1988 AP European History Multiple Choice Exam Mr Van Rossum Beverly Hills High School Answers Explained--Percentages indicate number of students who answered the question correctly on the actual test in 1988

1. Salvation by faith alone, the ministry of all believers and the authority of the Bible are principles basic to (84%) A. no—while critical of the Church, he remained a loyal Catholic B. no—it was established NOT due to doctrinal differences with Catholicism, but rather to legitimize Henry VIII’s divorce and the legitimacy of the Tudor line. In practice, Anglicanism is very close to Catholicism C. no—the easy rule to remember is that Catholic doctrines DO NOT change D. yes—“Salvation by faith alone” is the key; you get to heaven based on the strength of your belief, not things like indulgences E. no—the Jesuits were a Catholic missionary group 2. The Edict of Nantes in 1598 did which of the following? (66%) You need to know the Edict of Nantes, it reflects the growing power of the state, the rise of “politiques”, and the understanding that religion is not worth fighting over A. no—all you have to remember is that England participated in wars against Louis XIV in the 1600’s B. no—they’re trying to confuse you with the Gallican Liberties (the rights that allow French kings to pick their own bishops within France (lay investiture) C. no—the Peace of Utrecht 1713 did that D. yes—Henry IV did this to make peace with the Huguenots after he left them and converted to Catholicism (“Paris is worth a mass”) E. no—“precipitated” means “led to”; the Edict of Nantes helped to end them 3. The sketch above, drawn by Galileo in 1610, was used to argue that the Moon (72%) Sort of a strange question, in that the image itself isn’t needed (but does help) in answering the question. Rule out the obvious errors and you have your answer A. no—full moon, half moon etc—how could you argue against the existence of phases? B. yes—the picture shows this, but more importantly all the other choices are so obviously wrong for an educated person to believe C. no—it’s a satellite of a planet D. no—looking up at the sky tells you this is wrong E. no—you gotta be kidding 4. The quotation above expresses the views of which of the following? (70%) A critical reading of the quote suggests the point of view of a person who feels that many Catholics are being hypocritical by not living up to the things they value. The fact that “venerating saints” is mentioned tells us this directed at Catholics. Protestants downplay the concept of saints, believing that it promoted idolatry A. no—he wasn’t exactly a good Catholic B. no—she was the widowed queen of France, and a Machiavellian manipulator (mother of the 3 “boy kings” of the late 1500’s during the French civil wars) C. yes—he called for fellow Catholics to live up to their ideals as a way of fixing the abuses of the Church D. no—an artist, not a religious commentator E. no—a humanist who focused on maximizing human potential in politics 5. John Locke based his Two Treatises on Government primarily on which of the following views of human nature? (68%) A. yes—therefore we can make good decisions and can be trusted to govern ourselves B. no—because he believed in answer “A” C. no—again, goes against Locke’s belief that we can self-govern D. no—that would be Hobbes E. no—goes against Locke’s conception of “tabula rasa”; our mind are “blank slates” at birth and our beliefs are formed as a result of experience

6. The map above of eighteenth-century Russia suggests which of the following about Russian territory between 1689 and 1796? (78%) A. no—the map clearly shows Russia did during the reign of Catherine the Great B. no—clearly not the case of you take the time to look C. no—obvious D. no—Poland disappeared as a result of the failure to develop a strong centralized state E. yes—on the Black Sea and the Baltic (doesn’t mean they controlled the outlets though) 7. Which of the following best describes the political and economic environment of much of fifteenth century Italy? (73%) A. no—at the very least the Papal States would rule that out, as would the merchant dominated states city-states of Florence and Venice B. no—“unified” only after 1860 C. yes—Florence personified D. no—shouldn’t have to explain this one E. no—you don’t dominate another territory by supporting art 8. The response of the Roman Catholic church to the Protestant Reformation included all of the following EXCEPT (55%) You need to know that the Council of Trent (1545-1565) was the event that marked the Catholic Church’s formal response to the Protestant challenge A. yes—this is FALSE, they established the Index of Prohibited books B. C.D.E these are ALL policies/actions that the Council of Trent adopted to fight Protestantism 9. The Pieter Brueghel painting (circa 1569) shown above depicts the massacre of villagers in (55%) This can be a tough one, but what can you eliminate just based on the imagery? (by the way, ignore the copyright info on the bottom right—it’s a legal requirement, not a clue) A. yes—Brueghel was a famous Flemish (today’s northern Belgium) painter, the time period is during the revolt of the Netherlands B. no—the Ottomans never got that far north (there’s snow on the ground) C. no—when did England ever invade Spain? D. no—same as “C”, Sweden never invaded France, they even worked together in the Thirty Years War E. no—simply didn’t happen. But in any event, if it’s a choice between A and E, “A” offers more relevant clues 10. The first political use of the terms “right” and “left” was to describe the (57%). You should know this from the political spectrum chart and the French Revolutionary activity we did in class A. no—in any event, Protestants were a small minority B. yes—there it is—you tend to sit with your like-minded friends C. no—do we have to go over the rest? Didn’t think so D. no E. no 11. Which of the following statements best describes the writers of the Romantic school? (84%) A. yes—pretty much sums it up, but you knew that B. no—they rejected the Enlightenment’s emphasis on reason and logic C. no—“best describes”?? Some of them might have felt strongly about this, but it certainly doesn’t define the movement D. no—that would be neoclassicism (associated with the Enlightenment) E. no—just the opposite

12. During the Crimean War (1854-1856), most deaths among the military occurred as a result of (73%) A. no—that’s WWI B. no—maybe Napoleon’s invasion of Spain, but not really characteristic of European wars C. no—the enemies of Russia (Britain, France) transported troops to the Crimean peninsula via ship, but the Russian’s didn’t have a strong enough naval presence to maintain intense naval battles D. yes—that’ why Florence Nightengale became famous—she worked to improve dreadful medical care based on her experiences in the Crimean War E. no—you need to know enough about the Crimean war to effectively rule this out 13. In fifteenth-century Europe, Muslim culture exerted the greatest influence on which of the following societies? (69%) Surprising that less than 70% got this right. A. no B. no C. no D. no E. yes—due to it’s proximity to North Africa. 14. In 1500 the two most powerful autocracies in Eastern Europe were (24%). A lot of students missed this one. This is very early in modern European history, so what can you rule out? A. yes—if you didn’t know it immediately, you may come to this answer based on the ability to eliminate the other choices B. no—the Ottomans replaced the Byzantines C. no—again, Byzantines were gone by this time D. no—“powerful autocracy” rules out Poland (remember the librum veto—“exploding the diet”) Polish government was designed to be dysfunctional in order to protect the independence of the nobility E. no—Hungary was subservient to the Ottomans and the Austrians. We never studied them as an example of a powerful state 15. The principal reason why Louis XIV (1643-1715) built his palace at Versailles was to (78%) A. yes—you keep your friends close and your enemies closer B. no—why would he want to do that? He even revoked the Edict of Nantes C. no—he built it to get away from the potentially dangerous crowds of Paris D. no—that’s more in line with a Great Depression/Keynesian economics policy E. no—that’s essentially saying he had too much money and didn’t know what to do with it 16. In the second half of the seventeenth century, which of the following countries dominated European culture, politics, and diplomacy? (67%) A. no—the 17th century was a formative time period for England. They were still working out problems between the monarchs and parliament B. no—a great commercial and cultural area, but it’s small size made it vulnerable in regards to international politics C. no—in the later 19th century they make significant contributions to culture, but at this time Peter the Great was copying western ideas in order to build a state that could defend itself D. yes—it’s all about the Sun King, and France was by far the dominant European state during his reign 1661-1715 E. no—they were working hard just to survive

17. Which of the following best characterizes the Western European economy, as a whole, in the sixteenth century? (19%) A. no—“widespread”?? Way before the welfare state, this would lead to famines and other disasters, which would have prevented Europe from establishing a foundation for long-term growth B. no—this is the period of the Commercial Revolution and the beginnings of mercantilist policies C. no—that’s the Industrial Revolution D. no—that’s from the mid 19th century period where classical liberalism was at it’s highest influence. Mercantilists rejected free trade—they wanted their country’s to be self-sufficient E. yes—caused in part by the growth of the money supply—gold from the new world was coming in at this time 18. In the first half of the seventeenth century, the Austrian Hapsburg subdued revolt and centralized control in their territories by doing which of the following? (28%) That would be the early 1600’s, and the Hapsburgs were still attempting to restore order to the HRE and maintain it as the foundation of their political power A. no—peasants won’t be emancipated anywhere in the east until the 18th century at the earliest B. no—this is central/eastern Europe—the middle class (much less an urban one) is insignificant here C. no—the Habsburgs were always tied to the Roman Catholic Church D. no—this suggests a highly developed merchant economy—not something that’s happening in the east E. yes—that pretty much describes the Thirty Years War 19. Which of the following was a major result of the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)? (59%) A. no—it destroys the HRE once and for all B. no—that’s not a very major result C. no—never happened, and in any event Russia had no where near the power to do this D. yes—that pretty much explains why the war devastated Germany and pushed its development back E. no—see above 20. After the defeat of King Charles I in the English Civil War and his execution in 1649, England was governed for a decade by (84%) If you remembered “James Charles-Charles James (with Cromwell in the middle)” you have your answer. If not, then… A. no—way too early for this kind of idea B. yes—this is when the Puritan minority ruled over the Anglican majority C. no—constitutionalism was attempted again when Charles II was brought back during the Restoration of 1660. His younger brother James II again attempted to rule as an absolutist and was deposed (along with the Stewart dynasty) for good during the Glorious Revolution of 1688 D. no—that’s the same as the king of England as this point E. no—egalitarian means equality—way too early for this 21. Which of the following most clearly distinguishes the northern Renaissance from the Italian Renaissance? (47%) A. no—while arguable stronger in the north, Italians also had an interest in science and tech (remember Leonardo DaVinci?) B. yes—this is why Christian Humanism (desire to be more involved in your faith—represented by people like Luther and Erasmus) is a northern phenomenon C. no—Latin in this case is referring to languages, and all Renaissance thinkers (northern and Italian) tended to promote writing in the vernacular D. no—as stated in “C”, they both did this E. no—scholastics (i.e. scholasticism) is the medieval belief that reason (“scientific thought”) and religion can coexist. Renaissance thinkers in general were more influenced by classic Greek thinkers

22. Adam Smith maintained that (61%) A. no—that’s too negative for Smith. He’s a classic enlightenment thinker, which means progress B. no—that’s Malthus, and again too much of a downer for Smith to have said C. no—he wants open markets/free trade, and never anticipated the rise of monopolies as capitalism matured during the Industrial Revolution D. yes—it encourages producers to create the best possible product in order to make a profit, which in turn benefits everyone—a true example of progress E. no—that only happens if people are unhappy, and in Smith’s eyes capitalism will provide for all 23. Which of the following early nineteenth-century political figures was most closely identified with the concept of “the concert of Europe”? (52%) This is so easy I’m not gonna waste time explaining it (and how did almost 50% of students get it wrong?!?!) A. no B. no C. no D. no E. yes 24. A factor accelerating the British government’s repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 was the (35%) A. no—that happened in the early 1700’s B. no—also too early to have any kind of effect C. yes—hungry people gotta eat, and if they don’t they rebel, hence the incentive to repeal the Corn Laws in order to make food cheaper D. no—too early for this. Steamships are just beginning to be developed E. no—not until the 20th century (internal combustion engines, tractors etc had not yet been developed) 25. Which of the following spared Europe a general multinational war during the second half of the nineteenth century? (56%) A. yes—honestly, I don’t like this answer because the Concert of Europe was broken by the Crimean War and the unification of Germany upset the balance of power. But if they say it’s right I guess it’s right, and in any event the answer choices that follow don’t hold up B. no—if anything that contributed to new possibilities for military technology C. no—Kaiser Wilhelm II’s post Bismarck “New Course “ involved building a navy to compete with Britain. This made war more likely D. no—it’s safe to assume that the Ottomans are pretty much always in a state of decline, especially in the 19th century E. no—economic nationalism was kicking in during the late 19th century as nations sought protection (e.g. by enacting tariffs from their economic rivals 26. The eighteenth-century philosophes believed that society could best achieve progress through (52%) OK, just to clarify, these are the Enlightenment thinkers A. no—they were hostile towards traditional religion and favored science as a way to promote positive change B. no—that means going by your instincts. Not very scientific—more of a Romantic approach C. no—that sounds like the Calvinist inspired “Protestant Work Ethic” D. yes—that’s the basis of rational, reasoned thouht E. no—that would be the Renaissance 27. The model of the universe which resulted from the scientific wok of Galileo and Newton embraced (59%) A. no—Aristotle believed in a geocentric universe B. no—what does that mean? C. no—“spiritually animate” means one in which god plays an active role in managing D. no—again, they moved away from this idea

E. yes—“mechanics” means a machine-like system that operates in a predictable, logical way (hence the “watchmaker” conception of the universe) 28. The sequence of events that led to the French Revolution of 1789 is best summarized by which of the following? (77%) This is a chronology-based question, so simply rule out an answer choice as soon as you see an event that doesn’t fit A. no—the first statement nullifies the answer choice. The revolution didn’t begin with a call for revolution, but for tax reform and the end of feudal privilege. If you missed that then Robespierre as the leader of a peasant revolution is comically wrong B. no—it was really the Bourgeoisie that pushed the interests of the 3rd Estate, not the peasants, and Louis XVI remained as king during the first phase of the revolution (Legislative Assembly) C. no—simply wrong on all counts D. no--ditto E. yes—Louis XVI called the Estates General because he was broke, and the revolution unfolded from there 29. These words express the ideas of (67%) A. no—famed historian and observer of foreign societies (Britain, America) B. no—he was speaking in favor of more rights (e.g. property) for the rising bourgeoisie C. no—he did question problems associated with inequality, but didn’t advocate replacing the bourgeoisie D. no—famous conservative of the late 18th century who criticized the radical politics of the French Revolution E. yes—let’s see, hostility to the bourgeoisie and the mention of class antagonism tells us it’s gotta be Marx 30. Which of the following best describes an important trend in typical family size in Western Europe after 1870? (21%) A. no—urbanization created space limitations for larger families (although health standards did improve as a result of government policies regarding clean water, sanitation etc.) B. no—that reflects China today. European governments never did this C. no—society is becoming more urbanized due in part to greater food production, and in any event if this was true there would have been an explosion of urban unrest D. yes—they wanted to maintain their growing standard of living, and there was no practical benefit to raising large families in an urban setting E. no—there was a high degree of emigration, and in any event that in and of itself would limit family size (it would just potentially relocate family members) 31. English economic expansion was severely threatened in the eighteenth century by a rapidly diminishing supply of (33%) OK, the 18th century is the period when the factors necessary for the Industrial Revolution are coming in to play A. no—this is an organic compound that when dried, can be used for fuel. It’s not very efficient and was used largely to heat homes in Scotland and Ireland, where it was more common B. yes—the forests of England were largely cut down, and wood served not only as a fuel source but also as a building material C. no—this form of energy was just beginning to be exploited for use in the newly developed steam engine. England had large coal reserves and it was an positive factor in allowing them to industrialize D. no—too early for this; oil won’t come in to play in a big way until the development of internal combustion engines E. no—it rains a lot in England, and the rivers kept flowing

32. All of the following statements about Europe’s population in the eighteenth century can be inferred from the graph above EXCEPT: (78%) So, what answer choice is NOT TRUE? A. no—France is at the top of the chart for most of the time period B. yes—this is a false statement. Russia may throw you off due to its rapid growth, but we’re looking at the big picture of Europe in general. Notice all of the eastern states at the bottom of the graph C. no—that’s true and hard not to notice D. no—that’s true as the curve for England slopes upwards E. no—that’s true as the slopes generally increase at a greater rate after 1750 33. The passage above describes an important aspect of social life in which of the following? (78%) Hopefully the word “salon” tipped you off A. no—that was the center of Calvinism, and words like “open minded” and playing cards don’t go mix with that B. no—Florence during the Renaissance was more of a man’s world C. no—the Glorious Revolution wasn’t known for being a social scene D. yes—what else could it be? E. no—“kulturkampf” was Bismarck’s struggle against the influences of the Catholic church in Germany 34. Enlightened monarchs of the eighteenth century supported all of the following EXCEPT (68%) That would refer to rulers like Joseph II of Austria, Frederick the Great of Prussia, and Catherine the Great of Russia A. no—they were big on that B. no—they were big on that C. yes—false statement, they’re ambitious about expanding their territories. The War of the Austrian Succession and the 7 Years War are two examples D. no—they were big on that E. no—they were big on that 35. Which of the following characterized European warfare between the Peace of Utrecht (1713) and the outbreak of the French Revolution (1789)? (54%) You should remember that this is a period (really beginning with the Peace of Westphalia 1648, which ended the Thirty Years War and the associated wars of religion) where Europeans did not fight for ideological reasons A. yes—wars were designed simply to pursue dynastic (royal family) or economic goals B. no—that begins with the French Revolution C. no—we’re not in the middle ages anymore D. no—that would reflect something like the Cold War and the promotion of world revolution E. no—this comes in to play with modern industrial technology (trains, tanks, trucks etc.). An example would be the way the German army bypassed the French Maginot Line in WWII 36. Under the Napoleonic system, peasants in territories conquered by French armies were generally given (38%) A. no—Napoleon wasn’t interested in spreading democracy B. no—there were bigger issues to focus on C. yes—that’s another way of saying feudalism was ended. Napoleon was a modernizer and this was a key area of reform D. no—silly answer. Napoleon wasn’t creating a language school E. no—Napoleon, like all Enlightened thinkers, believed in universal rules that applied to all people in all places (recall this got him into trouble in places like Spain)

37. “The greatest happiness for the greatest number” was the explicit goal of which of the following movements? (55%) A. no—too “practical” for a Romantic B. yes—“utility” means usefulness. Thinkers like Jeremy Bentham used “the greatest good for the greatest number” as the fundamental test to determine if an idea or reform should be adopted C. no—that reflects an emotional religious belief D. no—too compromising/moderate of a statement for an anarchist E. no—tough one to rule out as it’s not generally a well developed topic among most AP Euro teachers. It was a mid 16th century movement within the Catholic Church that was condemned by the pope for being too closely related to Calvinist teachings 38. The individual recounting the story above was (63%) Can you think of a famous event that involved selectively editing a telegraph? A. no—his downfall was related to story described above B. no—he was also a famous manipulator (recall he worked with Napoleon III to start a war in northern Italy that would eliminate Austrian influence there C. no—he was a British prime minister of the mid 19th century—no connection D. yes—he was a shrewd one, and this describes how he manipulated what became known as the “Ems Dispatch” to entice Napoleon III into going to war with Prussia (Franco-Prussian War 1870) E. no 39. The disease common in industrialized areas of nineteenth-century Europe was (55%) A. no—that was primarily a problem in the 14th-17th centuries B. yes—that bacteria that cause tuberculosis thrived in the crowded, dirty slums of 19th century industrialized cities C. no—Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine in the 1790’s to combat smallpox D. no—that’s a tropical disease E. no—same as “D” 40. In 1917 the Bolsheviks sought to rally support from the Russian people with which of the following slogans? (74%) A. yes—the promise to get Russia out of WWI, give everyone enough food, and redistribute property was very appealing B. no—that was Stalin’s modification to Marxist doctrine, and it represented to belief that communism could be fully realized in one state (not developed at a gradual pace internationally), then exported to others at a later time C. no—that’s Bismarck of course D. no—that’s a Nazi slogan E. no—that’s the French Revolution of course 41. French leaders decided to occupy Germany’s Ruhr Valley in January 1923 in order to (66%) A. no—after the Russian Revolution, the USSR was isolated from western Europe. They won’t have in influence in (eastern) Germany until after WWII B. no—Alsace and Lorainne were returned to France after WWI—that’s the only territory they could (and would) want C. no—too early, Nazis were not yet a powerful force in Germany D. no—sounds good until you get to the re-armament part. E. yes—the Ruhr Valley is Germany’s industrial heartland, and France attempted to take over factories there as a way of getting reparations payments out of Germany

42. By 1948 Soviet-dependent regimes existed in all of the following countries EXCEPT (47%) A. no B. no C. no D. no E. yes—this was the only Communist state in Europe that was not dominated by the USSR. Yugoslavia had been liberated from Nazi control by Josep Tito, a Yugoslav communist, without the assistance of the USSR. As a result, the Russians were unable to control the direction of political change once the war ended 43. The French monarchy in the seventeenth century sought to expand France’s borders to its “natural frontiers” by gaining control of (71%) A. no—too far north, that’s on the German/Danish border B. no—too far to the east, that’s in northern Italy C. yes—makes sense, it’s on the edge of the HRE, and that’s why Germany claimed (and took) it upon their defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian war D. no—there’s a clearly defined natural border between France and Spain called the Pyrenees E. no—same as answer B, except it’s even further away 44. Which of the following caused the deepest and most persistent internal opposition to the French Revolution? (30%) So, in other words, a very serious issue that divided the revolutionaries A. no—that involved peasants attacking nobles during the summer of 1789 B. no—that showed the unity of the working classes with their bourgeoisie representatives of the newly created National Assembly C. no—he was a conservative English critic of the French Revolution—hardly the guy to create internal opposition D. no—the revolution had gone too far (Reign of Terror) and most Frenchmen were willing to see it put to an end E. yes—as Palmer said, “the greatest tactical blunder of the revolution”. By taking over the Catholic Church, the new revolutionary government alienated many church officials and unnecessarily forced French citizens to have to choose between their loyalty to the state or loyalty to the church 45. Architecture produced in the Napoleonic Empire was influenced most by (43%) A. no—this is Europe, remember? B. yes—following in the footsteps of Europe’s earlier “great empire” (also fits the Neoclassical style of the Enlightenment) C. no—“Romanesque” is an early Renaissance style that more or less combines Gothic and neoclassical elements D. no—this is Europe, remember? E. no—Napoleon is a product of the Enlightenment, not the middle-ages 46. The graph above depicts the lengths, from longest to shortest, of the railway systems of (44%) This question requires some educated guessing. If building railways is a sign of industrialization, identifying the country that industrialized first will lead you to the answer A. no—starts off well, but Italy as second rules it out B. yes—UK first, as it should be, Germany as second may surprise you, but they did become a key industrial power and in any event it’s a much better choice than what “A” has to offer C., D., E. no—Britain isn’t first so you can rule them out immediately

47. Mary Wollstonecraft and John Stuart Mill both wrote (47%). This is a tough question because John Stuart Mill is not generally discussed in AP Euro classes to the same extent that Mary Wollstonecraft is A. no—although Wollstonecraft did write “Declaration of the Rights of Women” as a criticism of the fact that the revolutionaries ignored women B. yes—easy to connect this to Wollstonecraft, but Mill was a mid-19th century Utilitarian who advocated for the rights of women C. no—they weren’t writers of fiction D. no—pretty random answer choice E. no—George III was gone before John Stuart Mill came of age 48. All of the following cities experienced major uprisings in 1848 except (60%) A. no—it started here (as revolutions usually do in European history) B. no—even the Prussian king had to take revolutionaries into account C. yes—remember the general rule for Britain: evolution, not revolution (with the exception of the Glorious Revolution of 1688 of course, but even that wasn’t a revolution in the real sense of the word D. no—Mazzini and Garibaldi even drove the pope out of Rome for a time E. no—Metternich ran away to England as a result and never came back 49. The image shown above is an example of a new technique for examining the human body which was discovered by (40%) You have to know who developed X-rays, which is a bit random, but it’s not such a hard question if you know what the people identified in the wrong answers were famous for A. no—he developed theories on electromagnetism B. no—he developed the knowledge of germ-theory (the way in which diseases actually spread) and that the use of high temperatures (“Pasteurization”) was a way to kill them C. no—Lister also focused on bacteria and sanitation (“Listerine”) D. yes—who’s that?? I had to look it up too but at least the odds of picking him are decent E. no—he focused on quantum physics. 50. In what era did the developments described in the passage most probably take place? (42%) A. no B. no C. no D. yes—the classic age of imperialism (and the welfare state) began after 1870 E. no—the classic era of imperialism generally ends with WWI, and certainly doesn’t go beyond the end of WWII (1945) 51. Which of the following factors best explains the transformation and decline of liberalism described in the passage? (53%) The mention of imperialism is will probably be the most relevant clue, “social regulation” (i.e. the welfare state) also gives you a lot to go on A. no—that pretty much died with the French Revolution, and even Russia emancipated the serfs in 1861 B. yes—the policies described in the passage is largely the result of governments attempting to maintain control over and void revolution in increasingly concentrated urban societies C. no—the statement reflects modern changes in Europe, and literacy rates only increase over time as society becomes more sophisticated D. no—that’s a ridiculous statement E. no—the masses of Europe arguable might have had a tendency to be more loyal to religion than liberal elites, but that’s not enough of a factor to get those in power to make the changes described in the passage

52. Which of the following ideas did Darwin draw on in developing his theories of evolution? (55%) A. no—lol B. no—“eternal and unchanging”?? How do you develop a theory of evolution with that in mind? C. no—really? D. no—has nothing to do with evolution E. yes—and the associated idea that organisms must fight over limited resources, thereby insuring the survival of those that are most fit 53. The nineteenth-century English cartoon above depicts (61%) Pay attention to the use of basic symbolism A. no—there’s a lot of portrayals of death; doesn’t relate to emigration B. no—a somewhat obscure reference, only becomes possible if other choices can’t be eliminated C. yes—common sense counts for a lot on the AP test D. no—same as B, and in any event, Britain ruled the seas. Hardly fitting for a confident naval power E. no—the subtitle suggests a possibility, but “C” is such a stronger choice that this answer can’t compete 54. The immediate cause of the 1905 Russian Revolution was social strain resulting from (58%). Focus on the word “immediate” A. no—the Social Democrats were the Marxists (broken down into Bolshevik and Menshevik factions). They did not have a major political presence B. no—“skilled workers”?? No, that would insinuate a highly developed technological society C. no—they government had control of the Russian Orthodox Church since Peter the Great’s time. This was not a source of instability D. no—Russia was primarily Slavic—no powerful ethnic groups existed in such a way as to be able to launch a revolution E. yes—this profoundly showed how badly the Russian state was being run 55. According to the graph above, which class in sixteenth-century England benefited most from the trends shown? (85%) OK, rent and the price of food go up at a higher level than wages, so… A. yes—they control the limited resource (land) that produce rent income and food B. no—things cost more and they have less money C. no—same as “B” D. no—probably won’t suffer as much as laborers and servants, but they still don’t control key wealth generating resources E. no—same as “D” 56. Which of the following was a primary result of the glorious Revolution of 1688? (63%) A. no—way too early for this kind of thing B. no—English government broke free from the influence of the Catholic church and they never looked back C. yes—the Bill of Rights insured this. It clearly stated the limitations of royal power D. no—that happened the first time the Stuarts were knocked out of power in 1649 E. no—that refers to Cromwell’s rise to power as a military dictator in the 1650’s. The experience for the majority of Englishmen was so bad that the Stuarts were welcomed back with the “Restoration” of Charles II in 1660 57. Important prerequisites for Great Britain’s industrialization in the mid eighteenth-century included which of the following? (55%) A. yes—gotta grow more food using less labor so that people could move the new industrial cities B. no—that won’t happen until after the Industrial Revolution had established itself C. no—that had an impact on the European economy in the 1500’s, well before industrialization D. no—gotta industrialize first, railways follow E. no—that sounds like absolutism, not a nation dominated by Parliament

58. The shades areas on the map above represent which of the following? (74%) Once again, look for obvious clues—what do all the shaded areas have in common? A. yes—that’s the only time Spain is connected to both it’s Austrian holdings and the Netherlands. The Netherlands is always a great place to look to help determine the time period. If the United Provinces replace the northern half, and the southern half is still identified as the Spanish Netherlands, then it’s after about 1600 but before 1713. If what’s left in the south is identified as the Austrian Netherlands, then it’s after the Peace of Utrecht of 1713 but before the French Revolution. If it’s linked with France it’s sometime during the French Revolution, and if it’s more specifically identified as the Kingdom of Holland Napoleon is in power. If it once again completely unified as the Kingdom of the Netherlands it’s after 1815 but before 1830. If you see Belgium identified as an independent country, than it’s after 1830. Whew!—Got it? B. no—all of Germany would be involved, as would France C. no—Spain and Italy easily rule that out D. no—that was an ill-conceived group supported by Tsar Alexander I E. no—this is obviously not a modern map of Europe 59. Which of the following European countries experienced the greatest degree of political instability in the nineteenth century? (56%) A. no—they only had a blow-up in 1848 B. yes—after the defeat of Napoleon (which brings about the instability of having to create a new govt) France experiences revolutions in 1830 and 1848, and the collapse of government and resulting civil war after their defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 C. no—Belgium separated from the Netherlands in 1830 D. no—only in 1848 E. no—they had their problems (Stephen Razin’s Rebellion in the 1660’s and Pugachev’s Rebellion 1770’s), but no widespread civil unrest during the 19th century 60. When Sigmund Freud remarked that “in mental life nothing which has been formed can perish,” he meant that (75%) A. no—anything but—we are motivated by subconscious forces (id/super-ego) B. no—if that was the case you wouldn’t be studying for the AP Euro test C. no—again, the subconscious was central to Freud’s views D. yes—past experiences affect us in ways we’re not aware of (so you go to therapy to figure out why you’re doing what you’re doing) E. no—there’s a great conflict of ideas going on inside your head 61. The chronologically arranged maps above illustrate the (38%). Think carefully—the answer is actually pretty logical if you pick up on some basic clues A. yes—the fact that Belgium was NOT invaded and a German Empire is the result shown in panel III tell you this B. no—it ran through Belgium C. no—again, Belgium is untouched and Paris was captured—this didn’t happen in WWI D. no—same reason you can rule out “C” E. no—Belgium was also invaded in WWII, and Germany didn’t return back to its territory 62. Which of the following ideas is common to the works of both Karl Marx and the classical economists? (39%) Classical economists include Adam Smith and those who follow in his footsteps A. no—Marx only; that’s clearly dialectical materialism B. no—same as “A” C. no—Smith idea that laissez-faire capitalism will make everyone happy D. yes—labor theory of value developed by Ricardo and adopted by Marx (the value of a good or service is dependent on the amount of labor needed to produce it) E. no

63. During the last third of the nineteenth century, new industries, such as those producing electric power and chemicals, advanced most rapidly in which of the following European countries? (77%) “most rapidly” tells you it’s a place that really gets its act together after about 1870 hint hint A. no—they industrialize before Germany, but can’t compete with it after Germany unifies B. no—the north will industrialize, but they too will never match Germany C. yes—Siemans, Krupps, Bayer (Aspirin) and BASF are examples of major German corporations that developed at that time D. no—they are the first to industrialize on the continent (second after Britain) but their small size limits their ability to dominate E. no—Spain remains relatively backward for a western European state well into the 20th century 64. The historian quoted above would most likely use which of the following statements to explain imperialism in Africa after 1870? (78%) This is simply a reading comprehension question A. no—says nothing about corporations B. yes—lots of references to cost-effective technology that allowed even private individuals to gain vast territories C. no—says nothing to this effect D. no—says nothing to this effect E. no—do I have to repeat myself 65. All of the following were invented in Western Europe during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries EXCEPT (57%) For the “NO’s”, if you didn’t know they came about during this time period you do now A. no B. no C. no D. no E. yes—this is associated with the early industrial revolution in England, which was centered on cotton textiles 66. The description above refers to the (38%) Potentially tough question, but look for key words that help narrow down the answer choices—you should be able to get it down to two possibilities (B or C) A. no—that was most of Germany as reorganized by Napoleon after the death of the HRE. The statement above is too narrow in its focus B. yes—a group of Baltic traders in early modern Europe C. no—never heard of it D. no—similar to explanation for “A”—the statement above would be too narrow focus E. no—you should remember them as a league of north German Lutheran princes who promoted Luther as a way of breaking free of the control of the Catholic church and the Habsburg dominated HRE. France supported them as a way of destabilizing the HRE

67. In Sixteenth century, all of the following had religious civil wards or political insurrections EXCEPT (48%) The 16th century was the era of the “new monarchies”, and the fact that they were centralizing their power made those who’s power would decrease (e.g. nobles) fight back. As a result, it was a very unstable time in places where the nation-state was developing A. yes—for once Russia is the place that does not experience internal conflict. It might have to do with the fact that not a lot of progress was being made in regards to developing the state at this time B. no—Henry VIII’s move towards Anglicanism (and his daughters Mary and Elizabeth’s attempt to deal with religion when they became monarchs) was a cause of political insurrection C. no—by “Low Countries” they’re referring to the Netherlands. The Netherlands revolted against Spain after Philip II sent in the Spanish Inquisition due to the growth of Calvinism there D. no—French Civil Wars; the nobles (especially Huguenots) tried to take advantage of the political instability that resulted when the Valois king Henry II was killed in an accident and his wife, Catherine d’Medici, tried to manage the affairs of her 3 young sons, each whom would serve as a monarch. This period of turmoil was not settled until Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) became the first of the Bourbon kings in 1589 E. no—they were a continual battle ground from the time of Luther right up to the end of the Thirty Years War in 1648 68. The teachings of which of the following had the greatest impact on the Reformation in Scotland? (57%) A. no—the Jesuits were an elite group of highly trained Catholics B. yes—and Scottish Calvinists were even given their own unique name (Presbyterians) C. no—Lutheranism is pretty much centered in Northern Germany and Scandinavia D. no—he was a Catholic who, while critical of Church abuses, hoped that Protestants and Catholics could find a way to come back together E. no—he was a Swiss reformer whose ideas were similar to Luther’s. He was involved in rebellions against the Catholic church there, and was later captured and killed by Catholic forces 69. Mercantilism was principally characterized by (68%) A. yes—strong and self-sufficient are qualities that promote the favorable balance of trade the mercantilists strive for B. no—that’s more or less a description of modern day political lobbies C. no—mercantilist do not believe in free trade. They advocate the use of tariffs to discourage imports D. no—mercantilists believe that gold (bullion) is the ultimate measure of wealth. The goal is to accumulate as much as possible E. no—that’s another way of saying let the market solve its own problems, or “laissez-faire” 70. In the late seventeenth century, which of the following countries led continental Europe in shipbuilding, navigation, and commerce and banking? (59%) A. no—France under Louis XIV led the world in regards to politics and culture, but not commerce etc B. no—you know why C. yes—i.e. the United Provinces. They lived by the sea and ocean going trade and finance was their life-blood D. no—when did we ever talk about Denmark (except for maybe the Danish phase of the Thirty Years War or maybe their attempt to take Schleswig-Holstein from the German confederation in the 1860’s) E. no—they were finished after 1650, and their power was based on gold from the New World, not commerce

71.In eighteenth-century Europe, the most important imperial rivalries existed among which of the following? (55%) “Imperial” essentially means “colonial empire”, so it has to be states that control lands aside from their home territories A. no—Russia fails the test B. no—Germany and Italy were not unified, and thus could not create and maintain empires C. no—same as B D. no—same as B E. yes—even though Spain’s better days were behind it, it still, like France and Britain, controlled vast overseas holdings 72. All of the following occurred as a result of the settlements reached at the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) EXCEPT: (49%) So, what’s NOT true? A. no—this was accomplished as a way to avoid future wars/change B. no—this happened too, even though Belgium later split from the Netherlands in 1830 C. no----makes sense, they’re famous for this D. yes—this is wrong. You know that Italy wasn’t unified until Cavour began the process in 1859 E. no—not something most people know, but you don’t need to as D is so obviously off the mark 73. In the mid-nineteenth century, industrial growth in Western Europe was significantly stimulated by the (n/a%) A. no—there was a movement towards free-trade, but it didn’t have the same impact as other options listed below B. no—that won’t really happen until the early 20th century—it’s one of Henry Ford’s primary innovations C. no—just the opposite. America was utilizing European capital to fund it’s economic developement D. yes—steam power brings about railroads and steamships—essential for moving large quantities of natural resources and goods quickly and efficiently E. no—too early. Labor unions won’t begin to significantly develop until after 1880 74. Which of the following factors most stimulated the entrance of large numbers of women in to the labor force in many European countries during the First World War? (93%) Let’s just cut to the answer—the other choices have no relation to the question A. no B. no C. no D. no E. yes—pretty obvious that huge numbers of men were drafted into the military, so women were needed to replace them in the workforce 75. A social historian would be most likely to research which of the following topics? (73%) A. no—that’s political history (Palmer’s big on this) B. no—also diplomatic/military C. no—that’s intellectual history D. no—believe it or not, there’s actually a category known as psychohistory E. yes—since it involves analyzing social interaction

76. In late nineteenth-century Great Britain, women were in the majority in which of the following categories of employment? (45%) A. no—how many rairoad engineers or ships captains can you think of that were women? B. no—some were in the mines, as described in the Ashley Mines Commission testimony, but the question is specifying women in the MAJORITY C. no—same as “B” D. yes—working as maids, cooks etc E. no--obvious 77. Which of the following scientific theories of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was used to support notions of racial superiority? (82%) A. no—I looked this one up (out of curiosity) but it’s pretty easy to know it’s wrong just because of the other choices B. no—he makes no distinctions in regards to psychological problems—everyone is affected C. yes—hence Social Darwinism D. no—that’s physics E. no—same as “B” 78. The painting above, Musical Forms (1931) by Georges Braque, is an example of which of the following schools of painting? (51%) Here’s where it helps to be somewhat familiar with the key characteristics of each major art movement. For a good review, go here: http://www.artchive.com/ftp_site.htm A. no—this one’s easy to eliminate B. no—ditto—impressionism portrays subjects in a natural, but typically blurry way C. yes—they focused on using the basic shapes of circles, squares, and triangles D. no—check out the link above, it’s hard to give a meaningful explanation in 1 or 2 sentences E. no—clearly not realism 79. Albert Einstein is well known for theorizing that (67%) A. no—they can be split and release huge amounts of energy B. no—they’re relative C. no—it has both waves and particles D. yes—that’s what E=MC2 is all about E. no—the speed of sounds is somewhere around 750 mph depending on atmospheric conditions etc. Many different airplanes can exceed it 80. Most historians would agree with which of the following descriptions of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919? (83%) A. no—it dealt with Germany and Germany alone B. no—it’s one of history’s greatest failures C. no—seriously? D. no—the US was arguing for a humane treaty that would allow Europe to move on (Wilson’s 14 Points). E. yes—no one walked away happy

81. The political and social values of the Vichy government in France during the Second World War are best described as (19%) You need to know that this was the French government that came in to being after their defeat at the hands of Germany. They were a Nazi sympathizing puppet state that was led by Marshal Petain A. no—they were authoritarian, anti-socialist, and supported the war aims of the Nazis B. no—they represented conservative elements that had strong ties to the church and other cultural elites, and “radically fascist” is much to extreme a statement C. yes—conservative-authoritarian defines them D. no—the easy one to eliminate is “antimilitary” E. no—the easy one to eliminate is “liberal”. In addition, it’s hard to be expansionist when you’ve been over-run by a foreign power 82. The map above represents the British Empire in (45%) A. no—if this was the case they would still hold territory in the United States B. no—they have interior lands in Africa—that won’t really start until the classic age of imperialism after 1870 C. yes—just after WWI. They got Palestine/Middle East from the defeated Ottomans. And besides, the term “mandate” on the key is a dead giveaway—those were territories the Central Powers had to hand over to the Allies as a result of losing the war D. no—India and the Middle East territories gained their freedom in the late 1940’s E. no—you can rule out this one simply because it’s even later in time than choice “D” 83. The passage above was written by (28%) Key phrases in the question include “interpreter of nature”, “observed”, and the general idea that we know what we do via observation A. yes—Bacon was a pioneer in promoting the scientific method and was an advocate of observations based on inductive reasoning B. no—Luther believed in a lot of things he never directly observed C. no—good second guess. Also a pioneer of the scientific method, but he focused on deductive reasoning D. no—how do you observe the future? Remember, the Hegelian Dialectic proclaims to know what’s ahead in history E. no—the statement shows the limitations of humanity; Nietzsche was all about the potential 84. Which of the following European states was the last to eliminate legal discriminations against Jews? (49%) Religious toleration is a sign of progress and liberal thinking, therefore, which state was most backwards A. no B. no C. no D. no E. yes—the Pogroms (attacks on Jewish villages—think “Fiddler on the Roof) were taking place in the late 19th century 85. All of the following were among President Wilson’s Fourteen Points EXCEPT (53%) A. no—Wilson favored “national self-determination”, and felt that distinct ethnic groups needed their own states B. no—he wanted this too—“Freedom of the Seas” C. no—he understood that the arms race preceding WWI made wars more likely D. no—same idea as “A”—this is why new states like Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia emerged from former Austrian territory E. yes—this is the answer because he didn’t favor this. Due to the Russian Revolution and their pullout from WWI, they were seen as an outlaw state and were not included in post war planning

86. The major objective of the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) was to (55%) This is a technical question. You know it or you don’t, and if you can eliminate as many choices as possible you give yourself a decent chance to get it right. A. yes—it is what it is. It reflects a bit of optimism before everything fell apart during the Great Depression B. no—kind of random C. no—Britain and France cooperated in regards to foreign affairs after WWI largely in an attempt to contain Germany D. no—the occupation lasted from 1923 to 1925, led to the hyperinflation crisis that affected Germany, and ended with the implementation of the US sponsored Dawes Plan, which modified terms of the Treaty of Versailles and restructured German debt repayments E. no 87. The illustration above from a 1940 German magazine suggests that women should (98%) A. no—that doesn’t look very maternalistic, now does it? B. no—while the Nazi government would certainly promote this statement, the imagery in the picture doesn’t support that idea C. no—looks like she’s working outside the house D. yes—cover the traditional responsibilities of men so that they can take up arms in the war E. no—she’s clearly not taking on a military role 88. The primary instrument of economic integration in Western Europe since the Second World War has been the (54%) This question is from the 1988 exm, before the existence of the European Union A. no—that’s a military alliance designed to stop Soviet military expansion into western Europe B. yes—bingo, the title reinforces the answer C. no—they deal with global financial issues, as the title implies D. no—we’re looking for an institution that’s primary focus is economic development E. no—good second guess, but hopefully your studies pointed you to “B” 89. The most notable social effect of the 1923 inflation in Germany was the (68%) A. yes—during periods of inflation, any wealth in the form of cash savings declines in value. The middle class were particularly affected, as they typically had savings accounts. It’s important to note because the middle class in any society represents stability. If they’re wiped out, can become attracted to extreme ideas B. no—that simply doesn’t happen to modern industrial societies C. no—no connection to this, that’s usually the result of the need for labor in times of war D. no—simply not true E. no—just the opposite, it polarized politics in Germany, as people lost faith in capitalism and democracy and became increasingly attracted to fascist or communist ideas 90. All of the following are policies to which totalitarian states have traditionally adhered EXCEPT (75%) So, what DOESN’T fit totalitarian states? A. yes—this won’t work because the “total” in totalitarian comes from the fact that no one is allowed to compete with or challenge the authorities/ “official political party” and as a result they gain total control B. no—they do this as a way of taking care/controlling their citizens. The state supplies all needs C. no—they tend to be aggressive and have to rely on the military as a way of keeping power over their citizens D. no—they do this because the economy is very important and they don’t want to surrender control of it to forces that may have different goals than they do E. no—tricky, because it sounds like democracy, but remember, only ONE party is allowed (see answer choice A), and the government generally “pre-approves” those candidates running for office

91. Which of the following was a major factor in German military victories in 1939-1940? (76%) Remember, “major factor” means the best, most important example. Some answer choices may be “true”, but are less important in affecting the outcome A. no—Germany didn’t have numerical superiority, and while they had impressive technology, in the period 1939-1940 it can’t be categorized as “overwhelmingly superior” to that of Britain or France B. no—the French famously capitulated to the Nazis in a humiliating defeat C. no—Britain did not launch a campaign in Norway D. yes—they utilized existing weapons in creative and revolutionary ways, and as a result made the old strategy of defensive war (think WWI trenches) obsolete E. no—didn’t happen. The USSR had signed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact in August 1939, promising neutrality and staying out of each others affairs 92. Which of the following statements about twentieth-century existentialists like Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre is true? (57%) Recall that Existentialism is the belief that in a life that is probably meaningless, it’s up to the individual to find the courage and reason to make their life worth living A. yes—in other words, nothing outside of yourself can be used to define meaning in life B. no—existentialists wouldn’t rely on religion as a guide to for life C. no—has not relation to the question D. no—again, the Enlightenment wouldn’t be an individual’s unique way to develop meaning E. no—same as B and D 93.In the 1960’s a factor that distinguished Soviet social structure from the societies of advanced industrial nations in Western Europe was the Soviet Union’s (62%) A. no—the USSR was incredibly diverse (any country that covers the vast territory that the USSR did is going to have many ethnic groups) B. yes—this underscores a basic problem with the Soviet economy. Due to collectivization, agriculture was inefficient and required more labor that in the west. Know this fact—I bet it’ll show up in an AP test question C. no—“service sector” jobs are non-industrial jobs dedicated to providing things consumers (not factories) need. The production of consumer good always lagged way behind the west, and as a result fewer workers were needed this area. You should also commit this idea to memory, as it’s common for a number of questions to be based on the Soviet economy D. no—women never made it to the elite level of the Politburo E. no—both eastern and western Europe had compulsory education 94. Which of the following was the major reason for the establishment of the Dual Monarchy in 1867? (38%) A. yes—the Magyars (Hungarians) were, next to the Germans, the most powerful ethnic group in the Empire. They were essentially made partners with the Habsburgs, and they worked together to keep the other ethnicities (especially the Slavs) in line B. no—Turkey was a declining power C. no—Napoleon III didn’t have that kind of power D. no—on the surface this may seem plausible, but you have to understand the strength of choice “A” to effectively rule this out E. no—Italy wasn’t that powerful

95. The immediate aim of the Truman Doctrine of 1947 was to (31%) The Truman Doctrine marked the beginning of the US policy of “containing” Communism. It pledged to support any nation that was threatened by communist take-over/revolution A. no—that would be the Marshall Plan B. no—while they had communist/socialist movements, they were not threatened with takeover C. yes—Britain had been managing these territories post WWII, and were unable to stop the spread of communism. As a result, the United States stepped in D. no—the United States accepted the fact that those European states behind the Iron Curtain could not be helped—any assistance might lead to direct confrontation with the USSR and another World War E. no—the USSR never attempted to dominate West Germany 96. Which of the following areas was conceded to Hitler at the Munich Conference of 1938? (57%) This was the infamous meeting between Neville Chamberlain and Hitler in September 1938, and it has come to symbolize the failure of appeasement A. no—that’s the strip of land that gave Poland (as it was created after 1918) access to the Baltic. Hitler resented it because it separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany B. no—that was an area in Germany near the French border that was occupied by France for 15 years after WWI. It was supposed to be demilitarized, but Hitler made one of his first violations of the Treaty of Versailles by stationing German troops there in 1936 C. no—that’s a coal rich area in Germany. D. no—that’s the territory that Frederick the Great stole from Maria Theresa in 1740, thereby starting the War of the Austrian Succession E. yes—the Sudetenland was the western part of Czechoslovakia. It contained ethnic Germans, and Hitler used this fact as an excuse to take over the territory 97. The Western Allies and the Soviet Union agreed to all of the following measures to be implemented after the Second World War EXCEPT (61%) A. no—that pretty obviously happened B. no—that was not controversial—both sides wanted to see the Nazis punished C. no—both sides wanted to eliminate Nazi influences in Germany D. yes—this was controversial because it raised more questions that it solved (e.g. the fear that an independent organization could make decisions that were against the best interests of the Allies or the Soviet Union). The Russians in particular were not willing to lose control of their section of Germany E. no—that’s not controversial either 98. Nikita Khrushchev’s program of de-Stalinization involved all of the following EXCEPT (29%) “De-Stalinization” reflected the desire to move the USSR beyond the totalitarian terror that had gripped the country during Stalin’s reign A. no—he wanted to do this since the KGB had been used to terrorize Stalin’s perceived enemies B. no—he did this to eliminate a key element of totalitarianism C. yes—this was an economic policy (and a deeply flawed one at that) but it wasn’t part of Stalin’s oppressive system of rule D. no—this was done also; the idea being to prevent any one person from domination the political system. As a result, the Politburo increased its authority (kind of like a parliament standing up to a monarch) E. no—this was done also, mainly to give people more autonomy over their lives and reduce the potential for political leaders to create their own “cult of personality”

99. Which of the following characterized Mussolini’s ideal of the fascist corporate state? (65%) Fascism is a strongly authoritarian form of government, and it wants as much control as it can get. Of the elements described… I. this is true—Fascist states allow private corporations, but those corporations must follow the dictates of the state and do what was needed to fit within the overall goals of the government II. this is false—“semiautonomous” and fascism don’t go together III. this is true—in the same way fascist states work to eliminate the independence of big business, they also will not tolerate an independent labor movement. Unions are seen as a threat since they represent a form of organization not sanctioned by the government A. no B. no C. no D. yes—gotta be since it contains points I and III E. no 100. Which of the following was a central part of National Socialist ideology? (39%) A. yes—key rule, commies and fascist don’t mix; one promotes equality, the other promotes racial superiority B. no—fascists are generally conservative, but that’s not the most distinctive feature given the other choices presented in this question C. no----that’s an ideology that they can’t completely control, hence they didn’t promote it D. no—that’s the “greatest good for the greatest number”; too democratic E. no—that was a 19th century idea that believed trade unions should create larger federations and serve as the basis for nation-states