1983_davis_krupa_deidzic_the economics of direct control of residential loads on the design and...
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7/27/2019 1983_Davis_Krupa_Deidzic_The Economics of Direct Control of Residential Loads on the Design and Operation of t…
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1983daviskrupadeidzicthe-economics-of-direct-control-of-residential-loads 1/12
I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n s o n P o w er A p p a r a t u s a n d S y s t e m s , V o l . P A S - 1 0 2 , N o . 3 , M a r c h 1 9 8 3
THE ECONOMICS OF DIRECT CONTROLOF RESIDENTIAL LOA DS
ON THE DESIGN A ND OPERATIONOF THE D I S T R I B U T I O N SYSTEM
P ART 1 1
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
MU R R A Y W . D A V I S , S e n i o r Member I E E ET h e D e t r o i t E d i s o n Company
D e t r o i t , M i c h i g a n
THEODORE J . K RUP A, Member I E E ET h e D e t r o i t E d i s o n Company
D e t r o i t , M i c h i g a n
MATTHEW J . D I E D Z I C , Member I E E ET h e D e t r o i t E d i s o n Company
D e t r o i t , M i c h i g a n
A b s t r a c t - T h i s p a p e r i s t h e s e c o n d o f a s e r i e s o f t h r e e p a p e r s w h i c ha d d r e s s e s t h e e c o n o m i cs a n d e f f e c t s o f c o n t r o l l i n g c e n t r a l a i r c o n d i -t i o n i n g , w a t e r h e a t i n g , a n d s e r v i c e v o l t a g e o n t h e d e s i g n a n d o p e r a t i o no f t h e e n e r g y d e l i v e r y s y s t e m . V a r i o u s l o a d c o n t r o l s t r a t e g i e s a r ed e s c r i b e d w h i c h b e n e f i t t h e s y s t e m g e n e r a t i o n a n d T&D s y s t e m . Au n i q u e a p p r o a c h i s d e v e l o p e d t o m e a s u r e t h e l o a d r e d u c t i o n s a n dr e c o v e r y l oa ds o f c e n t r a l a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g ( A / C ) a n d t h e t e s t d a t ac o l l e c t e d o v e r a f o u r - y e a r p e r i o d i s d i s p l a y e d f o r f o u r d i f f e r e n t c o n t r o lp e r i o d s a n d f i v e d i f f e r e n t a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e s . T h e t h e r m a lr e s p o n s e o f c u s t o m e r s ' h o m e s i s q u a n t i f i e d f o r t h e A / C c o n t r o lp e r i o d s . T h i s p a p e r a l s o s u m m a r i z e s t h e e l e c t r i c w a t e r h e a t e r c o n t r o l -l e d a n d u n c o n t r o l l e d l o a d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r t h e many c o n t r o ls t r a t e g i e s t e s t e d . C i r c u i t a n d c u s t o m e r v o l t a g e p r o f i l e s a r e p o r t r a y e df o r t h e s u m m e r a n d w i n t e r s e as o ns a l o ng w i t h t h e p e r c e n t c h a n g e s i n
r e a l a n d r e a c t i v e p o w e r f o r c h a n g e s i n c u s t o m e r s e r v i c e v o l t a g e .
INTRODUCTION
As s t a t e d i n t he I nt r od u c ti o n t o P a r t I ' , t h e e c o n o m i c b e n e f i t o fd i r e c t l y c o n t r o l l i n g customer l o a d s d e p e n d s on t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h el o a d r ed u c ti o n , t h e percentage o f energy p a y b a c k , t h e cost o f c o n t r o le q u i p m e n t a n d t h e l en gt h o f t i me t h e l o a d can b e c o n t r o l l e d d u r i n gp e ri o ds o f h i g h f u e l c o s t s or d u r i n g p e r i o d s o f s y s te m g e n e r a t i o n andT D c a p a c i t y s h o r t a g e s . T h e purpose o f t h i s paper i s t o d e f i n e t h ec h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e c o n tr o l l a b l e r e s i d e n t i a l l o a d a n d show h o w t h e s ec h a r a c t e r i s t i c s are m o d i f i e d b y u s i n g d i r e c t l o a d c o n t r o l s t r a t e g i e s . Anumber o f s t r a t e g i e s i n v o l v i n g t h e r a d i o c o n t r o l o f water h e a t e r s( W / H ) , r e s i d e n t i a l c e n t r a l a i r c o n d i t i o n e r s ( A / C ) a n d s e r v i c e v o l t a g e( S V C ) was i n v e s t i g a t e d . E a c h s t r a t e g y o r c o m b i n a t i o n o f s t r a t e g i e swas t e s t e d t o s ee how t h e m o d i f i e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e l o a d r e f l e c t e db a c k t h r o u g h t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n n e t w o r k , a n d u l t i m a t e l y ( P a r t I I I ) h o wt h e s e m o d i f i e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a f f e c t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n d e s i g n c r i t e r i aa n d t h e s e l e c t i o n o f a n e c o n o m i c system d e s i g n .
D e v e l o p m e n t o f Load C o n t r o l S t r a t e g i e s
T h e p u r p o s e o f p r e v i o u s d i r e c t l o a d c o n t r o l e x p e r i m e n t s a n d s t u d i e sh a s b e e n t o d e f e r h i g h c o s t g e n e r a t i o n c a p a c i t y a n d t o s a v e h i g h c o s t
f u e l . H o w e v e r , t h e r e may b e p i t f a l l s i n i g n o r i n g t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n systemwhen d e s i g n i n g l o a d c o n t r o l s t r a t e g i e s w h i c h b e n e f i t o n l y t h e systemg e n e r a t i o n . T h i s i s e s p e c i a l l y t r u e when t h e r e i s a t i m e s h i f t b e t w e e ns y s t e m a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n p e a k l o a d s . F i g u r e 1 s h o w s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i pb e t w e e n D e t r o i t E d i s o n ' s s y s t e m , r e s i d e n t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n c i r c u i t , a n dm a j o r a p p l i a n c e d a i l y l o a d p r o f i l e s on a summer d a y when t h e o u t d o o rt e m p e r a t u r e r e a c h e d a maximum o f 9 7 F . D e t r o i t E d i s o n ' s sy stem l o a dn o r m a l l y p e a k s i n t h e e a r l y a f t e r n o o n ( 2 pm t o 3 p m ) , w h e r e a s t h er e s i d e n t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n c i r c u i t p e a k l o a d o c c u r s i n t h e e v e n i n g ( 6 pm t o8 p m ) . T h e e a r l y a f t e r n o o n sy stem p e a k i s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o a l a r g e
component o f i n d u s t r i a l l o a d w h i c h p e a k s e a r l y i n t h e d a y w h i l e t h ee a r l y e v e n i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n p e a k r e s u l t s f r o m t h e l a r g e c omponent o fr e s i d e n t i a l c e n t r a l a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g l o a d w h i c h p e a k s a t f r o m 5 pm t o
82 SM 4 4 0 - 6 A paper r ec om me nd ed a nd a pp ro ve d b y t h e I E E EPower Systems Engineering Committee of th e IEEE PowerEngineering Society fo r p r e s e n t a t i o n at t h e IEEE PES 1982Summer Meeting, San Fr a n ci s co , C a l i f o r n i a , July 18-23,
1 9 8 2 . Manuscript submitted September 14 , 1981; m a d e avail-able fo r printing M a y 2 0 , 1982.
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F i g . 1 . A C o m p a r i s o n o f S y s t e m , D i s t r i b u t i o n C i r c u i t and M a j o rA p p l i a n c e L o a d s o n a H o t Summer D a y .
6 p m . T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t a l o a d c o n t r o l s t r a t e g y a i m e d a t r e d u c i n gs y s t e m p e a k l o a d s may p r o d u c e recovery l o a d s w h i c h c r e a t e h i g h e rt h a n n o r m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n c i r c u i t p e a k s . To f u r t h e r e x p l a i n t h e s i g n i f i -c a n c e o f t h i s d i s c u s s i o n , s t r a t e g i e s d e s i g n e d t o b e n e f i t o n l y s y s t e mg e n e r a t i o n a n d t o b e n e f i t b o t h g e n e r a t i o n a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c i l i t i e s are
g i v e n i n F i g u r e 2 . T h e s t r a t e g y b e n e f i t t i n g o n l y t h e g e n e r a t i o n con-
s i s t e d o f i n t e r r u p t i n g t h e A/C f r o m 1 pm t o 5 pm w i t h 1 5 m i n u t e s o fo f f - t i m e a n d i n t e r r u p t i n g t h e W/H f r o m 2 pm t o 6 p m. Even t h o u g h t h ec i r c u i t l o a d was r e d u c e d b y 1 2 p e r c e n t a t t h e t i m e o f s y s t e m p e a k , t h erecovery l o a d c r ea t ed a d i s t r i b u t i o n p e a k 1 6 . 6 p e r c e n t h i g h e r t h a n i t s
u n c o n t r o l l e d p e a k l o a d . H o w e v e r , s t r a t e g i e s c a n b e d e v i s e d t o r e d u c eb o t h t h e s y s t e m a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n p e a k s , s u c h a s a 1 pm t o 1 0 pm A/Cc o n t r o l a n d a 7 pm t o 1 0 pm W/H c o n t r o l . I n t h i s case, t h e l o a dr e d u c t i o n a t t h e t i m e o f t h e s y s t e m p e a k was s l i g h t l y l e s s t h a n b e f o r e ,b u t t h e p e a k l o a d on t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n c i r c u i t was 4 . 3 p e r c e n t l e s s t h a nt h e u n c o n t r o l l e d p r o f i l e .
T h e a r t o f d e v e l o p i n g l o a d c o n t r o l s t r a t e g i e s i n v o l v e s o b t a i n i n g as
much l o a d r e d u c t i o n as p o s s i b l e w h i l e s t i l l m e e t i n g t h e n e e d s o f t he
c u s t o m e r , a n d h a v i n g t h e recovery l o a d s appear d u r i n g a d e s i r e d or
o f f - p e a k p e r i o d . O v e r a f o u r year p e r i o d , a number o f c o n t r o l s t r a t e g i e sw e r e t e s t e d on t h e H i c k o r y d i s t r i b u t i o n c i r c u i t . From t h e s e t e s t s , l o a dr e d u c t i o n s , recovery l o a d s , energy c o n s u m p t i o n , t h e r m a l responses o fc u s t o m e r s ' homes a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c i l i t i e s , d i s t r i b u t i o n networkenergy l o s s e s a n d v o l t a g e p r o f i l e s were m e a s u r e d . Th e c o s t - b e n e f i t o fe a c h s t r a t e g y was t h e n e v a l u a t e d .
0 0 1 8 - 9 5 1 0 / 8 3 / 0 0 0 2 - 0 6 5 4 $ 0 1 . 0 0 1 9 8 3 IEEE
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7/27/2019 1983_Davis_Krupa_Deidzic_The Economics of Direct Control of Residential Loads on the Design and Operation of t…
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1983daviskrupadeidzicthe-economics-of-direct-control-of-residential-loads 2/12
SUMMERCONTROLLED C I R CU IT LOADS
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h r sF i g . 2 . S y s t e m a n d D i s t r i b u t i o n L o a d C o n t r o l S t r a t e g i e s .
C o n t r o l S t r a t e g i e s T e s t e d
T h r e e d i f f e r e n t m e t h o d s o f d i r e c t l o a d c o n t r o l w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d :( 1 ) A / C c y c l i n g , ( 2 ) W/H i n t e r r u p t i o n a n d ( 3 ) s e r v i c e v o l t a g e c o n t r o l( S V C ) . T a b l e s I a n d I I d i s p l a y t h o s e t e s t s c o n d u c t e d w h e r e a s i g n i f i c -a n t a m o u n t o f d a t a w a s c o l l e c t e d . S i n c e t h e A / C d e m a n d s a r e a f u n c -t i o n o f t h e a m b i e n t a i r t e m p e r a t u r e a n d o t h e r m e t e o r o l o g i c a l p a r a m e t -e r s , t e s t r e s u l t s w e r e c a t e g o r i z e d u n d e r f i v e d i f f e r e n t d a i l y maximumt e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e s ( s e e T a b l e I ) . F o u r d i f f e r e n t c o n t r o l p e r i o d s w e r es e l e c t e d t o b e n e f i t t h e g e n e r a t i o n o r d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c i l i t i e s . A t o t a l o f
1 4 5 A / C t e s t s w e r e m a d e w i t h t h e n o m i n a l o f f - t i m e v a r y i n g 1 0 a n d 2 0m i n u t e s d u r i n g e a c h h o u r o f t h e c o n t r o l p e r i o d .
TABLE I
A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g L o a d C o n t r o l S t r a t e g i e sC o n tr o l P er io d s
1 - 5 pm 2 - 6 pm 6 - 1 0 pm 1 - 1 0 pm
7 7 7 8 7 7 7 8 7 9 8 0 7 7 7 8 7 7 7 9 8 0x x x x
xxx
xxxxx
xxxx
x xx
xxx
x
x
x
x
x
6 5 5
T h e W/ H b i m o d a l d a i l y l o a d p r o f i l e s a r e p r i m a r i l y a f u n ct i on o f i n l e tw a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n summer a n d w i n t e rl i v i n g h a b i t s , t h e r e f o r e t h e W/H u n i t s w e r e i n t e r r u p t e d d u r i n g e a c h o ft h e f o u r s e a s o n s f o r m o s t o f t h e 1 7 c o n t r o l p e r i o d s s h o w n i n T a b l e I I ,w i t h t h e o f f - t i m e v a r y i n g f r o m o ne t o f i v e h o u r s . A t o t a l o f 3 8 3 W/ Ht e s t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d .
S i m u l t a n e o u s c o n t r o l o f A / C , W/H a n d SVC w a s a l s o t e s t e d . T h i r t yt e s t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d u s i n g c o m b i n a t i o n s o f A / C a n d W/ H c o n t r o ls t r a t e g i e s a n d 5 5 t e s t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d u s i n g A / C , W/ H a n d SVCs t r a t e g i e s . T e s t s i n v o l v i n g o n l y SVC w e r e c o n d u c t e d o n 1 7 8 d a y sd u r i n g t h e f o u r s e a s o n s .
Load C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
T h e e c o n o m i c b e n e f i t s o f d i r e c t l o a d c o n t r o l a r e r e l a t e d t o : ( 1 ) t h e
m a g n i t u d e o f t h e c o n t r o l l a b l e l o a d ; ( 2 ) t h e d e g r e e t o w h i c h t h e l o a d c a nb e c o n t r o l l e d ; ( 3 ) t h e a m o u n t o f t i m e d u r i n g t h e y e a r t h e l o a d i sa v a i l a b l e f o r c o n t r o l ( a n n u a l l o a d f a c t o r ) ; a n d ( 4 ) t h e c o s t t o c o n t r o l t h el o a d . A k n o w l e d g e o f u n c o n t r o l l e d a n d c o n t r o l l e d l o a d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c st h e r e f o r e , i s p a r a m o u n t t o e v a l u a t i n g t h e c o s t - e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f d i r e c tl o a d c o n t r o l s t r a t e g i e s . G i v e n i n F i g u r e 3 a r e t h e a n n u a l l o a d d u r a t i o nc u r v e s f o r b o t h t h e H i c k o r y d i s t r i b u t i o n c i r c u i t a n d t h e A / C c o m p o -n e n t o f t h e c i r c u i t l o a d w h i c h i s c o m p r i s e d o f 2 7 0 c e n t r a l A / C u n i t s . A na r b i t r a r y i n t e r s e c t i o n , s u c h a s p o i n t A , s h o w s t h a t 9 0 p e r c e n t o f t h et i m e t h e c i r c u i t d e m a n d i s l e s s t h a n 4 6 p e r c e n t o f t h e a n n u a l p e a k l o a d .A l t h o u g h t h e A / C p e a k i s l a r g e , o r 4 6 p e r c e n t o f t h e c i r c u i t p e a k l o a d , i ti s o n l y a v a i l a b l e f o r c o n t r o l a b o u t 2 0 t o 3 0 p e rc en t o f t h e t i m e . A l s o , t h e
a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g l o a d i s n o t u s u a l l y i n t e r r u p t e d b u t i n s t e a d i s c y c l e df r o m 2 5 t o 5 0 p e rc en t ( 1 5 t o 3 0 m i n u t es o f o f f - t i m e d u r i n g a n y o n e h o u ro f c o n t r o l ) . T h e r e f o r e , t h e d e g r e e t o w h i c h A / C l o a d c a n b e c o n t r o l l e di s much l e s s t h a n t h e d e g r e e t o w h i c h W/H l o a d c a n b e c o n t r o l l e d ( 1 0 0p e r c e n t ) d u r i n g a n y o n e h o u r o f c o n t r o l . On t h e H i c k o r y c i r c u i t , a 2 5
p e r c e n t A / C c y c l i n g t i m e w o u l d r e d u c e t h e a n n u a l c i r c u i t p e a k l o a d b yo n l y 1 1 . 5 p e r c e n t .
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x xx
x
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TABLE II
W a t e r H e a t i n g Load C o n t r o l S t r a t e g i e s
W i n t e r S p r i n g Summer F a l l77 7 8 7 9 8 0 77 7 8 79 80 7 7 7 8 7 9 8 0 7 7 7 8 7 9
x xxxxx
x xx
x x x
x x x x x xx x
x
x x
x
x
x x
xx
x
x
xx
x
xxx
xxxx
xx
x
xxx
x
x
xx
x
X 2 0
1 0
80
CUMULATIVE LOAD DURATION - 1 9 7 8
D C 1 5 9 7 CIRCUIT & CENT R AL A IR CONDITIONING
T o t a l C i r c u i t
0 1 0 20 3 0 40 50 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0
% o f Time
F i g . 3 . C u m u l a t i v e A n n u a l Load D u r a t i o n Curves f o r D i s t r i b u t i o nC i r c u i t and A / C .
F i g u r e 4 s h o w s t h e r a t i o b e t w e e n t h e t o t a l c i r c u i t A/C l o a d and t h e
A/C l o a d i n t er ru p t ed f o r a 1 5 m i n u t e o f f - t i m e . A l l l o a d s s h ow n are a t
t h e t i me o f c i r c u i t p e a k . Th e u n c o n t r o l l e d c i r c u i t l o a d c u rve r e p r e s e n t sX a n u p p e r b o u n d a r y o f a n e n v e l o p e o f p o s s i b l e d e m a n d s ; t h e s e ar e
X r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f d a y s w h i c h a re c l e a r o r s l i g h t l y o v e r c a s t , b u t no r a i n .Th e pre senc e o f r a i n d u r i n g t h e d a y r e s u l t s i n a s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n i n
c i r c u i t p e a k d e m a n d . .A t e m p e r a t u r e s e n s i t i v e l o a d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c b e g i n s t o d e v e l o p f o r
A/C l o a d when a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s are as low as 6 8 ° F . A t t h i st e m p e r a t u r e , t h e A/C l o a d i s d e t e c t a b l e , b u t b y nomeans c o n t r o l l a b l e .
T h e c i r c u i t demand i n c r e a s e s b y a n average o f 2 9 k W / O F i n t h e 7 0 ° -7 4 ° F maximum t e m p e r a t u r e range. Th e s l o p e o f t he t e m p e r a t u r e sen-
s i t i v e l o a d curve i n c r e a s e s r a p i d l y t o 5 7 k W / I F f o r t h e 8 0 ° - 8 4 ° F range
a n d r e a c h e s a maximum o f 7 2 k W / ° F f o r t h e 9 0 ° - 9 4 ° F r a n g e . D e m a n dc o m p a r i s o n s made b e t w e e n c l e a r s k y 9 7 ° F and 1 0 2 ° F d a y s , i n d i c a t e
1 . 2
1 . 1
1 . 0
. 9
. 8
. 7
. 6
. 5
. 4
. 3
L u ra t
i t u r ee
F
D F
F
D F
F
MaximiAmbie
T e m p e r sRang
: - : 9 5 0 ]
9 0 - 9 4 0
8 5 - 8 9 0
8 0 - 8 4 0
7 5 - 7 9 0
C o n t r o l
P e r i o d spm-pm
1 - 42 - 3
2 - 4
2 - 5
2 - 62 - 7
3 - 4
3 - 5
3 - 6
4 - 5
4 - 64 - 74 - 8
5 - 6
5 - 7
7 - 1 08 - 1 1
x
x
x
x
x
- x
x
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6 5 6
5 . 0
A / C L o a d R e d u c t i o n
a t C i r c u i t P e a k 0 2 7 0 U n i t s
E C o n t r o l P e r i o d 1 - 1 0 p m
a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 5i n
H L o a d R e d u c t i o n C o n t r o l l a b l ea t C ta t C i r c u i t P e a k
1 0 0 0 do \2OTz,
a t C i r c u i t P ea k 1 2 8 U n i t sW H Load at
B a s e L o a d C i r c u i t P e a k
6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 90 9 5 1 0 0
Maximum D a i l y T e m p e r a t u r e O F
F i g . 4 . C i r c u i t P e a k L o a d s and L o a d R e d u c t i o n s a s a F u n c t i o n o fMaximum D a i l y A m b i e n t T e m p e r a t u r e .
c i r c u i t d e m a n d s b e c o m e s a t u r a t e d a t 9 7 ° F a n d f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e s i n
d e m a n d a r e n o l o n g e r t h e r e s u l t o f i n c r e a s e s i n A / C l o a d b u t a r e s i m p l ya r e s u l t o f i n c r e a s e s i n b a s e l o a d s s u c h a s r e f r i g e r a t o r s , f a n s a n d o t h e ra p p l i a n c e l o a d s .
T h e 2 7 0 A / C ' s o n t h e c i r c u i t a c c o u n t f o r t h e r a p i d r i s e i n c i r c u i td e m a n d o n d a y s w i t h a n 8 0 ° - 1 0 0 ° F r a n g e o f maximum t e m p e r a t u r e s .T h i s t r a n s l a t e s i n t o a n i n c r e a s e o f 2 5 9 w a t t s p e r °F i n d i v e r s i f i e dd e m a n d f o r e a c h A / C u n i t . From t h e v i e w p o i n t o f d i s t r i b u t i o n r e l e a s e dc a p a c i t y , t h i s l o a d may seem a t t r a c t i v e t o c o n t r o l , b u t s i n c e i t s a n n u a ll o a d f a c t o r a n d h e n c e i t s l o a d m a n a g e m e n t e f f e c t i v e n e s s f a c t o r 2 i s l o w ,t h e b e n e f i t f o r t h e g en er at i on s y s t e m i n t e r m s o f d e f e r r i n g b a s e o ri n t e r m e d i a t e l o a d e d u n i t s may b e q u i t e s m a l l .
I n g e n e r a l , t h i s i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f c o n di t i o n s w h i c h e x i s t i n n o r t h -e r n c l i m a t e s s i n c e t h e r e a r e r e l a t i v e l y f e w d a y s , u s u a l l y t e n o r l e s s ,w h e n t h e maximum a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e e x c e e d s 9 0 ° F .C e n t r a l A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g Load C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : T h e A / C u n i t h o u r l yd i v e r s i f i e d d e m a n d p r o f i l e s f o r t h e f i v e maximum a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r er a n g e s a r e s h o w n i n F i g u r e 5 . T h e s e d e m a n d s a r e b a s e d o n t h e m e t e r e d
A / C u n i t s o n t h e H i c k o r y c i r c u i t w h o s e a v e r a g e c o n n e c t e d n a m e p l a t er a t i n g i s 6 . 3 7 kW a n d c a p a c i t y i s 4 . 0 7 t o n s . T h e m e a s u r e d a v e r a g e f u l ll o a d r u n n i n g p o w e r f o r t h e s e u n i t s wa s 5 . 7 2 kW, o r 1 0 p e r c e n t l o w e rt h a n t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r s ' n a m e p l a t e d a t a . T h i s d i s c r e p a n c y was d u e t ob o t h a l o w e r s e r v i c e v o l t a g e o n h o t d a y s when t h e c i r c u i t i s h e a v i l yl o a d e d a n d m a n u f a c t u r i n g t o l e r a n c e s . I t i s n o t uncommon t o h a v es e r v i c e v o l t a g e s f i v e p e r c e n t b e l o w n o m i n a l a s w i l l b e d e s c r i b e d i n t h es e c t i o n o n v o l t a g e p r o f i l e s . T h e m e a s u r e d f u l l l o a d r u n n i n g c u r r e n t i si m p o r t a n t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e a c t u a l maximum d e m a n d s , d e m a n d r e d u c -t i o n s a n d r e c o v e r y l o a d s .
CENT R AL A IR CONDITIONING LOADS
SUMMER SEASONS1 9 7 7 , 1 9 7 8 , 1 9 7 9
r' ,
F i g . 5 . H o u r l y D i v e r s i f i e d A/C Demands.
:5 . 0
co
cm X
E 4 . 0o D2 0: t 0
m 3 . 0*-
c 2 2 . 0O0
0
CONT ROLL E D AND UNCONTROLLEDA / C UNIT ( 3 T O N )
2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 4 6a m p m am
T i m e - h r s
F i g . 6 . C o m p a r i s o n o f Demands f o r a n A / C U n i t o n C o n t r o l l e d andU n c o n t r o l l e d D a y s .
T h e A / C d e m a n d s a r e e x t r e m e l y t e m p e r a t u r e s e n s i t i v e , h o w e v e r ,o t h e r e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y r a i n , a l s o h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n te f f e c t . Any a m o u n t o f r a i n d u r i n g t h e d a y l i g h t h o u r s t e n d s t o l o w e r a n dd i s t o r t t h e h o u r l y A/C demand p a t t e r n s . T h e d e m a n d s s h o w n i n b o t hF i g u r e 5 a n d T a b l e I I I a r e f o r c l e a r a n d p a r t i a l l y o v e r c a s t d a y s o n l y .R a i n y d a y s h a v e b e e n e x c l u d e d ; t h i s i n cr ea s es t h e d i v e r s i f i e d d e -m a n d s , b u t m a k e s t h e m m o r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f c i r cu m s t a n c e s whenl o a d c o n t r o l w o u l d b e i m p l e m e nt e d . T h e n u m b e r s h o w n i n p a r e n t h e s e so n F i g u r e 5 i n d i c a t e s t h e n u m b e r o f w e e k d a y s i n t h e D e t r o i t E d i s o ns e r v i c e a r e a w h i c h a r e l i k e l y t o f a l l w i t h i n e a c h maximum a m b i e n tt e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e s p e c i f i e d . S i n c e t h e r e a r e v e r y f e w h o t d a y s a n d
many t e s t s t o r u n , a u n i q u e m e t h o d w a s d e v e l o p e d t o c o n d u c t m u l t i p l et e s t s o n t h e s a m e d a y .
1 0 0 _
T a Ma 95X
Ta9a59F> '\Ta o Ma x 9 7 0 F
9 0
8 5
8 0 /
0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~0 7 5
F i g . 7 . O u t d o o r ( T a o ) T e m p e r a t u r e P r o f i l e s on C o n t r o l l e d a nd U n -c o n t r o l l e d D a y s .
2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 4 6a m pm am
T i m e - h r s
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TABLE I I IU n co n t ro l l e d C en t ra l A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g
L o a d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r Summer S e a s o n s1 9 7 7, 1 97 8 , 1 9 7 9
MaximumA m b i e n t
T e m p e r a t u r eR a n g e
a ¢ 9 5 T F9 0 - 9 4 ° F
8 5 - 8 9 ° F
8 0 - 8 4 ° F
7 5 - 7 9 ° F
D a i l yP e a k( k W )
5 . 2 7 7
3 . 8 1 6
2 . 7 8 2
1 . 3 3 21 . 0 2 1
Timeo f
P e a k
4 p m
5 p m7 p m6 p m6 pm
D a i l y E n e r g yC o n s u m p t i o n
( k W h )6 a m - 6 a m
7 9 . 3 4 7
4 8 . 2 5 63 4 . 6 7 6
1 4 . 6 2 6
1 0 . 9 1 2
D a i l yL o a d F a c t o r6 a m - 6 a m
0 . 6 3 3
0 . 5 2 70 . 5 1 9
0 . 4 5 7
0 . 4 4 5
M e t h o d s o f C a l c u l a t i ng C en t r al A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g Load R e d u c t i o n sa n d R e c o v e r y L o a d s : A n u m b e r o f i n v e s t i g a t o r s h a v e d e t e r m i n e d A/Cl o a d r e d u c t i o n s a n d r e c o v e r y l o a d s b y s u b t r a c t i n g t h e h o u r l y l o a d s o nc o n t r o l l e d d a y s f r o m t h e h o u r l y l o a d s d u r i n g t h e c o n t r o l p e r i o d o n
6 5 7
u n c on t r ol l e d d a y s . I n some c a s e s l i t t l e c o n c e r n h a s b e e n e x e r c i s e d i ng r o u p i n g c o n t r o l l e d a n d u n c o n t r o l l e d d a y s w h i c h h a v e s i m i l a r d a i l ya m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e s . P e r i o d s o f r a i n a n d o t h e r d i f f e r e n c e s i nw e a t h e r c o nd i ti o ns r e pr e se n t ed i n t h e c on tr ol l e d a n d u n c o n t r o l l e dd a y s a f f e c t t h e a m o u n t o f A/C l o a d a v a i l a b l e f o r c o n t r o l . I n F i g u r e s 6a n d 7 , a l t h o u g h t h e maximum a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e f o r t h e t w o d a y sw a s 9 5 ° F o r g r e a t e r , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e s f o r e a ch d a y w er e s i g -n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t , s u c h t h a t t h e c o m p u t e d l o a d r ed u ct i o n w o u l d b el e s s t h a n a c t u a l . I n g e n e r a l , when s t a t i s t i c a l c o m p a r i s o n s a r e madeb e t w e e n c o n t r o l l e d a n d u n c o n t r o l l e d l o a d s w i t h o u t c o n c e r n f o r d i f f e r -e n c e s i n w e a t h e r , t h e l o a d r ed u c t i on s a r e e i t h e r much s m a l l e r o r muchl a r g e r t h a n a c t u a l a n d t h e s t a n d a r d e r r o r s o f t h e e s t i m a t e a r e s o m e -t i m e s a s g r e a t a s t h e l o a d r e du c t i on s t h em s el v es . To a l l e v i a t e t h i sp r o b l e m , t h e H i c k o r y p r o j e c t u s e d t w o c i r c u i t l a t e r a l s w h i c h h a v ea p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s a m e n u m b e r o f c u s t o me rs , c o n n e c t e d kW o f A/Cl o a d , t h e s a m e n u m b e r o f c o n t r o l l e d A / C ' s a n d a b o u t t h e s a m e c o n -n e c t e d kW o f c o n t r o l l e d A / C . ( S e e T a b l e I , P a r t I , a n d c o m p a r e t h es t a t i s t i c s f o r l a t e r a l s 1 a n d 2 . ) T h i s f e a t u r e a l l o w e d c o n t r o l l e d a n du n c o n t r o l l e d d a t a , b a s e d o n t h e s a m e w e a t h e r , t o b e c o l l e c t e d o n t h es a m e d a y .
DAILY TEMPERATURE PROFILES
l I I
2 6 1 0 1 4 1 8 22 2 6 1 0 1 4 1 8 2 2
am pm am pm
I II II II
2 6 10 14 1 8 22am pm
Time - h r s
I I I I I .1
2 6 10 14 1 8 22am pm
2 6 1 0 1 4 1 8 2 2
am p m
F i g . 8 . D a i l y Ambient T e m p e r a t u r e P r o f i l e s f o r t h e F i r s t and T h i r d
T e m p er a t u r e B u i l d up W e e k s .
I F
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EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE BUILDUP EFFECT OF P R EVIOUS HOT D A Y
LATERAL 1
7-19-77 @----
A/C Control
A, B, C, D
6-10pm
15 min
7-20-77
Uncontrolled
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6
am PM am
Time hrs
LATERAL 2
7 - 8 - 7 7 - e - - e
A / C C o n t r o l
6 - 1 0 p m1 5 m i n
W / H C o n t r o l
2 - 6 pm7 - 2 1 - 7 7
U n c o n t r o l l e d
2 4 6 810121416-1.8202224 2 4 6
am PM am
Time hrs
Fig. 9. (a ) (b ) Comparison of Lateral 1 and Lateral 2 Load
Profiles
Anumberof examples willnowbe given to illustrate why air condi-
t i o n i n g load reductions and recovery loads cannot be obtained
bycomparing twodifferent d a y s ' load data. Tomake t h i s comparison two
sets of figures arereferred to: (1) the daily ambient temperature pro-
files in F i g u r e 8, and (2 ) the corresponding lateral load p r o f i ' l e s in
F i g u r e 9. At the top of F i g u r e 8 are the hourly ambient temperatures
for the first temperature b u i l d u p week, and at the bottom of this figure
arethe hourly ambienttemperatures for the third temperature b u i l d u p
week. These b u i ld u p p e ri o d s represent the two hottest weeks d u r i n g
the summer.
Example (a): Acomparison of controlled anduncontrolled loads on
days which have the same daily peak ambient temperature and are
within the sameambient temperature b u i l d u p p e r i o d is made in Fig-
ure9a. This figure shows the controlled anduncontrolled load profiles
onlateral for twodays where the peak ambienttemperatures are the
same, namely 970F. The uncontrolled loadonJuly 2 0 , 1977wassignifi-
c a n tly h i g h e r than the controlled profile onJuly 19 , 1977 up to the time
ofthe control p e r i o d . Thereasonfor this difference is because July 2 0 ,
1977was
thethird
day ofan
ambient temperature buildup p e r i o d andthe average temperature was30F h i g h e r onJuly 2 0 , 1977 than onJuly
19, 1977. Ifthe July 2 0 , 1977 load profile werea d j u s t e d downward to
match the h o u rl y demands before the control p e r i o d onJuly 19 , 1 9 7 7 ,
t h i s would result in small orn e g a t i v e load reductions.- Although this
comlarisonwasmade with lateral load profiles, the samewould be
true for individual A/C units.
Example (b): Acomparison of controlled anduncontrolled loads on
days which have the same daily peak ambient temperatures and are
from different ambient temperature buildup p e r i o d s show evenlarger
differences in load before the control p e r i o d . This example is given in
EFFECTOFRAIN FALL
5 , 0 0
400 F
LATERAL 1
A/C Control
A,B,C,D
6-10pm
15 mi n
300
200 F'
7-5-77 .---
100
0I I I ~~~~~~~II I I I I' II
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6
am IPM am
Time hrs
Figure 9b. Both days, July 8, 1977 andJuly 2 1, 1977 hadthesamepeak
temperatureandamountof cloud cover, but followed different am-
bient temperature b u i l d u p p e r i o d s , are different days of the weekand
the average temperature onJuly 2 1, 1977 was 30F h i g h e r than the
average temperature onJuly 8, 1977 making the load profiles s i g n i f i ' c -antly different.
Example (c): Acomparison of the controlled load p ro fi le s ( Fi g -
ure9c ) onJuly 19 , 1977 andJuly 5, 1 9 7 7 , beginning at 7 pmandending
at 1 1 I pm, shows that the average difference betweenthese twoprofiles
is 21.8kWor the 6pmto 10pmA/C control p e r i o d . Since there are 21
controlled A/C units onlateral , the difference in load percontrolled
A/Ccustomer is 1.03 Aswillbe seenlater, the average hourly load
reduction is 1.02kWperA/C unit, or21.42kWfor the 21 controlled
units d u r i n g a6 pmto 10pmcontrol period ondays where the
maximum ambient temperature is 950F orhi g her. The difference bet-
weenthe hourly controlled loads onthese twodayswasas larg e as the
load reduction i t s e l f , eventhough both days werecloudy until 10 am;
the day of the week wasthe same; and the maximum and average
temperature for each daywasapproximately equal. One ofthe reasons
why the load profile onJuly 19 , 1977waslowerthan the p r o f i ' l e of July
5, 1977 wasb e c ' a u s e heavy rain (1. 16 i n c h e s) wasrecorded for the
morning of July 19 , 1977.
Example (d): Ideally, the lateral load profiles should compare favor-
ably if (l) twoclear days areselectedwhere the maximum andaverage
temperature wasapproximately equal, (2 ) the days chosen are the
sameday of the week, and (3) both days arethe third and maximum
ambient temperature day ofathermal b u i l d u p p e r i o d. Such acase is
g i v e n in F i g u r e 9d , for lateral 2,andin Figure 8 for days July 6, 1977
and July 2 0 , 1977. The only difference is that July 6, 1977 is the third
CONTROLLED UNCONTROLLEDGROUP
LATERAL 1
LATERAL 2
UNCONTROLLED
Lat 2 7-6-77
Lat 2 7-20-77
Lat 1 7-20-77-e--
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 -2 0 22 24 2 4 6
am PM am
Time hrs
500
400
300
200
100
0
Fig. 9. (c ) (d ) C o m p a r i ' s o n of Lateral 1 and Lateral 2 Load
Profiles
6 5 8
5 00 F
400
.300
200
100
S o 0
4 0 0
3 0 0
2 0 0
1 0 0
I 0
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6 5 9
d a y o f t h e f i r s t t h e r m a l b u i l d u p p e r i o d f o r t h e summer s e a s o n a n d J u l y2 0 , 1 9 7 7 i s t h e t h i r d d a y o f t h e s e a s o n ' s t h i r d t h e r m a l b u i l d u p p e r i o d .F o r t h i s i d e a l c a s e , t h e a v e r a g e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e l o a d s o n l a t e r a l 2 f o r t h e s e two d a y s d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f i n t e r e s t ( 2 p m t o 1 1 p m i fA / C u n i t s w e r e c o n t r o l l e d f r o m 1 p m t o 1 0 p m ) i s s t i l l 1 6 . 1 kW o r. 7 7 kW p e r c o n t r o l l e d A / C u n i t . S e l e c t i n g c o n t r o l l e d a n d u n c o n t r o l l e dd a t a i n t h i s manner w i l l r e d u c e t h e e r r o r i n c a l c u l a t i n g t h e l o a d r e d u c -t i o n s a n d r e c o v e r y l o a d s , b u t t h e r e a r e p r o b a b l y o n l y o n e o r two d a y sd u r i n g t h e summer s e a s o n w h e r e t h e s e i d e a l c o n d i t i o n s e x i s t . S i n c et h i s a p p r o a c h s e r i o u s l y l i m i t s t h e amount o f d a t a f o r a n a l y s i s , a more
s u i t a b l e m e t h o d i s t o c o m p a r e t h e c o n t r o l l e d a n d u n c o n t r o l l e d l o a dd a t a f r o m l a t e r a l s 1 a n d 2 o n t h e s a m e d a y . S i n c e t h e u n c o n t r o l l e dl o a d p r o f i l e s f o r l a t e r a l s 1 a n d 2 a r e n e a r l y t h e s a m e ( s e e F i g u r e 9 d ,J u l y 2 0 , 1 9 7 7 ) t h i s m e t h o d r e s u l t s i n t h r e e a d v a n t a g e s . F i r s t , s e l e c t i n gt w o d a y s w i t h s i m i l a r w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s i s n o l o n g e r n e c e s s a r y ;s e c o n d , a l l d a y s w h e n t h e l o a d i s c o n t r o l l e d d u r i n g t h e summer s e a s o na r e a v a i l a b l e f o r a n a l y s i s , a n d t h i r d , t h e s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f t h e e s t i m a t ef o r c a l c u l a t e d l o a d r e d u c t i o n s a n d r e c o v e r y l o a d s i s r e d u c e d t o a p -p r o x i m a t e l y h a l f t h a t o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e i d e a l c a s e o u t l i n e d a b o v e .
Some r e s e a r c h e r s 3 4 h a v e a t t e m p t e d t o c i r c u m v e n t t h e p r o b l e m o f
c o m p a r i n g l o a d s o n two d i f f e r e n t d a y s b y s e l e c t i n g c o n t r o l l e d a n du n c o n t r o l l e d g r o u p s o f a i r c o n d i t i o n e r s i n t h e i r s e r v i c e a r e a . W i t h t h i sm e t h o d , c o n t r o l l e d a n d u n c o n t r o l l e d l o a d s may b e c o m p a r e d o n t h es a m e d a y , b u t i f t h e t w o g r o u p s a r e n o t i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y o r l o c a l i z e d ,r a i n p a t t e r n s a n d t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e s c o u l d s t i l l b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e -r e n t . W i t h t h e H i c k o r y c i r c u i t , a l l t h e d a t a w a s c o l l e c t e d w i t h i n ao n e- q u a rt e r s q u a r e m i l e a r e a a n d t h u s a l l c u s t o m e r s i n t h e e x p e r i m e n te x p e r i e n c e d t h e same w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s .
C e n t r a l A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g Load R e d u c t i o n a n d R e c o v e r y L o a d s : T h el o a d r e d u c t i o n a n d r e c o v e r y l o a d s o b t a i n e d f r o m l a t e r a l s 1 a n d 2 f o rt h e c o n t r o l p e r i o d s a n d a m b i en t t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e s l i s t e d i n T a b l e Ia r e d i s p l a y e d i n F i g u r e 1 0 , a n d a r e a l s o t a b u l a t e d i n T a b l e s I V a n d V .I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h e f i r s t h o u r o f l o a d r e d u c t i o n b e g i n s o n e h o u ra f t e r t h e c o n t r o l s t r a t e g y i s i n i t i a t e d . T h e t h r e e c o n t r ol p e r i o d s s e l e c t e df o r t h e b e n e f i t o f s y s t e m g e n e r a t i o n w e r e 1 p m t o 5 p m , 2 p m t o 6 p m ,a n d 6 p m t o 1 0 p m , t h e l a t t e r p e r i o d b e i n g u s e d f o r p u m p e d s t o r a g eh y d r o . T h e f o u r t h , o r t h e 1 p m t o 1 0 p m c o n t r o l p e r i o d was t h e o n l yo n e w h i c h b e n e f i t e d b o t h g e n e r a t i o n a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c i l i t i e s . Byo b s e r v i n g t h e d a t a i n T a b l e I V a n d F i g u r e 1 0 , t h e h o u r l y l o a d r e d u c -t i o n s t e n d e d t o i n c r e a s e t o a maximum v a l u e i n t h e t h i r d o r f o u r t h h o u ro f c o n t r o l f o r a l l c o n t r o l p e r i o d s . T h i s maximum v a l u e was t h e n f o l -l o w e d b y a r a p i d d e c l i n e i n l o a d r e d u c t i o n s t o w a r d t h e e n d o f t h ec o n t r o l p e r i o d .
T h e r e a s o n f o r t h e i n c r e a s e d u r i n g t h e f i r s t t h r e e t o f o u r h o u r s c o u l db e a t t r i b u t a b l e t o a p e r i o d o f s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n . W i t h t h e a i d o f F i g u r e 1 1t h i s s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n p e r i o d i s e x p l a i n e d a s f o l l o w s . F o r t h e f i r s t h o u ro f a c o n t r o l p e r i o d , some A / C u n i t s w o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n r u n n i n gd u r i n g t h e o f f - t i m e p e r i o d , w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e y h a d b e e n i n t e r r u p t e d ;a l s o some o t h e r A / C u n i t s w o u l d h a v e b e en r u n n i n g d u r i n g t h e o f f - t i m ei f t h e y h a d n o t b e e n i n t e r r u p t e d . On t h e H i c k o r y c i r c u i t t h e p r o b a b i l i t yo f a n A / C u n i t r u n ni n g d u ri n g t h e h o u r o f maximum d e m a n d i f i t h a d n o tb e e n i n t e r r u p t e d i n a n y p r e c e d i n g h o u r P ( O N ) i s s h o w n f o r a n u n d e r -s i z e d a n d a n o v e r s i z e d u n i t i n F i g u r e 1 2 . T h e d a t a s h o w s t h a t P ( O N ) i sa b o u t . 7 5 f o r a n a v e r a g e s i z e u n i t when t h e p e a k o u t d o o r t e m p e r a t u r e( T a o ) i s 9 0 ° F . D u r i n g t h e s e c o n d , t h i r d , a n d s o m e t i m e s f o u r t h h o u r o fc o n t r o l , P ( O N ) i n c r e a s e s , b e c a u s e more a n d more u n i t s t h a t were i d l ed u r i n g t h e p r e v i o u s o f f - t i m e s d e s i r e t o r u n when s w i t c h e d o f f a n d t h eo r i g i n a l d i v e r s i t y among t h e u n i t s i s l o s t . T h i s d e m a n d a c c u m u l a t i o nc o n t i n u e s , d e p e n d i n g o n u n i t s i z e , t e m p e r a t u r e , e t c . , u n t i l a l l t h e u n i t sa r e s y n c h r o n i z e d i n t i m e a n d t h e l o a d r e d u c t i o n s r e a c h a maximum.
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CONTROLLED AND UNCONTROLLEDLOAD CHARACTERISTICS a 9 5 0 F
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F i g . 1 0 . A I C D emand R e d u c t i o n s and R e c o v e r y L o a d s f o r F o u rD i f f e r e n t C o n t r o l P e r i o d s .
T h e s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n p e r i o d i s f o l l o w e d b y a p e r i o d o f r e s i d u a l t h e r -m a l e f f e c t s . D u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d t h e r e i s c a r r y o v e r o f t h e r m a l e n e r g yf r o m e a c h c o n t r o l l e d h o u r t o s u b s e q u e n t h o u r s - o r t h e r m a l b u n c h i n g .T h e A / C u n i t i s a t t e m p t i n g t o d e p l e t e t h i s g a i n i n t h e r m a l e n e r g y a n dt h u s w o u l d c r e a t e h i g h e r d e m a n d s t h a n i t s u n c o n t r o l l e d p r o f i l e i fa l l o w e d t o r u n d u r i n g t h e o f f - t i m e . By s u b t r a c t i n g t h e c o n t r o l l e d p r o f i l ef r o m t h e u n c o n t r o l l e d p r o f i l e s m a l l l o a d r ed u c t io n s r e s u l t .From t h e l o a d r ed u c t i on t e s t d a t a i n F i g u r e 1 1 , i t i s a p p a r e n t t h a t o n l y
a p o r t i o n o f t h e t h e r m a l e n e r g y i s c a r r i e d f o r w a r d . Some f r a c t i o n o f t h e
LE IV
D i v e r s i f i e d C e n t r a l A i r C o n d i t i o n i n gLoad R e d u c t i o n s a n d R e c o v e r y L o a d s
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2 p m 3 p m 4 p m 5 pm 6 p m 7 p m 8 p m- 1 . 1 0 - 1 . 2 2 - 1 . 3 1 - 1 . 2 1 - 1 . 1 5 + 0 . 8 0 + 0 . 4 6
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TABLE V
C e n t r a l A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g A v e r a g e Load R e d u c t i o n s a n dR e c o v e r y L o a d s b y A m b i e n t T e m p e r a t u r e R a n g e
Load a n d E n e r g y SummaryN e t
E n e r g yL o s sk Wh
3 . 8 04 . 3 03 . 7 06 . 9 2
2 . 8 63 . 3 62 . 7 75 . 6 4
2 . 4 42 . 6 02 . 2 24 . 4 5
. 9 01 . 2 51 . 0 01 . 0 0
P e r c e n tE n e r g yP a y b a c k
¢950F
3 6 . 5 63 1 . 3 12 7 . 3 13 5 . 4 5
9 0 - 9 4 ° F3 1 . 92 3 . 32 6 . 72 4 . 1
8 5 - 8 9 ° F1 4 . 41 6 . 41 2 . 3
8 . 4
8 0 - 8 4 ° F
A v e r a g eLoad
R e d u c t i o nkW
1 . 2 01 . 2 51 . 0 21 . 0 7
. 8 4
. 8 8
. 7 6. 7 4
. 5 7
. 6 2
. 5 1
. 4 9
. 1 8
. 2 5
. 2 0
. 1 0
PROBABILTY OF AN A / C UNIT RUNNINGDURING THE HOUR OF MAXIMUM DEMAND
P e a kR e c o v e r y
LoadkW
. 8 0. 8 4
. 9 51 . 2 9
. 7 4
. 6 0
. 8 31 . 0 3
. 2 7
. 3 5
. 3 1
. 4 1
* N e g l i g i b l e
t h e r m a l b u i l d u p i s l o s t , h e n c e a l o s s o f e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n . T h ed a s h e d l i n e r e p r e s e n t s t h e t h e o r e t i c a l maximum d e m a n d r e d u c t i o n o na n h o u r l y b a s i s w i t h o u t c o ns i d e ri n g c a r r y ov e r o f e n e r g y ; i . e . , i f e a c hh o u r w e r e t h e f i r s t h o u r o f c o n t r o l . T h i s r e p r e s e n t s a n u p p e r b o u n d a r yo f p o s s i b l e l o a d r e d u c t i o n s , b a s ed o n t h e d i v e r s i f i e d h o u r l y d e m a n d sf o r r 9 5 0 F t e m p e r a t u r e s , a n d i n t h i s c a s e 1 7 . 5 m i n u t e s o f c o n t r o l . Th ed e m a n d r e d u c t i o n s f o r a 3 0 p e r c e n t e n e r g y c a r r y o v e r w e r e c o m p u t e df r o m t h e s a m e demand c u r v e b y a s s u m i n g t h a t 3 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e l o a dr e d u c t i o n d u r i n g a c o n t r o l l e d h o u r was c a r r i e d f o r w a r d t o t h e n e x th o u r , a n d t h a t t h e r e m a i n i n g 7 0 p e r c e n t was t h u s t r a n s m i t t e d t o t h e
s t r u c t u r e a n d e v e n t u a l l y l o s t t o t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s l a t e r i n t h e d a y . T h eh e a v y s o l i d l i n e r e p r e s e n t s t h e m e a s u r e d t e s t d a t a . I t i s e v i d e n t t h a t t h er e s i d u a l t h e r m a l e f f e c t w a s n ot a c on s ta nt 3 0 p e r c e n t a s a s s u m e d o v e rt h e e n t i r e c o n t r o l p e r i o d , b u t v a ri ed w i t h a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t h e
n u m b e r o f c o n s e c u t i v e h o u r s o f c o n t r o l . D u r i n g a 1 0 h o u r c o n t r o lp e r i o d o n a h o t d a y , t h e r e s i d u a l t h e r m a l e f f e c t c a u s e d a s h a r p d e c l i n ei n l o a d r e d u c t i o n s d u r i n g t h e l a s t f o ur h ou r s o f c o n t r o l . T h i s i m p l i e st h a t b y t h i s t i m e , t h e a i r c o n d i t i o n e r w a s r u n n i n g a t a much h i g h e rd e m a n d d u r i n g t h e 4 2 . 5 m i n u t e t i m e p e r i o d t h a n i f i t w e r e n o t c o n t r o l -l e d e a r l i e r i n t h e d a y . T h e r e f o r e , i t c a n b e s a i d t h a t t h e l e v e l o fc o n t r o l l e d l o a d r i s e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e u n c o n t r o l l e d c u r v e . I f s o , i t i sr e a s o n a b l e t o e x p e c t t h a t t h e l o w e r l e v e l o f l o ad r e d u c t i o n s d u r i n g a
c o n t r o l p e r i o d c a n r e s u l t f r o m t w o e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t p h e n o m e n a . O n e ,t h e l e v e l o f c o n t r o l l a b l e l o a d i s l o w s o t h e r e i s v e r y l i t t l e l o a d a v a i l a b l et o c o n t r o l ; a n d t w o , t h e r e s i d u a l t h e r m a l e f f e c t c a u s e s a i r c o n d i t i o n e r st o r u n much h a r d e r i n t h e l a t t e r s t a g e s o f a c o n t r o l p e r i o d , t h u s r a i s i n g
CENTR AL AIR CONDITIONING UNIT_ DIVERSIFIED D E M A N D REDUCTIONS- 1 - 1 0 p m CONTROL P E R I O D , 1 7 . 5 MI N
, x - *_ T h e o r e t i c a l Maximum
, ' X r Demand R e d u c t i o n
\ 0 ° O30% E n e r g yA m b i e n t T e m p e r a t u r e C a r r y o v e r-a n g e > . 9 5 0 F * Me a s u r e d Test
\D a t aS y n c r o n i z a t i o n R e s i d u a l T h e r m a l Effecta
I n c r e a s e D e c r e a s e
C o n t r o l P e r i o d R e c o v e r y P e r i o d
1 . 0
. 9
. 8
. 7
. 6
2o . 5
. 4
. 3
. 2
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7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
Maximum D a i l y O u t d oo r A m b i e n t T e m p e r a t u r e , ( T a o ) F
F i g . 1 2 . P r o b a b i l i t y o f a n A / C U n i t Running D u r i n g t h e Hour o fMaximum Demand.
t h e l e v e l o f t h e c o n t r o l l e d l o a d . A p e r i o d o f r e c o v e r y a l w a y s f o l l o w st h e c o n t r o l p e r i o d . On d a y s when t h e maximum t e m p e r a t u r e e x c e e d s9 5 ° F , r e c o v e r y l o a d s w e r e e v i d e n t f o r t h r e e o r m o r e h o u r s . T a b l e Vg i v e s a summary o f t h e l o a d r e d u c t i o n s , r e c o v e r y l o a d s a n d e n e r g y f o rt h e f o u r c o n t r o l p e r i o d s t e s t e d .
D u r i n g t h e f i r s t s e a s o n o f t e s t s , i t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e r a d i o r e c e i v e r sh a d a r a n d o m a n d i n o p e r a t i v e f a i l u r e r a t e o f a b o u t 1 5 p e r c e n t . T h e r e -f o r e , b e f o r e a n d a f t e r e a c h s ea s on a r e c e i v e r r e l i a b i l i t y t e s t was c o n -d u c t e d b y t r a n s m i t t i n g a s p e c i f i e d n u m b e r o f t e s t t o n e s a n d n o t i n gw h e t h e r e a c h r e c e i v e r r e s p o n d e d p r op e rl y ( b y o b s e r v i n g t h e r e c e i v e ro p e r a t i o n c o u n t e r s ) . T h o s e r e c e i v e r s w h i c h e i t h e r r e s p o n d e d r a n -
d o m l y o r f a i l e d t o r e s p o n d w e r e r e p l a c e d . T h e l o a d r ed u c t i on s i n T a b l eV may b e 1 5 t o 2 0 p e r c e n t h i g h e r t h a n some r e s e a r c h e r s ' d a t a b e c a u s et h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e r e c e i v e r s w a s v e r y h i g h ( 9 9 p e r c e n t ) , t he d a ta wasc o l l e c t e d o n c l e a r d a y s , a n d t h e a v e r a g e u n i t s i z e w a s a b o u t 4 t o n . T h ea v e r a g e l o a d r ed u c t i on s w e r e t h e h i g h e s t f o r t h e 2 p m t o 6 p m c o n t r o l
p e r i o d f o r e a c h t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e , b e c a u s e t h e c o n t r o l l a b l e l o ad s w e r eh i g h e r d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d . T h e a v e r a ge l o ad r e d u c t i o n f o r t h e 1 p m t o1 0 p m c o n t r o l was t h e l o w e s t p r i m a r i l y d u e t o t h e r e s i d u a l t h e r m a le f f e c t o f t h e l o n g e r c o n t r o l p e r i o d . T h e n e t e n e r g y l o s s was t h e h i g h e s tf o r t h e 1 pm t o 1 0 p m c o n t r o l w i t h a n o v e r a l l e n e r g y p a y b a c k o f 3 5 . 4 5p e r c e n t o n d a y s when t h e a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e was ¢ 9 5 0 F .
On l o w e r a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e d a y s , t h e r e s i d u a l t h e r m a l e f f e c t was
s t i l l n o t i c e a b l e , b u t t o a l e s s e r d e g r e e . I n t h i s c a s e , t h e p r o c e s s o fr e c o v e r y b e g i ns d u r i ng t h e f i n a l s t a g e s o f c o n t r o l . T h i s m a k e s t h e l o a dr e d u c t i o n s a n d r e c o v e r y l o a d s s m a l l e r .
F o r t h e l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e s , t h e p a t t e r n o f h o u r l y l o a d r e d u c -t i o n s r e t a i n s i t s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s h a p e b u t d e c l i n e s r a p i d l y f o r t h e 8 0 ° t o
8 4 ° F r a n g e . T h e l o a d r ed u ct i on s d u ri n g t h e s e l o w e r a m b i e n t t e m p e r a -t u r e s o c c u r p r i m a r i l y d u r i n g t h e s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n p e r i o d . O n c e s y n -c h r o n i z a t i o n i s c o m p l e t e , t h e l o a d r e d u c t i o n s f o r s u b s e q u e n t h o u r sd e c l i n e r a p i d l y t o z e r o . F i g u r e 1 0 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f c o n t r o l -l i n g l a t e i n t o t h e e v e n i n g h o u r s t o e l i m i n a t e d i s t r i b u t i o n p e a k r e c o v e r yl o a d s . F o r t h e 1 p m t o 5 p m a n d 2 p m t o 6 p m c o n t r o l p e r i o d s , t h e p e a kr e c o v e r y l o a d i s a c t u a l l y g r e a t e r t h a n t h e u n c o n t r o l l e d c a s e . T h e r e -f o r e , i n t h o s e i n s t a n c e s w h e r e T&D c a p a c i t y i s a c o n s i d e r a t i o n , A / Cl o a d c o n t r o l s ho ul d b e c on t i n u ed u n t i l 1 0 p m o r l a t e r t o m i t i g a t e t h ee f f e c t o f a l a t e e v e n i n g r e c o v e r y .I n d o o r T e m p e r a t u r e R e s p o n s e a n d C u s t o m e r C o m f o r t : O f t h e A / Cc o n t r o l p e r i o d s t e s t e d , i t was f o u n d t h a t t h e maximum i n d o o r t t e m p e r -
6 6 0
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1 - 5 p m2 - 6 p m6 - 1 0 p m1 - 1 0 pm
1 - 5 p m2 - 6 p m6 - 1 0 p m1 - 1 0 pm
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F i g . 1 1 . C o m p a r i s o n o f T h e o r e t i c a l Maximum and Measured D i -v e r s i f i e d Demand R e d u c t i o n s f o r A / C .
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6 6 1
CONTROLLED AND UNCONTROLLEDA / C UNIT ( 3 t o n )
k W 2 . 0
6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 4a m pm a m
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F i g . 1 3 . A / C U n i t D emand and l n d o o r ( T a i ) T e m p e r a t u r e P r o f i l e s onC o n t r o l l e d and U nc o n t r o l l e d D a y s .
a t u r e r i s e a b o v e t h e u n c o n t r o l l e d t e m p e r a t u r e w a s o n l y 3 . 3 ° F w i t h a n
a v e r a g e o f l e s s t h a n 2 ° F . I t was c o n c l u d e d t h a t o t h e r v a r i a b l e s , s u c h a s
t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n o u t d o o r t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e s o n c o n t r o l l e d a n d u n -
c o n t r o l l e d d a y s , t e n d e d t o m a s k t h e e f f e c t o f A / C c o n t r o l . T h i s mayo n l y b e t r u e i n n o r t h e r n c l i m a t e s w h e r e t h e r e i s t y p i c a l l y a 2 0 0 t o 3 0 ° Fd i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e maximum a n d m i n i m u m o u t d o o r t e m p e r a t u r e s .S u c h a n e x a m p l e i s g i v e n i n F i g u r e s 1 3 a n d 1 4 w h e r e t h e i n d o o rt e m p e r a t u r e ( T a i ) r i s e a b o v e t h e u n c o n t r o l l e d v a l u e w a s o n l y 1 ° F f o r a
2 pm t o 6 pm c o n t r o l o n a 9 5 ° F d a y . T h i s 2 4 0 0 s q u a r e f o o t , t w o - s t o r y
c o l o n i a l - t y p e home w a s c o n s i d e r e d t o h a v e a n u n d e r s i z e d A / C u n i t o f
CONTROLLED AND UNCONTROLLEDA / C UNIT ( 3 t o n )
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/ // Ta o max= 9
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I r l , . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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9 0
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82
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76
74
72
u2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 20 22 24 2 4 6 u
am pm am
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F i g . 1 4 . R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n I n d o o r ( T a i ) and O u t d o o r ( T a o )T e m p e r a t u r e s .
u I ~ m
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o . 50X
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2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 4 6
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F i g . 1 5 . W a t er H e a t i n g U n i t H o u r l y D i v e r s i f i e d Demands.
TABLE VI
S e a s o n a l U n c o n t r o l l e d Water H e a t i n g Load
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r 1 9 7 8( 8 7 g a l . a v g .
P r o f i l eW i n t e r
S p r i n gSummerF a l l
D a i l yP e a k( k W )
1 . 9 4 52 . 0 1 1
1 . 4 2 4
1 . 7 3 8
Timeo f
P e a k
9 a m
9 a m
8 a m
9 a m
D a i l y E n e r g yC o n s u m p t i o n
k Wh6 a m - 6 a m
2 5 . 6 2 1
2 6 . 3 7 7
1 7 . 3 7 9
2 2 . 2 9 3
D a i l y LoadF a c t o r
6 a m - 6 a m
0 . 5 4 9
0 . 5 4 7
0 . 5 0 9
0 . 5 3 4
3 t o n o r 4 . 5 kW. I t i s t h o u g h t t h a t t h e r e a s on t h e T a i r i s e w a s s o s m a l lmay b e d u e t o t h e r e l a t i v e l y f e w h o u r s Ta o w a s a b o v e 8 0 ° F a n d t h a t t h ehome was w e l l i n s u l a t e d f o r t h e w i n t e r h e a t i n g s e a s o n . S i n c e t h eA S H R A E c o m f o r t s t a n d a r d s w e r e m a i n t a i n e d f o r a l l t h e c o n t r o l
p e r i o d s t e s t e d , 9 6 p e r c e n t o f t h e c u s t o m e r s a c c e p t e d t h e s l i g h t l y h i g h e ri n d o o r t e m p e r a t u r e s .
W a t e r H e a t i n g Load C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : T h e d i v e r s i f i e d W/H u n i t h o u r l ydemand p r o f i l e s f o r t h e f o u r s e a s o n s a r e g i v e n i n F i g u r e 1 5 . T h e s ed e m a n d s a r e b a s ed o n a n a v e r a g e c a p a c i t y o f 8 7 g a l l o n s w h i c h i s h i g h e rt h a n t h e s y s t e m a v e r a g e . As s e e n i n T a b l e V I t h e h i g h e r p e a k d e m a n d si n t h e w i n t e r - s p r i n g s e a s o n s a r e t h e r e s u l t o f l o w i n l e t w a t e r t e m p e r a -t u r e s . T h e l o w e r p e a k d e m a n d s i n t h e summer a r e d u e t o h i g h e r i n l e tw a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d l o w e r u s a g e i n t h e e v e n i n g h o u r s .
W a t e r H e a t i n g Load R e d u c t i o n s a n d R ec o v e ry L o a d s : T a b l e I I l i s t st h e W/H c o n t r o l p e r i o d s i n v e s t i g a t e d . T h e D e t r o i t E d i s o n Companyi n t e r r u p t s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 8 0 , 0 0 0 e l e c t r i c w a t e r h e a t e r s p r i m a r i l y f o rf u e l s a v i n g s , h o w e v e r , s y s t e m demand r e d u c t i o n s h a v e o c c a s i o n a l l yb e e n u s e d i n t i m e s o f s y s t e m g e n e r a t i o n c a p a c i t y s h o r t a g e s . F o r t h i sr e a s o n m o s t o f t h e c on t ro l p e r i o d s s e l e c t e d a r e i n t h e a f t e r n o o n o re v e n i n g . S e ve ra l o f t h e c ommon s t r a t e g i e s f o r t h e w i n t e r a n d summers e a s o n s , a n d t h e i r r e s u l t s a r e s u m m a r i z e d i n F i g u r e s 1 6 a n d 1 7 a n d
T a b l e V I I . T h i s d a t a may n o t b e t y p i c a l f o r s m a l l c a p a c i t y w a t e rh e a t e r s . Some o f t h e g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s d e r i v e d f r o m t h e t e s t s a r eg i v e n b e l o w . I n v i e w i n g t h e t w o f i g u r e s a n d t h e t a b l e , when t h e w a t e rh e a t e r s a r e c o n t r o l l e d o n p e a k , t h e r e c o v e r y l o a ds a re h i g h e r , t h er e c o v e r y p e r i o d i s l o n g e r , a n d t h e p e r c e n t e n e r g y p a y b a c k s a r e h i g h e rt h a n when t h e u n i t s a r e c o n t r o l l e d d u r i n g t h e m i d - d a y v a l l e y l o a dh o u r s . T h i s i s t r u e i n b o t h t h e summer a n d w i n t e r . T h e f i r s t h o u r o fr e c o v e r y l o a d i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s a m e d u r i n g summer a n d w i n t e r .S i n c e t h e u n c o n t r o l l e d l o a d s a r e l o w e r i n t h e s u m m e r , t h e p e r c e n te n e r g y p a y b a c k s a r e h i g h e r b e c a u s e m o s t o f t h e p a y b a c k i s a c h i e v e d i nt h e f i r s t h o u r o f r e c o v e r y . A n o t h e r r e a s o n why t h e p a y b a c k s c o u l d b el o w e r i n t h e w i n t e r i s b e c a u s e l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e w a t e r i s u s e d d u r i n gt h e c o n t r o l p e r i o d a n d t h u s l e s s p e r c e n t a g e o f p a y b a c k e n e r g y i sn e e d e d .
T h e W/ H l o a d i s m o r e d e s i r a b l e t o c o n t r o l t h a n A / C l o a d b e c a u s eW/H l o a d r ed u c t i on s o f f r o m . 5 kW t o 1 . 0 kW c a n b e a c hi e ve d y e a r -r o u n d , w h i l e t h e s a m e r a n g e o f A / C l o a d r e d u c t i o n s c a n o n l y b e
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TABLE V I I
E l e c t r i c Water H e a t i n g Load R e d u c t i o nand R e c o v e r y L o a d s
L o a d a n d E n e r g y SummaryP e a k A v e r a g e 1 s t Hour
N e t P e r c e n t L o a d Load R e c o v e r yE n e r g y E n e r g y R e d u c t i o n R e d u c t i o n Loadk Wh P a y b a c k kW kW kW
W i n t e r- 1 . 1 6 6 1 1 . 1 2 0 . 9 9 1 . 4 6- 0 . 7 4 6 0 0 . 9 7 0 . 9 3 0 . 9 5- 1 . 4 2 6 4 1 . 1 1 0 . 9 9 1 . 6 3- 0 . 3 3 6 3 0 . 8 9 0 . 8 9 0 . 5 6- 0 . 6 3 7 9 1 . 1 1 1 . 0 0 1 . 4 1- 0 . 3 4 6 6 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 . 7 0- 0 . 7 4 6 5 1 . 1 1 1 . 0 6 0 . 6 9+ 0 . 0 7 1 0 6 1 . 1 1 1 . 1 1 0 . 8 9- 0 . 4 5 9 0 1 . 5 7 1 . 4 8 1 . 6 5
Summer8 3 0 . 7 5
1 0 0 0 . 7 19 8 0 . 8 5
1 6 3 0 . 8 51 4 7 0 . 8 91 0 4 0 . 8 81 0 3 0 . 7 3
0 . 7 00 . 6 80 . 7 10 . 7 40 . 8 70 . 7 80 . 7 3
1 . 2 91 . 0 91 . 5 70 . 9 71 . 7 31 . 7 01 . 5 0
CONTROLLED A ND UNCONTROLLEDW/H UNIT ( 8 7 g a l . a v g . )SUMMER SEASON
U n c o n t r o l l e d---- 2 - 4 pm C o n t r o l
L I
CONTROLLED AND UNCONTROLLEDW/ H UNIT ( 8 7 g a l . a v g . )WINTER SEASON
2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 4 6am pm a m
T i m e - h r s
F i g . 1 7 . W i n t e r W a t e r H e a t e r D i s t r i b u t i o n C i r c u i t O f f - P e a k andO n - P e a k L o a d R e d u c t i o n s and R e c o v e r y P a t t e r n s .
o b t a i n e d when t h e a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e i s 9 0 ° F o r g r e a t e r . A l s o t h ep e r c e n t e n e r g y p a y b a c k s f o r t h e w a t e r h e a t e r a r e two t o t h r e e t i m e sm o r e t h a n t h e 3 0 p e r c e n t p a y b a c k s o f A / C c o n t r o l i n a n o r t h e r nc l i m a t e .C u s t o m e r a n d C i r c u i t V o l t a g e P r o f i l e s
M o s t u t i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m s h a v e b e e n d e s i g n e d t o p r o v i d en o r m a l s e r v i c e v o l t a g e s w i t h i n a b a n d w i d t h o f R a n g e A , 1 1 4 t o 1 2 6 V ,a s s p e c i f i e d i n ANSI S t a n d a r d C 8 4 . 1 . D e t r o i t E d i s o n h a s u s e d v o l t a g er e d u c t i o n t o e n s u r e s y s t e m s e c u r i t y s i n c e 1 9 4 8 ; a n d h a s u s e d r a d i oc o n t r o l r e c e i v e r s o n 7 6 0 d i s t r i b u t i o n s t a t i o n b u s a n d l i n e r e g u l a t o r s t o
l o w e r t h e v o l t a g e f i v e p e r c e n t s i n c e 1 9 6 8 5 . ( S e e F i g u r e 3 , P a r t I com-p a n i o n p a p e r . ) B e f o r e u s i n g v o l t a g e c o n t r o l t o r e d u c e d e m a n d s o r
e n e r g y , u t i l i t i e s s h o ul d m e a s u r e t h e v o l t a g e p r o f i l e s t h r o u g h o u t t h ed i s t r i b u t i o n n e t w o r k f o r a t l e a s t o n e y e a r t o a v o i d s u b j e c t i n g c u s t o m e r st o v o l t a g e s b e l o w , 1 1 4 V . When t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i s g r e a t e r t h a n 9 0 0 F ,t h e c i r c u i t b e c o m e s h e a v i l y l o a d e d , a s s e e n i n F i g u r e 4 , a n d i t i s n o tuncommon f o r t h e s e r v i c e v o l t a g e t o d r o p 5 t o 1 0 v o l t s b e t w e e n t h ee a r l y m o r n i n g a n d t h e p e a k l o a d t i m e . S e e F i g u r e 1 8 . F o r t h e 1 9 7 8summer s e a s o n , t h e v o l t a g e r e g u l a t o r s o n l a t e r a l s 1 a n d 2 w e r e s e tt o r e g u l a t e a t a n o m i n a l 1 2 5 V a n d v o l t a g e h i s t o g r a m s w e r e c o n -s t r u c t e d i n . 5 V i n c r e m e n t s f o r t h e l a t e r a l s , t r a n s f o r m e r s , a n d c u s -
6 6 2
C o n t r o lP e r i o dpm-pm
1 - 42 - 42 - 63 - 43 - 64 - 54 - 65 - 67 - 1 0
1 - 42 - 42 - 64 - 65 - 77 - 1 08 - 1 1
2 . 5 I
2 . 0
1 . 5 1
- 0 . 3 60 . 0 0
- 0 . 0 6+ 0 . 9 2+ 0 . 8 1+ 0 . 1 0+ 0 . 0 6
1 . 0
. 5
2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8
a m pmT i m e - h r s
F i g . 1 6 . Summer W a t e r H e a t e r D i s t r i b u t i o n C i r c u i t O f f - P e a k andO n - P e a k L o a d R e d u c t i o n s and R e c o v e r y P a t t e r n s .
I I
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6 6 3
SUMMER SEASON 1 9 7 8
L ATE R AL 49 - 8 - 7 8
> 9 5 0 F
U- 1 0 -TR ANSF ORMER 1 5 X1
9 - 8 - 7 8
pm
s e r v i c e v o l t a g e o c c u r s o n t h e h e a v i e s t l o a d e d t r a n s f o r m e r a n d / o r a t t h ec u s t o m e r w i t h t h e h i g h e s t l o a d s a n d l o n g e s t s e c o n d a r y a n d s e r v i c ed r o p . F i g u r e s 1 9 ( b ) a n d 1 9 ( c ) i l l u s t r a t e t h a t t h e f i r s t c u s t o m e r f r o m t h e
2 5 0 f e e d p o i n t w i t h t h e h i g h e s t l o a d a n d s e r v e d f r o m a l i g h t l y l o a d e d t r a n s -
f o r m e r h a d t h e l o w e s t s e r v i c e v o l t a g e o n t h e c i r c u i t , o r 1 1 5 . 2 V . F i g u r e1 9 c l e a r l y i l l u s t r a t e s t h e d i f f i c u l t y i n m a i n t a i n i n g R a n g e A v o l t a g e s
2 0 0 d u r i n g h o t d a y s i f t h e s e r v i c e v o l t a g e i s i n t e n t i o n a l l y l o w e r e d t o o b t a i nd e m a n d o r e n e r g y r e d u c t i o n s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e H i c k o r y c i r c u i t i sc o m p a c t a n d s er v es o n l y a q u a r t e r s q u a r e m i l e a r e a ; w h i l e many r u r a l
1 5 0 c i r c u i t s may s e r v e a n a r e a o f 4 0 s q u a r e m i l e s . As a r e s u l t , t h e v o l t a g eX c o n t r o l t e s t s w e r e s c h e d u l e d o n t h e H i c k o r y c i r c u i t d u r i n g t h o s e d a y s' i n t h e s um m er when t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s - 9 0 ' F . B o t h t h e l a t e r a l v o l t a g e
1 0 0 r e g u l a t o r s a n d t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s t a t i o n b u s r e g u l a t o r w e r e u s e d t oo b t a i n t h e d e s i r e d v o l t a g e r e d u c t i o n .
V o l t a g e c o n t r o l t e s t s w e r e s c h ed u l e d t h r ou g h o ut t h e f a l l , w i n t e r a n d
50 s p r i n g s e a s o n s , b e c a u s e t h e l o a d on t h e c i r c u i t was much l o w e r t h a n i nt h e s u m m e r . D u r i n g t h e w i n t e r t h e l a t e r a l v o l t a g e r e g u l a t o r s w e r e s e t t ot h r e e d i s t i n c t v o l t a g e l e v e l s o n a w e e k l y b a s i s t o m i t i g a t e t h e e f f e c t s o fw e a t h e r d i f f e r e n c e s . T h e v o l t a g e s e t t i n g s w e r e 1 2 4 V ( n o r m a l ) . 1 2 8 V
0 ( r a i s e ) a n d 1 2 0 V ( l o w e r ) . T h e r e g u l a t o r s w e r e i n c l o s e e l e c t r i c a l p r o -5 0 x i m i t y a n d t h e i n t e r a c t i o n c a u s e d a . 5 V d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e v o l t a g e
p r o f i l e s o n l a t e r a l s 1 a n d 4 a s s h o w n i n F i g u r e s 2 0 ( a ) a n d 2 0 f ) . T h ev o l t a g e c o n t r o l d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r p r o d u c e d v e r y p o o r c u s t o m er v o l t a g e
4 0 r e g u l a t i o n ; t h e w i d e r b a n d w i d t h s a n d f l a t t e r v o l t a g e p r o f i l e s b e i n gi n t e n t i o n a l l y c r e a t e d b y t h e t h r e e l a t e r a l v o l t a g e s e t t i n g s s p a n n i n ga l m o s t 1 0 v o l t s . T h e w i d e s t b a n d w i d t h o f 1 3 . 5 v o l t s o c c u r r e d i n F i g u r e
3 0 2 0 ( j ) f o r t h e l a s t c u s t o m e r o n l a t e r a l 4 . I n a c t u a l p r a c t i c e t h e w i d eb a n d w i d t h s s u c h a s t h o s e i n F i g u r e s 2 0 ( c ) , 2 0 ( h ) , 2 0 ( e ) , a n d 2 0 ( j ) w o u l d
X n o t o c c u r s i n c e t h e f e e d p o i n t v o l t a g e w o u l d b e s e t a t a n o m i n a l v a l u e o f= 1 2 4 v o l t s ; w i t h v o l t a g e r e d u c t i o n o n l y , t h e b a n d w i d t h s w o u l d b e n a r -
2 0 r o w e d t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 9 v o l t s o r a r a n g e o f 1 2 3 t o 1 1 4 v o l t s . B e c a u s et h e h i g h v o l t a g e s ( 1 2 6 t o 1 2 9 V ) o c c u r r e d d u r i n g t h e l i g h t l o a d e a r l ym o r n i n g h o u r s , t h i s w a s d e e m e d a c c e p t a b l e f o r t e s t p u r p o s e s .
1 0
R e a l a n d R e a c t i v e Power C h a n g e s w i t h V o l t a g e C o n t r o l
T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e w i n t e r a n d summer v o l t a g e t e s t s a r e l i s t e d i n0 T a b l e V I I I . A o n e p e r c e n t c h a n g e i n v o l t a g e r e s u l t e d i n a b o u t a o n e6 p e r c e n t ( . 9 6 ) c h a n g e i n r e a l p o w e r f o r h i g h l o ad d a y s w h e r e t h e d a i l y
p e a k l o a d was g r e a t e r t h a n 9 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e w i n t e r p e a k . T h i s c o m -p a r e d t o o n l y . 7 6 c h a n g e when t h e d a i l y p e a k l o a d w a s 7 6 t o 1 0 0 p e r c e n t
5 o f t h e w i n t e r p e a k . T h i s i s t o b e e x p e c t e d s i n c e o n e o f t h e l a r g e s t
c o m p o n e n t s o f l o a d i n t h e w i n t e r was e l e c t r i c w a t e r h e a t i n g a n d f o r t h eh i g h e r l o a d d a y s t h e v o l t a g e d r o p t h r o u g h o u t t h e c i r c u i t i s g r e a t e r . T h ep e r c e n t AQ/AV i n t h e w i n t e r w a s m o r e t h a n t w ic e t h e p e r c e n t A P / A V .D u r i n g t h e ' s u m m e r , v o l t a g e c o n t r o l t e s t s c o u l d n o t b e c o nd u c t ed whent e m p e r a t u r e s e x c e e d e d 9 0 ' F b e c a u s e s o m e c u s t o m e r s w o u l d h a v e h a dv o l t a g e s b e l o w t h e 1 1 4 V m i n i m u m . T h e r e f o r e SVC t e s t s w e r e c o n -
J 9 d u c t e d i n t h e 8 0 - 9 0 ° F t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e o n l y . T h e p e r c e n t c h a n g e i nr e a l p o w e r f o r t h i s t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e w a s 1 . 2 6 w h i l e t h e c h a n g e i nr e a c t i v e p o w e r w a s 4 . 6 6 f o r e a c h p e r c e n t c h a n g e i n v o l t a g e . T h e
2 summer a n d w i n t e r v o l t a g e c o n t r o l t e s t s t h e r e f o r e i n d i c a t e d t h a tAQ/AV i n c r e a s e d w i t h a n i n c r e a s e i n t e m p e r a t u r e . T h i s a p p e a r s a p -p r o p r i a t e i n t h a t t h e A / C i n d u c t i o n m o t o r l o a d b e c o m e s p r e d o m i n a t e a t
1 a b o u t 8 0 ' t o 8 5 ' F .
TABLE V I I I
S o u r c e V o l t a g e C o n t r o l T e s t s
T i m e - h r s1 9 .
F i g . 1 8 . T y p i c a l L a t e r a l , T r a n s f o r m e r , and C u s t o m e r V o l t a g e ,P o w e r F a c t o r , and L o a d P r o f i l e s on a > ' 9 5 ° F D a y .
t o m e r s e r v i c e p o i n t s . T h e s m o o t h c u r v e s i n F i g u r e 1 9 r e p r e s e n t t h e T y p e o f D a y s % A Vv o l t a g e i n p e r c e n t t i m e f o r a l l summer d a y s a n d t h e v e r t i c a l b a r s A v e r a g e L o a dc o n s i s t o f d a t a f o r o n l y t h o s e d a y s w h e r e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e e x c e e d e d 7 6 - 1 0 0 % 5 . 49 0 ' F . T h e v e r t i c a l d a s h e d l i n e s s h o w t h e h i g h e s t a n d l o w e s t o b s e r v e dv o l t a g e s f o r e a c h l o c a t i o n . H i g h L o a d
From t h i s f i g u r e i t s h o u l d b e n ot e d t h a t t h e l o w e s t c u s t o m e r v o l t a g e s 9 0 - 1 0 0 % 5 . 5a r e a l m o s t i n d e p e n d e n t o f l o c a t i o n on t h e c i r c u i t . T h i s f a c t m a k e s i ts o m e w h a t d i f f i c u l t t o s e l e c t c i r c u i t s w h e r e v o l t a g e r e d u c t i o n c a n b ei m p l e m e n t e d . F i g u r e s 1 9 ( c ) a n d 1 9 ( h ) a r e t h e f i r s t c u s t o m e r s ' v o l t a g e 1 9 1h i s t o g r a m s a n d F i g u r e s 1 9 ( e ) a n d 1 9 i ) a r e t h e l a s t c u s t o m e r s ' v o l t a g e 8 0 - 9 0 ° F 7 . 0h i s t o g r a m s o n l a t e r a l s 1 a n d 4 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e l o w e s t c u s t o m e r
7 8 , 1979 W i n t e r ( J a n u a r y , F e b r u a r y )
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0 . 0 % + 2 . 0 %( 1 2 5 . 4 V ) ( 1 2 7 . 9 V )
- 3 . 7 % 0 . 0 % + 1 . 8 %( 1 2 0 . 9 V ) ( 1 2 5 . 5 V ) ( 1 2 7 . 8 V )
8 1 Summer ( J u l y , A u g u s t ) ( C i r c u i t )- 2 . 8 % 0 . 0 % + 4 . 2 %
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CONCLUSIONS
O b t a i n i n g a c c u r a t e A/C l o a d r e d u c t i o n s a n d recovery l o a d s i s t h ef i r s t s t e p i n a s s e s s i n g t h e e c o n o m i c b e n e f i t o f c o n t r o l l i n g A /C l o a d s .Th e m e t h o d o u t l i n e d i n t h i s p a p e r h a d s e v e r a l a d v a n t a g e s . F i r s t , i tp e r m i t t e d a n a c c u r a t e measurement o f t h e l o a d r e d u c t i o n s a n d recov-
er y l o a d s b e c a u s e t h e c o nt r ol l e d a n d u n c o n t r o l l e d g r o u p s o f A /C l o a dwere c o n f i n e d t o a s m a l l g e o g r a p h i c area, n a m e l y one d i s t r i b u t i o nc i r c u i t ; t h u s , t h e e f f e c t o f w e a t h e r as a v a r i a b l e was t h e same f o r e a c hg r o u p . S e cQ n d , b e ca u s e a l l t h e c o nt r ol l a b l e l o a d s ( A / C a n d W/H) were
on t h e ` a m e d i s t r i b u t i o n c i r c u i t , t h e c h a n g e i n t h e n e t w o r k energy
l o s s e s a n d t h e r m a l c a p a c i t y c o u l d b e m o n i t o r e d f o r e a c h c o n t r o l
s t r a t e g y . T h i s c o u l d n o t b e a c h i e v e d b y s e l e c t i n g a random s a m p l e o fc o n t r o l l a b l e l o a d s w h i c h ar e l o c a t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t i r e T&D s y s-
t e m . A d i s t r i b u t i o n c i r c u i t l o a d m a n a g e m e n t s t u d y , s u c h a s t h e one
d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s paper, s h o u l d n o t r e p l a c e s t ud i es c o ns i s ti n g o fs y s t e m - w i d e s a m p l e s o f customer c o n t r o l l a b l e l o a d s ; h o w e v e r , t h i st y p e o f s t u d y d o e s c o m p l e m e n t t h e o t h e r s a d d i n g u n d e r s t a n d i n g as t o
h o w c h a n g e s in customer l o a d p r o f i l e s r e f l e c t b a c k t h r o u g h t h e system.A l s o , m o n i t o r i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n c i r c u i t s i s t h e o n l y a p p r o a c h a v a i l a b l e t o
d e t e r m i n e demand c h a n g e s r e s u l t i n g f r o m c h a n g e s i n s e r v i c e v o l t a g e .On e o f t h e d i s a d v a n t ag es o f a d i s t r i b u t i o n c i r c u i t l o a d m a n a g e m e n t
s t u d y i s t h a t t h e s a m p l e s i z e s ar e s m a l l a n d may n o t b e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
o f t h e s y s t e m average. T h e r e f o r e , i t i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t a b l e n d o f t h er e s u l t s l e a r n e d f r o m d i s t r i b u t i o n c i r c u i t s t u d i e s a n d customer l o a dc o n t r o l s t u d i e s b e u s e d i n e s t i m a t i n g t h e s y s t e m - w i d e e c o n o m i c i m p l i -c a t i o n s o f s e r v i c e v o l t a ge c o nt r ol a n d d i r e c t l o a d c o n t r o l . P a r t I I I o ft h i s s e r i e s o f papers d e s c r i b e s how d i s t r i b u t i o n c i r c u i t a n d customerl o a d s t u d i e s c a n b e c o m b i n e d t o t r a n s l a t e s a m p l e r e s u l t s i n t o s y s t e m -
w i d e i m p a c t s .
REFERENCES
1. M u r r a y W. D a v i s , T h e o d o r e J . K r u p a , a n d Matthew J . D i e d z i c , J r . , Th e E c o n o m i c s o f D ir ec t C o n t ro l o f R e s i d e n t i a l L o a d s on t h eD e s i g n a n d O p e r a t i o n o f t h e D i s t r i b u t i o n S y s t e m , P a r t I D e s i g n o f
E x p e r i m e n t . Companion paper, m a n u s c r i p t s u b m i t t e d t o IEEE,pp . 1 - 8 , J a n u a r y , 1 9 8 1 .
2 . R o n a l d L . M c I n t y r e , J a m e s D . C y r u l e w s k i , a n d J a m e s M. G o o d -r i c h , P r a c t i c a l B en ef i t s o f Load M o d i f i c a t i o n f o r T h e D e t r o i t E d i -s o n Company. IEEE-PES Summer M e e t i n g , M i n n e a p o l i s , M i n -n e s o t a , 8 0 S M 5 1 6 - 5 , pp . 1 - 8 , J u l y 1 3 - 1 8 , 1 9 8 0 .
3 . G e o r g e W. B r a z i l , A r k a n s a s Power a n d L i g h t Company A i r C o n -d i t i o n i n g Load Management P r o g r a m . P a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t t h eIEEE-PES Summer M e e t i n g , V a n c o u v e r , B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a ,A 7 9 5 1 3 - 3 , pp. 1 - 7 , J u l y 1 5 - 2 0 , 1 9 7 9 .
L ATE R AL 4
1 2 62 8
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F i g . 2 0 . L a t e r a l , T r a n s f o r m e r , and Customer V o l t a g e H i s t o g r a m sf o r T h r e e D i f f e r e n t L a t e r a l V o l t a g e S e tt i ng s D u r i n g t h eW i n t e r S e a s o n .
4 . P o s i t i v e L o a d C o n t r o l P i l o t P r o g r a m . G e o r g i a P o w e r C o m p a n y ,p p . 1 - 1 9 , I n t e r i m R e p o r t 1 9 8 0 .
5 . B . F . S m i t h a n d E . H . A r j e s k i , Load Management b y R a d i o -C o n t r o l l e d V o l t a g e R e d u c t i o n . P r e s e n t e d t o EEI , E l e c t r i c a l S y s -tem a n d E q u i p m e n t C o m m i t t e e , Oklahoma C i t y O k l a h o m a ,p p . 1 - 2 2 , O c t o b e r 1 9 , 1 9 7 1 .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
T h e a u t h o r s w i s h t o express t h e i r a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s
o f S a t y e n d r a B a s u f o r d e v e l o p i n g t h e computer programs a n d a n a l y z -i n g t h e d a t a . Th e a u t h o r s a l s o a p p r e c i a t e t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f S t a n l e y D .
Z a l e w s k i a n d M a r l a K . Cezon f o r p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e f i g u r e s and t a b l e s
a n d a i d i n g i n t h e d a t a a n a l y s i s .
9 5e