage Basics

A device e.g.server or storage with a Fibre ChannelInterface is called a Node.

The Fibre Channel ports on that Device are calledPorts. Each Port has a Transmit Fibre and a Receive Fibre In other words SAN is a collection of ―nodes‖

attached to each other using a device called as a―switch‖. Nodes can be an Initiator (HBA) or a Target (Storage)

Nodes

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SAN Components

• Cables

• Interfaces/Adapters• Hubs

• Switches

• Storage Systems

Summary and Questions

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LESSON 4

SAN TOPOLOGY

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100MB >

< 100MB

Arbitrated Loop100MB

100MB

100MB

100MB

Point-to-Point

Switched Fabric

SAN Topologies

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100 MB/sec

100 MB/sec

Point-to-Point Topology

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• TX of each node is connected to the RX of the next nodeuntil a loop is formed

• Operational sequence:

Arbitrate for control of the loop

Open channel to target

Transfer data

Close• Maximum bandwidth - currently 100 MB/sec

Arbitrated Loop

Node 1 Node 2

Tx

Tx

Tx

Rx

Rx

RxNode 3

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Arbitrated Loop Topology

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Node

Fabric

N-Port

F-PortF-Port N-Port

Node TX

RX RX

TX

• Maximum number of nodes = 16 million

• Maximum bandwidth = 200MB/sec x nodes

• Nodes (N-ports) log into the Fabric (F-ports)

Internal routing and addressing managed by fabric

End to end connection managed by the N-Ports

Switched Fabric

Switched Fabric Topology

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10 Km

Switched Fabric Topology

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Lesson 5

ZONING

Z i

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Switch


Zone X Zone Y

Zoning arranges FC connected devices

into logical groups

Zoning

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Storage Basics

Zoning

Soft zoning: Zone by World Wide Name – Flexibility

– Reconfiguration

– Troubleshooting

Hard zoning: Zone by Domain/physical

switch port –More Secure

– Simplified HBA replacement

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Prepared By - Date – Au 2005

Port Zoning - Hard Zoning

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Prepared By - Date – Au 2005

WWN Zoning – Soft Zoning

Z i

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• Operation

Zone members “see” only other members of the zone Zones are configured dynamically

Devices can be members of more than one zone

FC-AL zoning allows the creation of private loops on asingle hub

Switched fabric zoning can take place at the port or device level

• Benefits

Secured device access

Allows operating system co-existence

Zoning

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Lesson 6

RAID

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Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks

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RAID0

Data Block A

A2 A3 A4 A1

LDEV

4 Data

A1 A2 A3 A4

RAID1

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RAID1

Data Block A

A2 A3 A4 A1

Mirrored Block A

A2 A3 A4 A1

1 Data +

A2 A3 A4 A1 A2 A3 A4 A1

1 Mirror 1 Data 1 Mirror

Data Block B

B2 B3 B4B1

Mirrored Block B

B2 B3 B4B1

B2 B3 B4B1 B2 B3 B4B1LDEV0 LDEV1

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RAID0/1

2D + 2D Array Group

RAID 0/1 is a striped and mirrored copy within a

ACP pair

LDEV0

LDEV1

LDEVn

Data

Data

Data

Data

Mirror

Mirror

Mirror

Mirror

• RAID 0/1

—Striped and mirrored

(aka. ―dual read‖ RAID 1)

—50% storage overhead

—Best for performancesensitiveapplications

—Better read & writeperformance

RAID5

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P(10-12) D11D10 D12

P(7-9) D7D9 D8

P(4-6)D6D5 D4

* Shows logical not physical view

3D + 1P Array Group *

P(1-3)D1 D2 D3

•RAID 5

—Stripes parity acrossdisks

—25% storage overhead

—More cost effective$/usable MB

—Excellent performance

RAID5

R i SAN T d C t

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NAS multi-protocol network filer

RAID redundant array of inexpensive disks

JBOD “just a bunch of disks”

Point-to-Point

Arbitrated Loop a shared-bandwidth SAN that uses

hubs to chain servers and storagenodes in a serial ring topology

Fibre Channel protocol and architecture for SANs

SAN network for servers and storage systems

Review: SAN Terms and Concepts

Re ie SAN Terms and Concepts

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Switched Fabric a dedicated-bandwidth SAN that uses switches to provide parallel paths that connect servers and storage nodes into

a “fabric”

Zoning

GBIC

Segregation of ports on a switch or hub to produce separate SANs

Giga-Bit Interface Converter

Review: SAN Terms and ConceptsContinued

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Seat No:FA28Ext. no. 703065

Mobile no. 91 9958696627Short Id:rrawat3

(2) san basics

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