2 brain localization

8/17/2019 2 Brain Localization

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Physiology and behavior:Localization of function

• Explain one study related tolocalization of function in thebrain.

The

Brain


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Explain one study related to localization offunction in the brain.

Studies

• Scoville and Milner

• Maguire et al.

Terms

• Phrenology

•

Tan• Broca’s Area

• Broca’s Aphasia

• M

• !ernic"e’s Aphasia• ippoca#ous


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$arly investigation of localization of

function

Phrenology

• The atte#pt to #a"einferences about

ones personality andintelligence bye%a#ining s"ullfor#ation.

•&one by #anuallysearching for bu#psand indentations.

'ranz (oseph )all


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*n general+.• *f there is a bu#p or

protrusion in thatarea it indicatesM,-$ of that abilityor trait.

• *f there is anindentation itindicates a

deciency of thatability or trait.


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Phrenology

• &o you thin" it is avalid science

• !or" /as pic"ed

up by CesareLombroso

• These ideas0althoughdangerous0 are stillthe basis behind#odern day

cri#inal pro1ling.


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2ase studies of people /ith naturallyoccurring brain da#age

Phineas )age

Paul Broca

• !or"ed /ith apatient he called3Tan4

•

3Tan4 could onlysay the /ord 3Tan4

• 3Tan4 died


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Broca’s Area•

*n post5#orte#autopsy0 Brocafound da#age inthe left frontal area

of Tan’s brain.• Broca discovered

the area of ourbrain that isresponsible for#a"ing our #outh#ove during

speech.


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Broca’s Aphasia

• Aphasia #eansda#age to aspeech area of our

brain.• 6ery co##on in

TB* or stro"epatients.


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Sarah Scott


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Studies of individuals /hohave undergone brain

surgery


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&a#age to the hippoca#pus and #e#ory7The M Study8

Scoville and Milner 79;


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The M Study

Scoville and Milner 79;


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M

• They re#oved partsof his te#poral lobe.

• They too" out a little

too #uch andre#oved part of hishippoca#pus.

• $%perienced both-etrograde andAnterogradeA#nesia.


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Me#ories and theippoca#pusRetrograde mnesia

• 'orget past.

• *t can be ti#e period0event or selectperson.

nterograde mnesia

• 2annot for# ne/#e#ories.


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M’s Me#ory

• e could not transfer ne/episodic or se#antic#e#ories 7e%plicit#e#ories8 into his LTM.

• e 2,L& for# ne/ long5ter# procedural#e#ories 7i#plicit#e#ories8.

• e could carry on a

nor#al conversation7/or"ing #e#ory8 but/ould forget it al#osti##ediately.


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,+/hat actually happened to

M’s brain

• 2or"in 79


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!hat can be learned about the relationshipbet/een brain and #e#ory /ith M

• ,ur #e#ory syste# isspecialized and co#ple%.

• The hippoca#pus playsa critical role in

converting #e#ories ofe%perience fro# STM toLTM.

• M retained so#e#e#ories0 sohippoca#pus does notstore the #e#ories0 butprocesses the#.


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!aguire et al. "#$$$%

• im& To investigate/hether or not thehippoca#pus plays

a role in hu#anspatial #e#ory


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!ethod&

• London ta%i drivers /ith a rangeof age and e%perience /ere theparticipants because their /or"reCuires the e%tensive use of

spatial navigational s"ills• Matched pairs design:

participants /ere age andgender #atched /ith a controlgroup

• T/o di=erent types of M-*

scanning /ere used to assessho/ the brains of the ta%idrivers di=ered fro# the controlgroup

• Duasi e%peri#ent


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• sho/edsigni1cantly #oregrey #atter in both

left and righthippoca#pi of theta%i driversco#pared to the

control group


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E'aluation&

• Eo ethical i#plications

• ,nly observed #ales

• ,nly observed 9F

#atched pairs

• (ature 's. (urturedebate: did the drivinginGuence the change in

the hippoca#pus0 or didtheir larger than averagehippoca#pus lead the#to beco#e ta%i drivers

2 brain localization

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