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  • 7/24/2019 1Material Properties

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    InE191 Engineering Material

    1

    1.1

    1.1.1 (Chemical Properties),

    1.1.2 (Physical Properties), , ,

    1.1.3 (Mechanical Properties)

    , , , ,

    (Stress)

    3

    1. (Tensile Stress)1.1a

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    InE191 Engineering Material

    1.1 :

    2. (Compressive Stress)

    1.1b3.(Shear Stress)t

    1.1c (Shear Force) A 3

    (Strain and Deformation)

    (Strain)(Deformation) () 2

    1. (Elastic Deformation or Elastic Strain) ,

    2.

    (Plastic Deformation or Plastic Strain)

    (Elastic Limit) (Elastic Behavior) (Plastic Deformation)2

    2

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    InE191 Engineering Material

    1.2:

    1.(Linear Strain)

    2. (Shear Strain)

    (Stress-Strain Relationship)

    -(Stress-Strain Curve) (Tensile Test) 1.2

    -(Brittleness and Ductility) (Formability)

    (Tension Test)

    1.3

    ASTM (American Society ofTesting and Materials), BS (British Standards), JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) .()

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    InE191 Engineering Material

    1.3 : -(Stress-Strain Curve) (Yield Point)

    -(A) -(Hook's law)

    A (Proportional Limit) (Elastic Behavior)

    (B) (Elastic limit)(Permanent Deformation orOffset) (Plastic Deformation)

    (Low Carbon Steel) () C C (Yield Point) (Yield Stress) Yield Strength Yield Strength

    0.10 - 0.20% (Original Gage Length)

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    InE191 Engineering Material

    1.4 (Proof Stress) 0.1 0.2% offset 1.4

    1.4 : -

    (D) Ultimate Strength (Tensile Strength)(Fracture) (Strength)

    (

    E)

    (Fracture)

    (Rupture Strength) D (Cold Work) 1.5 a (Brittle Materials)

    1.5 b

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    InE191 Engineering Material

    1.5 : -

    -(Yield Strength) 1. (Ductility)(Percentage Elongation)

    (Reduction of Area) %El (%El ) (, Brittle)

    2.Modulus of Elasticity or StiffnessModulus of elasticity (E) Young'sModulus Stiffness ksi (1 ksi=1000 psi) kgf/mm2 GPa Shear Modulus Modulus of Rigidity (G) E G (Stiffness, Rigidity) E G E G E G1.1 E G

    1.1

    Modulus of elasticity 106psi Shear Modulus 106psi

    Aluminium alloy 10.5 4.0

    Copper 16.0 6.0

    Steel (plain carbon and low alloys) 29.0 11.0

    Stainless Steel (18.8) 28.0 9.5

    Titanium 17.0 6.5

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    InE191 Engineering Material

    (Creep)

    3 1.6

    1.6 :

    (OA) OA

    () Modulus of elasticity(E) I (AB) II (BC) Creep Minimum Creep Rate III (CD) D 3 1.7

    1.7 : Creep Curve Condition

    3 2

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    InE191 Engineering Material

    (Toughness)

    (Toughness)

    (Toughness) Modulus of Toughness ( ) ( ) (Tensile test) 1.8 Modulus ofToughness

    1.8 : Modulus of Toughness (a) (b)

    (Impact Test) Impact Energy, Impact Transition Temperature (ITT) (FractureSurface) (Dynamic Load)

    Impact Energy (Dynamic Impact Force) 2Charpy Impact Test Izod Impact Test 2 1.9

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    InE191 Engineering Material

    2 (

    )

    Impact Energy -

    Charpy Izod Charpy test

    IzodTest

    V, U

    1.9 : Charpy Izod

    1.10 :

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    InE191 Engineering Material

    Impact Energy Impact Energy1.11 Impact Transition Temperature (ITT)

    ITT

    Impact energy ITT ITT

    ITT (1.12) ITT (Fracture Surface) ITT (Brittle Fracture) (DuctileFracture) 50:50 (Fracture Appearance Transition Temperature - FATT)

    1.12

    1.11 : 0

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    InE191 Engineering Material

    5 10x10x50

    KU 30/3 30 kg m 3

    (Fatigue)(Ultimate Strength)

    Fatigue 2 (Stress Concentration)

    1.14 :

    (106) Fatigue Strength Endurance Limit

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    InE191 Engineering Material

    1.16 : Brinell

    500-3000 kgf 1.0 -10 . 10-15 30 ()

    (HB) P/D2

    100 30, , 30-200 10

    15-100 5, , , 3-20 1

    2.45 . 444 627 HB

    1.17 : Brinell

    P/D2

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    InE191 Engineering Material

    - oxide scale (heating) (cold working)

    - 3 3 8

    - 2

    Brinell 1 1

    2. Vickers Hardness Test

    136() 10-15 Brinell (HV 5) (VHN 1500) 1-120 kgf Brinell

    P/D2

    HV =

    HV Vicker (kgf/mm2)

    P (kgf)

    d d1d2(mm.)

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    InE191 Engineering Material

    1.18 : Vickers Hardness Test

    -

    - oxide scale (heating) (cold working)

    - 2.5 x y

    - 1.5 ()

    -

    d1

    d2

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    InE191 Engineering Material

    3. Rockwell Hardness Test

    Brinell Vicker 2 minor load major load

    1.19 : Rockwell Hardness Test

    Minor load

    Major load minor load minor load

    Rockwell 15 (superficial hardness scale) 1

    1 : Rockwell

    Major

    laod, kgf

    A (two scales-carbide and steel)

    60 , (shallow case-hardening steel)

    B 1/16 (1.588 .)

    100 (Copper alloys), (softsteels), (aluminum alloys)

    (malleable iron)

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    InE191 Engineering Material

    Major

    laod, kgf

    C 150 , (hard cast irons), , , 100 HRB

    D 100

    E 1/8 (3.175.)

    100 ,

    F 1/16 (1.588 .)

    60

    G 1/16 (1.588 .)

    150 (Phosphor bronze), -(beryllium copper), . 92 HRG

    H 1/8 (3.175 .)

    60 ,

    K 1/8 (3.175 .)

    150 anvil effect

    L

    1/4 (6.350 .)

    60

    anvil effectM

    1/4 (6.350 .)100

    anvil effectP

    1/4 (6.350 .)150

    anvil effectR

    1/2 (12.70 .)60

    anvil effectS

    1/2 (12.70 .)100

    anvil effectV

    1/2 (12.70 .)150

    anvil effect

    2 ( major load) 64.0 HRC 64.0 Rockwell C major load 100 kgf

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    InE191 Engineering Material

    Rockwell C B

    > 1 A, C, D

    > 10 2

    - = (100 - ) x 0.002

    - = (130 - ) x 0.002

    >

    -

    - correction factor

    (convex) correction factor ( 2) (Vanvil)

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    InE191 Engineering Material

    2 : Correction factors

    Correction factors

    6.350 .

    (0.250

    )

    9.525 .

    (0.375

    )

    12.700

    .

    (0.500

    )

    15.875

    .

    (0.625

    )

    19.050

    .

    (0.750

    )

    22.225

    .

    (0.875

    )

    25.400

    .

    (1.000

    )

    1/16 (1.588 .) (Rockwell B, F G)

    0 * * * * 4.5 3.5 3.0

    10 * * * 5.0 4.0 3.5 3.0

    20 * * * 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0

    30 * * 5.0 4.5 3.5 3.0 2.5

    40 * * 4.5 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.5

    50 * * 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0

    60 * 5.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 2.0

    70 * 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.5

    80 5.0 3.5 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5

    90 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0

    100 3.5 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5

    (Rockwell C, D A)

    20 * * * 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.5

    30 * * 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0

    40 * 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0

    50 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5

    60 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

    70 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 - -

    80 0.5 0.5 0.5 - - - -

    : * correction factor 5.0 ( Rockwell B, F G) 3.0 (Rockwell C, D A)

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    InE191 Engineering Material

    - ()

    gooseneck adapter

    - 2.5

    4

    3 :

    BRINELLROCKWELL SUPERFICIAL ROCKWELL

    10 m/m Ball

    Diamond Brale1/16"

    Ball"N" Brale Penetrater 3000 kgm Load

    TENSILE

    STRENGTH

    150 kgf

    C Scale

    60 kgf

    A Scale

    100 kgf

    D Scale

    100 kgf

    B Scale

    15 kg

    Load 15N

    30 kg

    Load 30N

    45 kg

    Load 45N

    Dia. Of

    Ball

    Impression

    in m/m

    Hardness

    Number

    VICKERS

    OR FIRTH

    DIAMOND

    HARDNESS

    NUMBEREquivalent

    1000 lb. Sq.

    In.

    80 92 87 97 92 87 1865

    79 92 86 92 87 1787

    78 91 85 96 91 86 1710

    77 91 84 91 85 1633

    76 90 83 96 90 84 1556

    75 90 83 89 83 1478

    74 89 82 95 89 82 1400

    73 89 81 88 81 1323

    72 88 80 95 87 80 1245

    71 87 80 87 79 1160

    70 87 79 94 86 78 1076

    69 86 78 94 85 77 1004

    68 86 77 85 79 942

    67 85 76 93 84 75 894

    66 85 76 93 83 73 854

    65 84 75 92 82 72 2.25 745 820

    64 84 74 81 74 2.30 710 789

    63 83 73 92 80 70 2.30 710 763

    62 83 73 91 79 69 2.35 682 746

    61 82 72 91 79 68 2.35 682 720

    60 81 71 90 78 67 2.40 653 697

    59 81 70 90 77 66 2.45 627 674 326

    58 80 69 89 76 65 2.55 578 653 315

    57 80 69 89 75 63 2.55 578 633 304

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    InE191 Engineering Material

    56 79 68 88 74 62 2.60 555 613 294

    55 79 67 88 73 61 2.60 555 595 287

    54 78 66 87 72 60 2.65 534 577 279

    53 77 65 87 71 59 2.70 514 560 269

    52 77 65 86 70 57 2.75 495 544 261

    51 76 64 86 69 56 2.75 495 528 254

    50 76 63 86 69 55 2.80 477 513 245

    49 75 62 85 68 54 2.85 461 498 238

    48 75 61 85 67 53 2.90 444 484 232

    47 74 61 84 66 51 2.90 444 471 225

    46 73 60 84 65 50 2.95 432 458 219

    45 73 59 83 64 49 3.00 415 446 211

    44 73 59 83 63 48 3.00 415 434 206

    43 72 58 82 62 47 3.05 401 423 202

    42 72 57 82 61 46 3.10 388 412 198

    41 71 56 81 60 44 3.10 388 402 191

    40 70 55 80 60 43 3.15 375 392 185

    39 70 55 80 59 42 3.20 363 382 181

    38 69 54 79 58 41 3.25 352 372 176

    37 69 53 109 79 57 40 3.30 341 363 171

    36 68 52 109 78 56 39 3.35 331 354 168

    35 68 52 108 78 55 37 3.35 331 345 163

    34 67 51 108 77 54 36 3.40 321 336 159

    33 67 50 107 77 53 38 3.45 311 327 154

    32 66 49 106 76 52 34 3.50 302 318 150

    31 66 48 106 76 51 33 3.55 293 310 146

    30 65 48 105 75 50 32 3.60 285 302 142

    29 65 47 104 75 50 30 3.65 277 294 138

    28 64 46 103 74 49 29 3.70 269 286 134

    27 64 45 103 73 48 28 3.75 262 279 131

    26 63 45 102 73 47 27 3.80 255 272 126

    25 63 44 101 72 46 26 3.80 255 266 124

    24 62 43 100 72 45 24 3.85 248 260 122

    23 62 42 99 71 44 23 3.90 241 254 118

    22 62 42 99 71 43 22 3.95 235 248 116

    21 61 41 98 70 42 21 4.00 229 243 113

    20 61 40 97 69 42 20 4.05 23 238 111

    18 95 4.10 217 230 107

    16 94 4.15 212 222 102

    14 92 4.25 203 213 98

    12 90 4.35 192 204 92

    10 89 4.40 187 195 90

    8 87 4.50 179 187 87

    6 85 4.60 170 180 83

    4 84 4.65 166 173 79

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    InE191 Engineering Material

    2 82 4.80 156 166 77

    0 81 4.80 156 160 74

    79 4.90 149 156 73

    77 5.00 143 150 70

    74 5.10 137 143 67

    72 5.20 131 137 65

    70 5.30 126 132 62

    68 5.40 121 127 60

    65 5.50 116 122 58

    5.60 112 117 56

    :

    - http://www.isit.or.th/-

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    ( 1 ()

    2 1 2 (( c PDF

    )1) 2 (Eng)

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