1. Pope in Rome head of the church

-Cardinals reported to Pope-Archbishops governed bishops spread all over Europe-Priests lived in villages and towns

2. “wandering” ministries: two orders of monks (FranciscansFranciscans, known for vows of poverty, & DominicansDominicans, more scholarly)

3. monasteries: housed monks who devoted their lives to study, worship, & hard work convents: for nuns

4. Monasteries became centers of scholarship, education, & libraries

1. Church reform: some viewed Church as becoming corrupt (landholding, simony, & religious appointments)

2. Pope Gregory VII tried to take power from monarchs to appoint bishops (LAY INVESTITURE)

3. Church made its own courts: Ecclesiastical Courts

4. Concordat of Worms (1122): stated that bishops controlled by both Church (“ring & staff”) & by Emperor (“lance”)

1. Battle of HastingsBattle of Hastings (1066): William “the Conqueror” invades the Saxons from Normandy

2. Henry II:

- tried to strengthen power of king- created trial by juries- had archbishop of Canterbury (Thomas Becket) killed…

What factors contributed to conflict between the Papacy & the monarchs of Western Europe?

1. Missionaries brought Christianity to early Russia (Cyril & Methodius)

- Cyrillic alphabet Cyrillic alphabet translated Bible into native Slavic languages

2. Trade brought Byzantine ideas

CYRIL & METHODIUSCYRIL & METHODIUS

THE THE CYRLLIC CYRLLIC ALPHABETALPHABET

1. Descendants of Vikings invade Baltic region and city of Kiev

2. Kiev major trade route

3. Vladimir Vladimir converted the Rus’ to Christianity (fewest restrictions on food & drinking…)

4. Married Byzantine Emperor’s daughter

5. Copied Byzantium (religion, art, gov’t)

VLADIMIRVLADIMIR

boyarsboyars: landholding aristocrats

1. Yaroslav “the Wise” codified Russian law

1. CONFLICT WITH LOCAL PRINCES

2. Byzantium falls

3. Invasion from the Mongols (TATARS)

The Mongols Invade The Mongols Invade RussiaRussia

1. Controlled Russia for 200 years

2. Conquered Rus’ in winter!

3. GHENGIS KHAN

1. moldboard (plow)2. horse collar3. three-field system

1. Population growth

2. Italian port cities

3. Flanders in N. Europe

Medieval TradeMedieval TradeMedieval TradeMedieval Trade

A.A. Political causes:Political causes:

1. European expansionism (conversion of Vikings & Magyars (Huns) to Christianity)

2. European Christians take control from Ummayads of Spain & Sicily

3. Byzantines lose to Seljuk Turks at Battle of Manzikert (1071)

Causes:

1. to return the “Holy Lands” to Christian control

2. to unite European Christians

3. to control kings & nobles

4. heal the Great Schism

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade at Clermont 1095Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade at Clermont 1095

“If any one through devotion alone, and not for the sake of honor or gain, goes to Jerusalem to free the church of God, the journey itself shall take the place of all penance.”

1. religious holy war for salvation against the “infidels”

have their taxes canceled avoid jail by fighting plunder for personal gain

1. glory &d potential for land

2. merchants saw a chance for trade expansion

Christian CrusadesChristian CrusadesChristian CrusadesChristian Crusades

1. stimulated trade (new towns & new products)

2. feudalism weakened (serfs gained freedom …but power of kings increased)

3. improved status of women

4. improved prestige of church

5. encouraged learning