18 th c. european expansion
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18 th c. European Expansion. 18 th c. political history?. absolutism & constitutionalism continue enlightened absolutism (ca. 1750-1790) French Revolution (1789). 18 th c. intellectual history?. Enlightenment (1690-1780). This presentation will address - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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18th c. European Expansion
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18th c. political history?
• absolutism & constitutionalism continue• enlightened absolutism (ca. 1750-1790)• French Revolution (1789)
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18th c. intellectual history?
• Enlightenment (1690-1780)
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This presentation will address18th c. European ECONOMIC HISTORY.
Essential Questions:How did Europe expand in the 18th
century?… internal growth?
(rising food production, population boom, expansion of industry)
… external growth? (global trade, empire building)
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I. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
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Objectives
1. Compare and contrast farming methods and the supply of food before and after the Agricultural Revolution.
2. Explain the factors that caused the Low Countries and England to adopt the new methods of the Agricultural Revolution first.
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• 80% of W. Europeans
• even more in E. Europe
17th c. Economy: Agrarian
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• What it looked like: – open fields, cut into strips for each family – no fences – common lands for pasturing animals
Agriculture before 1650: The Open-Field System
Fallow
Wheat/ Beans
Fallow
Wheat/ Beans
Fallow
Wheat/ Beans
Common Land
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• Problems: – soil exhaustion fields lie fallow– low output + periods of famine
Agriculture before 1650: The Open-Field System
Famine FoodsGrass and Bark……….
Dandelions……………….
Chestnuts………………….
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• What: elimination of the fallow• How:
Agricultural Revolution (ca 1650-1850)
(1) crop rotation (2) enclosure
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• Consequences: – MUCH more food– rise of market-oriented
estate agriculture– proletarianization
(landless peasants)
Agricultural Revolution (ca 1650-1850)
Between 1600 and 1900, England’s wheat output tripled. Overall, by 1870 English
farmers were producing 300% more food than in 1700 with just 14% more labor!
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• Low Countries 1st – why:– densely populated– growth of urban areas
• England 2nd – students of the Dutch
Leaders: Low Countries & England
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• Cornelius Vermuyden (Dutch) – drainage• Jethro Tull (English) – seed drill, horses for
plowing, selective breeding
Dutch & English Innovators
Seed Drill
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II. POPULATION EXPLOSION
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Objective
Account for the dramatic population increase in Europe during the 18th century.
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Population Patterns up to 1700
• irregular cyclical pattern of slow growth
• factors that held down growth:– famine– disease– war
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18th c. Population Explosion
• Why: decline in mortality … – famine: new canals and roads enabled food
transport; new foods (potato)
– disease: bubonic plague disappeared; improved sanitation
– war: less destructive
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III. COTTAGE INDUSTRY & URBAN GUILDS
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Objectives
1. Discuss the development of cottage industry and its impact on rural life and economy.
2. Describe the features of the guild system, explain how it evolved in the 18th century, and explain why the guild system eventually was replaced.
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Cottage Industry
• manufacturing with hand tools in peasant homes
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Cottage Industry: The Putting-Out System
• What: merchant capitalist “put out” raw materials to cottage workers, who returned finished products to the merchant
• Competitive advantages (over guilds):– low wages– no regulation = experimentation + variety of goods
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Cottage Industry
• 1st in: England, textile industry• family enterprise• spinners can’t keep up with weavers
“spinsters”• conflict b/t workers & merchant-capitalists• erratic pace
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Urban Guilds
• elitist & monopolistic:– restricted membership:
men, nepotism, costly
– exclusive rights to produce certain goods
– access to limited raw materials
Guild flags, etching from 1815.
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Urban Guilds
• not open to experimentation?
• 18th c. openness to women (ex. dressmaking)
• lost power, late 18th c. – mid-19th c. (FR / rise of free market)
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“Industrious Revolution”
• social/econ Δs of late 17th-early 18th c.– wage work– leisure time
• new pattern = foundation for IR (1780)• Debate over consequences … life better or
worse for:– the poor?– women?
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IV. BUILDING THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
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Objectives1. Explain how Britain became the dominant European power
in the colonial world.2. Describe the development of slavery and its impact on the
economy in the Americas.3. Explain how Spain recovered in the 18th century after its 17th-
century decline.4. Describe the hierarchy of Spanish colonial society.5. Identify European colonies in Asia.6. Explain Adam Smith’s economic theory, and contrast it with
mercantilism.
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18th c. Commercial Leader:
BRITAIN!!!
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Britain did have rivals:• Dutch• French • Spanish
So how did Britain take the lead?Success in war – economic & military.
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Wars
1. Navigation Acts (1651-1663) 2. Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1674)3. War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)4. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)5. Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
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1. Navigation Acts (1651-1663)
• econ. warfare:– GB imports must be
carried on GB ships (or on ships of country producing the goods)
– GB colonies must ship goods on GB (or US) ships + buy goods from GB
• Outcome: beat out Dutch
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2. Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1674)
• 3 wars• Outcome: not much
Δ, but coupled w/ Nav. Acts, Dutch commerce
Dutch colony of New Amsterdam. Britain seized it and renamed it “New York.”
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3. War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)
• Cause: threat of French/Spanish union
• France vs. Grand Alliance (GB, Dutch, Austria, Prussia)
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3. War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)
• Grand Alliance won!• Peace of Utrecht:
– Fr/Sp could not be united– France lost Amer. colonies to
GB– Spain lost land to Austria &
gives control of slave trade to GB
Thus: France & Spain decline … GB gains
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4. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
• Cause: Prussia (Fred the Great) took Silesia from Austria (MT)
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4. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
• Came to include Anglo-French conflicts in India & N. America
• Outcome: – Prussian victory– no land Δ in N.
America
GB’s King George II at Battle of Dettingen – defeated the French. GB fought on
Austria’s side.
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5. Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)• Cause: MT
wanted Silesia back
• France vs. Britain over colonies
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5. Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
• Indecisive in Europe• British victory in
colonies• Treaty of Paris:
– France & Spain lost land in N. Amer. & India to GB
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Theme: Land and Trade Monopolization
Outcome: Britain realized goal of monopolizing a vast trading and colonial empire
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IN THE COLONIES…
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THE AMERICASIN THE COLONIES….
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Atlantic Slave Trade (18th c. height)
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Atlantic Slave Trade• plantation agriculture:
sugar, coffee, tobacco, rice, cotton
• 1700: GB becomes leader• 1770s-80s: GB abolition
campaign• 1807: Parli abolished GB
slave trade
Middle Passage
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Spanish Revival
After its height in the 16th c., and a drastic fall in the 17th, Spain came back in the 18th!
• Causes:– better leadership: Philip V
(r. 1700-1746)– reforming ministers
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Spanish Revival
• Signs of revival: colonies benefit!– better defense– expansion (ex. Louisiana, CA)– silver mining recovers– new class of wealthy Creoles
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Spanish Colonial Society• Creole: Spanish blood, born in
America
• mestizo: mixed Spanish/Indian
• debt peonage: – 17th c. labor system– serfdom – owner keeps
Indians in bondage by advancing pay
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ASIAIN THE COLONIES….
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Portugal (16th c.)
Outposts in Indian Ocean trading world
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Dutch Republic (17th c.)
Indonesia
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France
Keylight blue = 1st empire of
1600s-1700s dark blue = 2nd empire, after
1830
India
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Britain (India, 18th c.)
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ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
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Different Economic Systems
Mercantilism• 17th-18th c.• gov’t. regulation• goal: ↑ gold reserves …
exports > imports
Capitalism• late 18th c. forward• gov’t. stays out of economy
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Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776)
• capitalism / free market / free trade / economic liberalism / laissez-faire
• invisible hand• 3 duties of gov’t.:
1. defense (military)2. civil order (police, courts)3. public works