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Climate Change Adaptation Plan

Protecting Riparian Zones with a Focus on tream Crossings for Forest Management

April 17, 2017

Prepared Nick Anzuoni and Alison Wright-Hunter

Prepared using the Adaptation Workook - AdaptationWorkook.org

Propert details

Acres: 100

ize: 0

Ownership: tate

We are designing a timer sale on a state forest where theexisting main access road has multiple failed culverts forstreams that drain into the Deer�eld River. The goal is toremove the failed culverts and replace them with an

economical ridge alternative that will meet state and localenvironmental regulations while also taking into accountincreased water �ows due to climate change. Additionall,the impacts of climate change to the forest in the riparian

zone have een assessed and adaptive tactics havecreated.

Climate Adaptation Plan Protecting Riparian Zones with a Focus on tream Crossings for Forest Management

Project Details 100 acres

ize: 0

tate ownership

We are designing a timer sale on a state forest where the existing main access road hasmultiple failed culverts for streams that drain into the Deer�eld River. The goal is to removethe failed culverts and replace them with an economical ridge alternative that will meetstate and local environmental regulations while also taking into account increased water�ows due to climate change. Additionall, the impacts of climate change to the forest in theriparian zone have een assessed and adaptive tactics have created.

Management area(s) outh River F Riparian Zones

Regional Climate

Change Impacts &

Propert-Level

Considerations

The following climate change impacts are regional expectations drawn from pulishedresources. Under each regional climate change impact statement, propert-levelconsiderations descrie how the general trend might e meaningful at the scale of thepropert.

Temperatures in New ngland are projected to increase 3.5 to 8.5 °F the end of the

centur, with the greatest warming expected to occur during winter.

Propert considerations: High temperatures in the summer will potentiall create droughtconditions which will result in hdrophoic soil conditions. Reduced snow pack and lack offrost laer can cause root damage for shallow rooted species, such as sugar maple andhemlock. oth of these species are found in the forest.

The growing season in New ngland and northern New York is generall expected to

increase 20 das or more the end of the centur, due to fewer das with a minimum

temperatures elow 32°F.

Propert considerations: This scenario will allow invasive plant species to spreadthroughout the understor. This ma a�ect riparian u�er zone plant composition.

The winter season will e shorter and milder across New ngland and northern New York,

with less precipitation falling as snow and reduced snow cover and depth.

Propert considerations: This situation will result in increased stream �ow during the wintermonths. Additionall, there will e increased runo� and decreased spring snow pack thatrecharges the water tale.

Precipitation patterns will e altered, with projected increases in annual precipitation and

potential for reduced growing season precipitation in New ngland and northern New

York.

Propert considerations: evere summer droughts will create a stressed conditions fortrees within the riparian u�er zone. In particular, sugar maple and hemlock are currentlpresent and are also susceptile to drought.

Intense precipitation events will continue to ecome more frequent in New ngland and

northern New York.

Propert considerations: These "intense" precipitation events will increase scouring of thestream channel, have potential to exceed "ank full" conditions. If the failing culverts areleft in place or are replaced with the same size, as Massachusetts law allows, this willcontinue to impair the natural �ow of the stream.

Warmer temperatures and altered precipitation in New ngland and northern New York

will interact to change soil moisture patterns throughout the ear, with the potential for

oth wetter and drier conditions depending on the location and season.

Propert considerations: The drier soil condition has potential to create a hdrophoic soilcondition where there ma e increased runo�. Where forested wetland "sources" exist(such as a seep) the drier condition ma alter the function of the wetland. Wetter soilconditions ma prevent forest management activities due to di�cult accessiilit to thestands.

Forest vegetation in New ngland and northern New York ma face increased risk of

moisture de�cit and drought during the growing season.

Propert considerations: In particular, sugar maple and hemlock in the riparian u�er mae a�ected drought. Additionall, understor species such as maiden hair fern and otherrich mesic site species ma e a�ected.

Certain insect pests and pathogens will increase in occurrence or ecome more

damaging in New ngland and northern New York.

Propert considerations: This stand is composed of ash and hemlock which are alread atrisk due to invasive insects. It is unknown if other invasive insects and diseases will infestthe stands.

Man invasive plants will increase in extent or aundance in New ngland and northern

New York.

Propert considerations: Invasive plants are present in the stand and have potential toa�ect the riparian u�er zone species composition and function.

Man northern and oreal tree species will face increasing stress across much of New

ngland and northern New York.

Propert considerations: pecies such as sugar maple, ash, ellow irch and red spruce arepresent and will e impacted.

Haitat will ecome more suitale in New ngland and northern New York for some

southern species.

Propert considerations: There is some red oak and itternut hickor present within thestand. There is potential to increase the percentage of these species within the stand.

Forest composition will change across the landscape in New ngland and northern New

York.

Propert considerations: Northern and oreal species are present within the stand andover time will shift to the north. Other species that are more drought tolerant willreassemle within the gaps in the stand.

hifts in forest composition in New ngland and northern New York will take at least

several decades to occur in the asence of major disturance.

Propert considerations: Forest management activities are the "planned disturances" andare making an e�ort to adapt the stands to climate change through shifting speciescomposition to more drought tolerant species.

Conditions a�ecting tree regeneration and recruitment will change in New ngland and

northern New York.

Propert considerations: There is moderate mortalit to seedlings and saplings of theexisting species composition during severe drought. The more drought tolerant species willsurvive during these drought periods.

Forest productivit in New ngland and northern New York will increase during the next

several decades in the asence of signi�cant stressors.

Propert considerations: If "forest productivit" means a healthier, faster growing forest; thisma impl that the forested riparian u�er is more "stale" and functional.

Low-diversit sstems are at greater risk from climate change.

Propert considerations: There is a sugar maple stand with a high percentage of thisspecies. Natural Heritage program will not allow harvesting within the stand and thereforenatural processes will occur.

pecies in fragmented landscapes will have less opportunit to migrate in response to

climate change.

Propert considerations: The outh River tate Forest is part of a large forested lock withver little fragmentation.

stems that are limited to particular environments will have less opportunit to migrate

in response to climate change.

Propert considerations: The "sstem" present, a rich mesic northern forest tpe, is at risk.

stems that are more tolerant of disturance have less risk of declining on the

landscape

Propert considerations: The "sstems" that are more drought tolerant ma replace thevulnerale existing rich mesic northern forest.

Climate Adaptation Plan for Individual Management areas

The following plan details the management goals and ojectives for a particular component of the project. Included elow isa detailed review of potential climate impacts and site level considerations, along with an evaluation of ojectives, potentialadaptation responses (tactics) and monitoring variales to assess success over time.

Plan for speci�c

Management areaouth River F Riparian Zones

The riparian zones within the outh River tate Forest sourced multiple seeps and smallwetland areas. The soils are of the rich mesic tpe and are highl erodile. tale streamcrossings are essential to the forest management of the area.

Management Goal Replace failed culverts with an economical ridge alternative.

Management

Ojective(s)

Design a ridge option that would e accepted local conservation commission under a

RFD. (3-4 months)

Management Goal Restore verterate and inverterate passage in the riparian zone.

Management

Ojective(s)

Replicate natural stream ottom conditions. (7-8 months)

increase length of natural stream ottom conditions that is continuous from the source to the

river. (7-8 months)

Management Goal Protect multiple riparian zones during forest management activities.

Management

Ojective(s)

Control native and non native invasive plants in order to ensure tree regeneration and an

understor dominated native heraceous and wood plants. (In the next 2 ears)

Manage for diversit of tree species and age classes within the riparian zone, while

maintaining adequate shade to control micro climate conditions and cooler water

temperatures. (In the next 2 ears)

Maintain soil moisture in this rich mesic ecosstem. (In the next 2 ears)

Maintain at least 50% of the asal area in the riparian zone. (In the next 2 ears)

Potential identi�ed

impacts for outh River

F Riparian Zones

Increased rainfall events will accelerate stream ed erosion

rosion has alread occurred and existing culverts are no longer functional. This erosion isalso impacted approaches on the forest roads.

Regional climate change projections of stream�ow characteristics in the Northeast and

Midwest U.. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/2214581815001226)

Climate change will extend the growing season.

The extended growing season will allow native and non-native invasives, such asittersweet and grape to e more proli�c. These species are present in the riparian u�erzone and have the ailit to severel damage tree crowns arl and warmer springscenario could lead to loss of cold hardiness, earl leaf out and susceptiilit to frostdamage oth in the crown and to the camium.

Climate Change Indicators: Length of Growing eason (https://www.epa.gov/climate-

indicators/climate-change-indicators-length-growing-season)

The interaction etween freezing tolerance and phenolog in temperate deciduous trees

(https://www.nci.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4192447/)

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581815001226

https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-length-growing-season

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4192447/

Decreased snow pack, increased winter rainfal and potential summer drought could

reduce the fuction of the wetland source of the streams.

The streams in outh River tate Forest have small wetland sources where the fuctioncould e compromised altered water availailit.

Climate Change �ects and Adaptation Approaches for Terrestrial cosstems, Haitats,

and pecies (http://www.nwf.org/~/media/PDFs/Gloal-Warming/2014/Terrestrial-Report/CC-

and-Terrestrial-stems_Final-Report_NPLCC-NWF_online-size.pdf)

Increased stress on trees in the riparian u�er.

The riparian u�er is composed of primaril sugar maple, hemlock and white ash. All threespecies are sensitive to changes in water availailit. Decreases in water availailit causesstress that ma increase mortalit caused native and non native insects and diseases.

Decreased snowpack could lead to increased acidi�cation of soils.

ugar maple is a dominant species in the watershed and riparian zones of the outh Rivertate Forest. ugar maple ma decline over the next 100 ears due to acidi�cation of forestsoils.

In�uence of experimental snow removal on root and canop phsiolog of sugar maple

trees in a northern hardwood forest

(https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pus/jrnl/2013/nrs_2013_comerford_001.pdf)

Potential impact of

climate change on

health and function of

sstem

Disruptive

Adaptive Capacit of

sstem to climate

change impacts or

disturances

Moderate

Vulnerailit

determination

Moderate

valuation of climate change impacts on goals and ojectives

Climate change might make management ojectives for this propert harder or easier to achieve, presenting challenges andopportunities. This section also includes a simple rating and description for the feasiilit of meeting management ojectivesunder current management. This is a critical step to evaluate whether management ojectives are roust, or whether anmight need to e changed.

Management Goal Replace failed culverts with an economical ridge alternative.

Management Ojective Design a ridge option that would e accepted local conservation commission under aRFD. (3-4 months)

Challenges The potential for higher rainfall during the operailit period would limit the success of thisproject. This would e due to high �ows, wet soil conditions and the potential for higherosion.

Opportunities The present impacts of climate change indicate increasing rainfall and therefore is negativelimpacting the stream crossings. The predicted impacts of climate change, such as highvelocit stream �ows, onl support the proposal to improve the stream crossing structure.

Medium

http://www.nwf.org/~/media/PDFs/Global-Warming/2014/Terrestrial-Report/CC-and-Terrestrial-Systems_Final-Report_NPLCC-NWF_online-size.pdf

https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/2013/nrs_2013_comerford_001.pdf

Feasiilit of meeting

ojectives after

evaluation of climate

impacts on sstem

Medium

Other Considerations Comments: Under the current wetland regulations this ma fall under more stringentpermitting. Due to the projected impacts of climate change, a project of this nature would eimproving the "resource".

Responding to climate change impacts

The following adaptation actions (tactics) were identi�ed to help prepare for climate change impacts. ach adaptation tactic islinked to one or more Adaptation trategies and Approaches, providing connections to climate change adaptation and forestmanagement and conservation. Refer to the Adaptation Workook for a complete list of Adaptation trategies andApproaches.

Note - Tactics that are recommended can e implemented or explored further. However, some adaptation tactics might note recommended for implementation on this propert, which ma e due to a comination of arriers and drawacks orexternal factors.

Adaptation Tactic Remove failing culverts. Replace them with ridges.

trateg ustain fundamental ecological functions

Approach Maintain or restore riparian areas

ene�ts of this tactic Replacing culverts with ridges will restore connectivit and protect stream channels.

Drawacks and arriers

of this tactic

none

Timeframe to implement in the next ear

Practicailit An adaptation tactic is practicale if it is oth e�ective & feasile to implement and to

ultimatel achieve desired intent.

... practicailit of tactic? High

Recommendation for

implementation

The decision to recommend a tactic ma e ased on the likelihood of success, potential

tradeo�s, cost, and other factors.

... recommend tactic? Yes

Monitoring adaptation actions

Monitoring is critical for understanding if management actions are e�ective or if management should e altered in the futureto account for new information. The following monitoring variales were descried for this particular management ojectiveand adaptation tactics.

Monitoring variales

used to evaluate if tactic

is achieving desired

ridge alternative is accepted the local conservation commission. Culverts have een

removed.

management

ojective(s)

Monitoring Variale 1

Threshold or Criteria for

valuation of adaptation

tactic

Request for Determination or Limited Project permits were issued.

Implementing

monitoring e�orts

(frequenc, time of ear,

etc)

Permits will e issued prior to the timer sale.

Monitoring variales



management

ojective(s)

ridge design and construction cost limitations.




tactic

Costs don't exceed 40% of the income generated the timer sale.

Implementing

monitoring e�orts


etc)

stimated costs will e gathered prior to the timer sale.




Management Ojective Replicate natural stream ottom conditions. (7-8 months)

Challenges If summers and autumns are wetter, the feasiilit of working to replicate the natural streamottom would e limited.

Opportunities If there are drought conditions, there would e a etter chance of working in low or no �owconditions. This would improve the outcome of the jo and would limit sedimentation.

Feasiilit of meeting Medium

Comments: With the current climate conditions the window of opportunit to complete this

ojectives after


impacts on sstem

Comments: With the current climate conditions the window of opportunit to complete thisjo is unpredictale.

Other Considerations Comments: An work in the the stream ottom, ank or u�er zone requires permittingthrough the town's conservation commission. This is will require funding that ma onl efeasile through the timer sale contract.









of this tactic

none





Recommendation for

implementation






Monitoring variales




removed.

management

ojective(s)




tactic


Implementing

monitoring e�orts


etc)


Monitoring variales



management

ojective(s)





tactic


Implementing

monitoring e�orts


etc)


Monitoring variales



management

ojective(s)

Post culvert removal stream ottom conditions are improved and length of stream courses

are increased.




tactic

tream course conditions are uninterrupted culverts. Length of uninterrupted streamcourse has increased.

Implementing

monitoring e�orts


etc)

Measure stream course post culvert removal.




Management Ojective increase length of natural stream ottom conditions that is continuous from the source to theriver. (7-8 months)

Challenges If the operailit period is shortened due to wetter soils in oth winter and in the growingperiod, more temporar stream crossings ma e necessar.

Opportunities In drought conditions, operailit will allow equipment on a wider range of soils withoutimpact, minimizing the numer of temporar stream crossings


ojectives after


impacts on sstem

Medium

Comments: The climate and weather conditions are alread providing windows of dr ordrought conditions for optimizing operailit. The largest impediment to movement forwildlife are the existing failed culverts









of this tactic

none





Recommendation for The decision to recommend a tactic ma e ased on the likelihood of success, potential

implementation tradeo�s, cost, and other factors.




Monitoring variales



management

ojective(s)


removed.




tactic


Implementing

monitoring e�orts


etc)


Monitoring variales



management

ojective(s)





tactic


Implementing

monitoring e�orts


etc)


Monitoring variales



nsure that the stream replication areas are stale and functioning.

management

ojective(s)




tactic

The replicated area functions similar to upstream and downstream conditions.

Implementing

monitoring e�orts


etc)

These replication areas will e monitored within the �rst 6 months of replication and thenearl for the next �ve ears.

Monitoring variales



management

ojective(s)

Post culvert removal stream ottom conditions are improved and length of stream courses

are increased.




tactic

tream course conditions are uninterrupted culverts. Length of uninterrupted streamcourse has increased.

Implementing

monitoring e�orts


etc)

Measure stream course post culvert removal.




Management Ojective Control native and non native invasive plants in order to ensure tree regeneration and anunderstor dominated native heraceous and wood plants. (In the next 2 ears)

Challenges Longer growing periods due to warmer weather conditions will allow non native invasiveplants to spread more rapidl. Wetter conditions oth in the winter and summer ma facilitatethe spread of invasives.

Opportunities none

Feasiilit of meeting Medium

ojectives after


impacts on sstem




Adaptation Tactic Invasive plants will e spraed pre and post harvest.

trateg Reduce the impact of iological stressors

Approach Manage herivor to promote regeneration of desired species

ene�ts of this tactic This will encourage the growth of native plants.


of this tactic

none

Timeframe to implement within a ear




Recommendation for

implementation






Monitoring variales



management

ojective(s)

Reduce the non native and native invasive plant species cover.




tactic

Reduce non native and native invasive plant species cover 80% of existing infestation.

Implementing

monitoring e�orts


etc)

The invasive cover will e measured initiall post treatment and then a ear later.

Monitoring variales



management

ojective(s)

The variale is tree species composition and numer age classes.




tactic

Increase diversit within the riparian zone three species. Introduce one new age classwithin the next ten ears.

Implementing

monitoring e�orts


etc)

Inventor riparian zones �ve and 10 ears post harvest.

Monitoring variales



management

ojective(s)

The rich mesic ecosstem plant communities that are currentl present.




tactic

The presence or asence of heraceous plants that would e associated with the rich mesiccommunit are measured.

Implementing

monitoring e�orts


etc)

Inventor of the understor will e conducted �ve and ten ears post harvest.




Management Ojective Manage for diversit of tree species and age classes within the riparian zone, whilemaintaining adequate shade to control micro climate conditions and cooler watertemperatures. (In the next 2 ears)

Challenges Climate change will accelerate the spread of Hemlock wooll adelgid which will impact amajor species in the riparian zone. Recent mortalit to the hemlock stands is primaril due toelongate scale. We have ver little iological information regarding this species. oth insectsare present. Additionall, regeneration will ecome di�cult due to invasive plants in theunderstor. White ash is also a signi�cant component of the riparian zone and due to A itwill need to e harvested. We are also experiencing in the area 5 new fungi causing needlecast on white pine.

Opportunities Due to the need for a more intense harvest of the riparian zone (due to exotic pests, seeaove), regeneration will e accelerated. This will occur in the near future while the climate iscooler.

Climate change ma facilitate the use of arti�cial regeneration to shift the composition in theriparian zone. pecies such as Northern red oak and various species of hickor would eused. There is also an American chestnut seed orchard located on the forest and this wouldalso e an excellent opportunit to re-introduce the species ack to the landscape.


ojectives after


impacts on sstem

Medium

Comments: the possiilit of otaining chestnut seedlings is high.

Other Considerations Comments: The current regulations require maintaining �ft percent of the asal area in the�lter strips of streams.




Adaptation Tactic Invasive plants will e spraed pre and post harvest.

trateg Reduce the impact of iological stressors

Approach Manage herivor to promote regeneration of desired species

ene�ts of this tactic This will encourage the growth of native plants.


of this tactic

none

Timeframe to implement within a ear




Recommendation for

implementation




Adaptation Tactic Use of uneven aged silviculture will promote diverse age classes and species

composition. The necessit to harvest hemlock and ash will e the �rst step towards

estalishment of a new cohort.

trateg Maintain and enhance species and structural diversit

Approach Promote diverse age classes

ene�ts of this tactic stalishing multiple age classes will provide a long term approach to forest sustainailit.


of this tactic

none

Timeframe to implement In the next 2 ears




Recommendation for

implementation




Adaptation Tactic Maintain at least 50% of the asal area along streams, following the Massachusetts

current regulations.



ene�ts of this tactic Maintain shade along the stream ed, while regenerating new age classes.


of this tactic

The current regulations limit removals of timer to 50% of the asal area. In situations wherehemlock is in severe decline, the residual stand will have a high mortalit rate.





Recommendation for

implementation






Monitoring variales



management

ojective(s)





tactic


Implementing

monitoring e�orts


etc)


Monitoring variales



management

ojective(s)





tactic


Implementing

monitoring e�orts



etc)

Monitoring variales



management

ojective(s)





tactic


Implementing

monitoring e�orts


etc)





Management Ojective Maintain soil moisture in this rich mesic ecosstem. (In the next 2 ears)

Challenges The existing road sstem currentl alters the �ow of water oth surface and susurface.Placement of new skid trails and roads ma e a�ected wetter soils during operation.

Opportunities xtreme dr periods ma o�er an opportunit to oth repair or remove older skid roads anduild more e�ective roads.


ojectives after


impacts on sstem

Medium

Comments: It is di�cult to sa that soil moisture can e controlled. However, depending onweather conditions during the harvest operation opportunities ma e captured.

Other Considerations Comments: The feasiilit to do road work is linked to timer sale revenue.


The following adaptation actions (tactics) were identi�ed to help prepare for climate change impacts. ach adaptation tactic islinked to one or more Adaptation trategies and Approaches, providing connections to climate change adaptation and forestmanagement and conservation. Refer to the Adaptation Workook for a complete list of Adaptation trategies andApproaches.Note - Tactics that are recommended can e implemented or explored further. However, some adaptation tactics might not







of this tactic

none





Recommendation for

implementation




Adaptation Tactic Use of uneven aged silviculture will promote diverse age classes and species

composition. The necessit to harvest hemlock and ash will e the �rst step towards

estalishment of a new cohort.

trateg Maintain and enhance species and structural diversit

Approach Promote diverse age classes

ene�ts of this tactic stalishing multiple age classes will provide a long term approach to forest sustainailit.


of this tactic

none





Recommendation for

implementation










of this tactic






Recommendation for

implementation






Monitoring variales



management

ojective(s)





tactic


Implementing

monitoring e�orts


etc)


Monitoring variales




management

ojective(s)




tactic


Implementing

monitoring e�orts


etc)


Monitoring variales



management

ojective(s)





tactic


Implementing

monitoring e�orts


etc)





Management Ojective Maintain at least 50% of the asal area in the riparian zone. (In the next 2 ears)

Challenges none

Opportunities N/A


ojectives after


impacts on sstem










of this tactic






Recommendation for

implementation




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