© 2006 pearson education, inc. the council of trent was controlled by: 1.the pope 2.the holy roman...

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Council of Trent was controlled by:

• the pope• the Holy Roman Emperor • a group of important cardinals• Catholic princes

11.01 Q


The Council of Trent was controlled by:

• the pope• the Holy Roman Emperor • a group of important cardinals• Catholic princes

11.01 A


EXPLANATION:The Council of Trent was controlled by:

1. the pope

Unlike the general councils of the fifteenth century, Trent was strictly under the pope’s control, with high Italian prelates prominent in the proceedings.

11.01 E


Philip Melanchthon reformed the curriculum of the University of Wittenberg along:

• lines suggested by the Council of Trent• humanist lines• Lutheran lines• lines suggested by Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises

11.02 Q


Philip Melanchthon reformed the curriculum of the University of Wittenberg along:

• lines suggested by the Council of Trent• humanist lines• Lutheran lines• lines suggested by Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises

11.02 A


EXPLANATION:Philip Melanchthon reformed the curriculum of the University of Wittenberg along:

2. humanist lines

When, in August 1518, Philip Melanchthon (1497–1560), “the praeceptor of Germany,” a young humanist and professor of Greek, arrived at the University of Wittenberg, his first act was to reform the curriculum on the humanist model.

11.02 E


Artificial birth control has existed since:

• the twelfth century• the tenth century• the fifteenth century• antiquity

11.03 Q


Artificial birth control has existed since:

• the twelfth century• the tenth century• the fifteenth century• antiquity

11.03 A


EXPLANATION:Artificial birth control has existed since:

4. antiquity

Artificial birth control (sponges, acidic ointments) has existed since antiquity. The church’s condemnation of coitus interruptus (male withdrawal before ejaculation) during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries suggests the existence of a contraceptive mentality, that is, a conscious, regular effort at birth control.

11.03 E


Protestants were more likely than Catholics to:

• advocate religious tolerance

• permit premarital sex

• permit divorce

• advocate religious violence

11.04 Q


Protestants were more likely than Catholics to:

• advocate religious tolerance

• permit premarital sex

• permit divorce

• advocate religious violence

11.04 A


EXPLANATION:Protestants were more likely than Catholics to:

3. permit divorce

The ideal of the companionate marriage—that is, of husband and wife as co-workers in a special God-ordained community of the family, sharing authority equally within the household—led to an expansion of the grounds for divorce in Protestant lands as early as the 1520s. Women gained an equal right with men to divorce and remarry in good conscience—unlike the situation in Catholicism, where only a separation from bed and table, not divorce and remarriage, was permitted a couple in a failed marriage.

11.04 E


Between 1500 and 1800, European men married in their:

• forties• mid- to late-teens• mid- to late-twenties• mid- to late-thirties

11.05 Q


Between 1500 and 1800, European men married in their:

• forties• mid- to late-teens• mid- to late-twenties• mid- to late-thirties

11.05 A


EXPLANATION:Between 1500 and 1800, European men married in their:

3. mid- to late-twenties

Between 1500 and 1800, men and women in Western Europe married at later ages than they had in previous centuries: men in their mid- to late twenties, and women in their early- to mid-twenties

11.05 E


Cervantes’s most famous work is:

• Moll Flanders• Don Quixote• Under a Spanish Sky• The Tale of Tomas Gatito

11.06 Q


Cervantes’s most famous work is:

• Moll Flanders• Don Quixote• Under a Spanish Sky• The Tale of Tomas Gatito

11.06 A


EXPLANATION:Cervantes’s most famous work is:

2. Don Quixote

Cervantes (1547–1616) had only a smattering of formal education. Later, while working as a tax collector, he was imprisoned several times for padding his accounts, and it was in prison that he began, in 1603, to write his most famous work, Don Quixote

11.06 E


The Modern Devotion was a religious movement that began in:

• northern Europe• southern Europe• England• Spain

11.08 Q


The Modern Devotion was a religious movement that began in:

• northern Europe• southern Europe• England• Spain

11.08 A


EXPLANATION:The Modern Devotion was a religious movement that began in:

1. northern Europe

The Modern Devotion One of the more constructive lay religious movements in northern Europe on the eve of the Reformation was that of the Brothers of the Common Life, also known as the Modern Devotion, a kind of boarding school for reform-minded laity.

11.08 E


Pope Leo X’s Jubilee Indulgence was meant to raise funds to:

• assemble an army to defend the papal states• combat the Reformation• launch a new crusade• rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome

11.09 Q


Pope Leo X’s Jubilee Indulgence was meant to raise funds to:

• assemble an army to defend the papal states• combat the Reformation• launch a new crusade• rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome

11.09 A


EXPLANATION:Pope Leo X’s Jubilee Indulgence was meant to raise funds to:

4. rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome

In 1517, Pope Leo X (r. 1513–1521) revived a plenary Jubilee Indulgence that had first been issued by Pope Julius II (r. 1503–1513), the proceeds of which were to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome.

11.09 E


In April 1521, Luther presented his views before Emperor Charles V at the:

• Council of Augsburg• Council of Wittenberg• Diet of Worms• Diet of Marburg

11.10 Q


In April 1521, Luther presented his views before Emperor Charles V at the:

• Council of Augsburg• Council of Wittenberg• Diet of Worms• Diet of Marburg

11.10 A


EXPLANATION:In April 1521, Luther presented his views before Emperor Charles V at the:

3. Diet of Worms

In April 1521, Luther presented his views before the Diet of Worms, over which the newly elected Emperor Charles V presided. Ordered to recant, Luther declared that to do so would be to act against Scripture, reason, and his conscience

11.10 E


The Marburg Colloquy sought to:

• unite Spanish and Italian Catholics• unite Swiss and German Protestants• establish a new Catholic council system• establish religious tolerance throughout Europe

11.11 Q


The Marburg Colloquy sought to:

• unite Spanish and Italian Catholics• unite Swiss and German Protestants• establish a new Catholic council system• establish religious tolerance throughout Europe

11.11 A


EXPLANATION:The Marburg Colloquy sought to:

2. unite Swiss and German Protestants

Landgrave Philip of Hesse (1504–1567) sought to unite Swiss and German Protestants in a mutual defense pact, the Marburg Colloquy. However, Luther’s and Zwingli’s bitter theological differences, especially over the nature of Christ’s presence in the Eucharist, spoiled his efforts.

11.11 E


John Calvin was born into a:

• poor Prussian family• poor English family• well-to-do Swiss family• well-to-do French family

11.12 Q


John Calvin was born into a:

• poor Prussian family• poor English family• well-to-do Swiss family• well-to-do French family

11.12 A


EXPLANATION:John Calvin was born into a:

4. well-to-do French family

The namesake of Calvinism and its perfect embodiment, John Calvin (1509–1564), was born into a well-to-do French family, the son of the secretary to the bishop of Noyon.

11.12 E


Henry VIII’s break with the papacy was prompted by his desire to end his marriage to:

• Catherine of Aragon

• Catherine Howard

• Anne Boleyn

• Anne of Cleves

11.13 Q


Henry VIII’s break with the papacy was prompted by his desire to end his marriage to:

• Catherine of Aragon

• Catherine Howard

• Anne Boleyn

• Anne of Cleves

11.13 A


EXPLANATION:Henry VIII’s break with the papacy was prompted by his desire to end his marriage to:

1. Catherine of Aragon

Lollardy and humanism may have provided some native seeds for religious reform, but it was Henry’s unhappy marriage to Catherine of Aragon (d. 1536) and obsession to get a male heir that broke the soil and allowed the seeds to take root. Finding the way to a papal annulment closed, Henry’s new advisers struck a different course: Why not simply declare the king supreme in English spiritual affairs as he was in English temporal affairs? Then the king could settle the king’s affair himself, which he did.

11.13 E


Ignatius of Loyola was the founder of the:

• Brotherhood of Christ• Dominicans• Jesuits• None of the above

11.14 Q


Ignatius of Loyola was the founder of the:

• Brotherhood of Christ• Dominicans• Jesuits• None of the above

11.14 A


EXPLANATION:Ignatius of Loyola was the founder of the:

3. Jesuits

The founder of the Jesuits, Ignatius of Loyola (1491–1556), was a heroic figure. A dashing courtier and soldier in his youth, he began his spiritual pilgrimage in 1521 after he had been seriously wounded during a battle with the French.

11.14 E


Which of the following occurred first?

• Diet of Worms• Marburg Colloquy• Diet of Augsburg• Council of Trent

11.15 Q


Which of the following occurred first?

• Diet of Worms• Marburg Colloquy• Diet of Augsburg• Council of Trent

11.15 A


EXPLANATION:Which of the following occurred first?

1. Diet of Worms

The Diet of Worms occurred first in 1521 in which Martin Luther presented his views before the newly elected Emperor Charles V and was ordered to recant, which he refused.

11.15 E

© 2006 pearson education, inc. the council of trent was controlled by: 1.the pope 2.the holy roman...

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