2 architecture in renaissance italy recel dela cruz

8/10/2019 2 Architecture in Renaissance Italy Recel Dela Cruz

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DELA CRUZ, JAY-R

RECEL, JAY-AR

BS ARCH IIB

RCHITECTURE IN

REN ISS NCE IT LY


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Italian Renaissance architects based their theories and practices on

Classical Roman examples. The Renaissance revival of Classical

Rome was as important in architecture as it was in literature. A

pilgrimage to Rome to study the ancient buildings and ruins,

especially the Colosseum and Pantheon, was considered essentialto an architect's training. Classical orders and architectural

elements such as columns, pilasters, pediments, entablatures,

arches, and domes form the vocabulary of Renaissance buildings.

Vitruvius's writings on architecture also influenced theRenaissance definition of beauty in architecture. As in the

Classical world, Renaissance architecture is characterized by

harmonious form, mathematical proportion, and a unit of

measurement based on the human scale.


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The PANTHEON is a building inRome, Italy, commissioned by

Marcus Agrippa during the reign of

Augustus as a temple to all the gods

of ancient Rome, and rebuilt by the

emperor Hadrian about 126 AD.

The COLOSSEUM or Coliseum,

also known as the Flavian

Amphitheatre is an elliptical

amphitheatre in the centre of the

city of Rome, Italy.


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THE ITALIANRENAISSANCE


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The Italian Renaissance was the earliest

manifestation of the general EuropeanRenaissance, a period of great cultural change

and achievement that began in Italy during the

14th century and lasted until the 16th century,

marking the transition between Medieval andEarly Modern Europe.


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The term Renaissance is in essence a modern one that

came into currency in the 19th century, in the work of

historians such as Jules Michelet and Jacob Burckhardt.

Although the origins of a movement that was confined

largely to the literate culture of intellectual endeavor

and patronage can be traced to the earlier part of the

14th century, many aspects of Italian culture andsociety remained largely Medieval; the


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Renaissance did not come into full swing until the

end of the century. The word renaissance

(Rinascimento in Italian) means "rebirth" in French,and the era is best known for the renewed interest

in the culture of classical antiquity after the period

that Renaissance humanists labeled the Dark Ages.

These changes, while significant, were concentratedin the elite, and for the vast majority of the

population life was little changed from the Middle

Ages.


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In Florence, the Renaissance style was introduced

with a revolutionary but incomplete monument in

Rimini by Leone Battista Alberti. Some of theearliest buildings showing Renaissance

characteristics are Filippo Brunelleschi's church

of San Lorenzo and the Pazzi Chapel. The

interior of Santo Spirito expresses a new sense oflight, clarity and spaciousness, which is typical of

the early Italian Renaissance.


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Throughout the Gothic period in the middle ages, when architecture in France

and England was dominated by architecture executed on the grandest scale in

Western history, with immense and airy cathedrals representing one of the

highest points of European architectural genius, Italian architecture was anuninspired and relatively small affair. Although there was Gothic architecture in

Italy, the sweep, genius and grandeur seemed to have passed those city-states by.

The Renaissance, however, saw the development of a new architecture from the

fifteenth to the sixteenth centuries that was the first "modern" architecture.

When we look at Renaissance buildings, they look familiar, almost as if theywere built one hundred years ago. The architectural language invented by the

Italian Renaissance architects became the dominant architectural language of

the modern world, displaced only by the advent of modernist architecture in

the twentieth century.

BACKGROUND


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The architects of the Renaissance derived their architecture in part

from a revived interest in Roman and Greek ruins, from the recovery

of classical texts on architecture, particularly the Roman writer

Vitruvius's ten books on architecture. They also, however, invented newforms and new visual language that was not derived from the classical

period. In the process, the architects, humanists, and painters of the

Renaissance (for architecture was considered a universal art in the

Renaissance) invented a new idea of public space in which civic pride

and organization would be organized on a city-wide scale.


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In the Renaissance, architecture was seen as the supreme art. Theorists

on architecture believed that architectural design arose out of human

experience, like all arts, but that it also represented the highest artistic

achievement a human being could attain. Architecture, though, was notconsidered a specialist profession, as it is now. Architectural design was

carried out by professional architects, painters, sculptors (such as

Michelangelo), humanists, masons, and just plain amateurs with alot of

time and money.


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FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI

(1377-1466)


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The invention of the uniquely Italian style in Renaissance architecture is

typically given to Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1466), who is also credited

with inventing the principles of linear perspective in drawing and

painting. In 1419, he was commissioned to build the dome over thecathedral in Florence, which had been started in 1296. In 1419, the

building was still unfinished for no-one could quite figure out how to

build the dome. Brunelleschi solved the problem by inventing a new

type of dome. Rather than a hemisphere, Brunelleschi's dome is conical

and high. It has eight sides and Brunelleschi built white ribs on theoutside of the dome to call attention to these eight sides


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.

LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI

(1404-1472)


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Besides Brunelleschi, the most important architect of the period was

Leon Battista Alberti, who was also a significant political theorist and

civic humanist. He's best known for his books on architecture; in these

books, he draws up a theory of city planning and public space. Hisideal city is filled with isolated, monumental buildings all perfectly

balancing one another.While Brunelleschi is credited with inventing the

architectural language of the Renaissance, Alberti is generally

considered to have perfected it in terms of symmetry and disposition


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ANDREA PALLADIO (15081580)


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Andrea Palladio (15081580) was the chief architect of the Venetian

Republic, writing an influential treatise, I quattro libri dell'architettura

(Four Books on Architecture,1570; 41.100.126.19). Due to the new

demand for villas in the sixteenth century, Palladio specialized indomestic architecture, although he also designed two beautiful and

impressive churches in Venice, San Giorgio Maggiore (1565) and Il

Redentore (1576). Palladio's villas are often centrally planned, drawing

on Roman models of country villas. The Villa Emo (Treviso, 1559) was

a working estate, while the Villa Rotonda (Vicenza, 1566

70) was anaristocratic refuge. Both plans rely on classical ideals of symmetry,

axiality, and clarity.


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VILLA ALMERICO (VILLA ROTONDA):

FROM I QUATTRO LIBRI

DELL'ARCHITETTURA

One of the best-known and often

copied villas of the Renaissance, theVilla Americo (156669), originally

built for Monsignor Paolo Americo

and completed by Vincenzo Scamozzi,

still overlooks the vineyards and

farmlands outside Vicenza.


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The art rested on several principles derived ultimately from Vitruvius's

books on architecture. The most important of these was symmetria, or

symmetry, which demanded that the parts be geometrically balanced.There is in the earliest Renaissance architecture a mania for order and

symmetry. In addition, the various parts of the architectural whole must

be congruous or harmonious with one another&emdash;in architectural

theory this was called dispositio, or disposition. As architecture

developed, however, designers began to rebel against the strictures ofVitruvian theory. In the 1530's,particularly in the work of Michelangelo,

architects began to go crazy with dysymmetry and wildly incongruous

mixtures of architectural elements. This rebellious style of architecture

is called mannerist architecture after a similar phenomenon in

Renaissance painting.

MANNERISM IN "VISUAL

ARTS IN THE RENAISSANCE"


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TITIAN, SACRED AND PROFANE

LOVE


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ROGIER VAN DER WEYDEN, THE

DESCENT FROM THE CROSS


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The High Renaissance, as we call the style today, was introduced to

Rome with Donato Bramante's Tempietto at San Pietro in Montorio

(1502) and his original centrally planned St. Peter's Basilica (1506),

which was the most notable architectural commission of the era,influenced by almost all notable Renaissance artists, including

Michelangelo and Giacomo della Porta. The beginning of the late

Renaissance in 1550 was marked by the development of a new column

order by Andrea Palladio. Colossal columns that were two or more

stories tall decorated the facades.


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ST. PETER'S BASILICA IN ROME

St. Peter's is a church

in the Renaissance

style located in the

Vatican City west ofthe River Tiber and

near the Janiculum

Hill and Hadrian's

Mausoleum.


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IN ANTIS AND PROSTYLE

This describes the temple in antis (in

which the side walls protrude to flank

the columns on the porch in front)

and refers to the Temple of the Three

Fortunes near the Colline Gate inRome. The text at the bottom

describes prostyle temples (buildings

with a row of columns, or portico, at

the front only) and considers the

Temples of Jove and Faunus on theIsola Tiberina. The Temple of Faunus

is illustrated at the left in plan and at

the center right in a perspectival three-

quarter view. The cityscape portrays

the Isola Tiberina.


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2 architecture in renaissance italy recel dela cruz

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