Unit 1: Chapters 1 and 2European Expansion

1. What caused Europeans to start to expand and why did they choose the Americans to

expand to?2. What were the general trends of

colonization by the Spanish, the French, the Dutch, and the English in the fifteenth

century?

THE EXPANSION OF EUROPESection 1

European Communities

•Agricultural society with many new advances in farming technology•Feudal system divided land into small areas owned by landlords.

•Peasants paid tribute and performed labor

European Communities

• Majority of population Christian; small Jewish minority persecuted

• Harsh living conditions– famine prevalent– wiped out one-third of Europe's

population, 1347–1353.

The Merchant Class and the New Monarchies

• European expansion fueled by and . • Western European states emerged with monarchs as

centers of power• Alliance between monarchies and merchants paved

way for European expansion

The Renaissance• Intellectual and artistic

flowering in Europe from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century– The stimulated

Italian trade with Asia.– Compass, gunpowder,

movable type were introduced to Europe.

• Inquisitive and acquisitive spirit of Renaissance helped motivate exploration

Portuguese Explorations

• established academy to train seafarers.– By the mid-fifteenth century most Europeans knew that

the Earth was a spherical globe.• Portuguese trading voyages tried to reach Indies by

sailing around Africa.• 1488: established several colonies and reached

southern tip of Africa.• Established Atlantic slave trade• 1498: Vasco Da Gama sails around Africa to Indies.

Sugar and Slavery

• Europeans were concerned with the moral implications of enslaving Christians.– Muslims and Africans could be used as slaves because they

were not Christians.• In 1441, the Portuguese opened the trade by bringing

slaves to the sugar plantations on the island of Madeira.

• The expansion of sugar production in the Caribbean increased the demand for slaves.

• Caribbean sugar and slaves were the core of the European colonial system.

West Africans• Slaves came from well-established societies and local

communities of .– More than 100 peoples lived along the West African coast.– Most important institution was the local community organized by

kinship.• Most West African societies were polygamous and based

on sophisticated systems of farming and metalworking.• Extensive trade networks existed. • Household slavery was an established institution.

– Slaves were treated more as family than as possessions.– Children were born free.

• In 1492, Spain agreed to finance Columbus• They were in need of

new lands to conquer and plunder

• In , Columbus Landed at San Salvador (Blessed Savior)

• Searched through the Bahamas down to Cuba (Named for the Spanish word for Japan) for .

Columbus Reaches the Americas

Columbus Reaches the Americas

• Sailed again to the NW in 1493 with livestock and over 1000 men

• Discovered clockwise circulation of Atlantic winds and currents.

The New World

• Later Columbus voyages marked by violent slave raiding and obsession with .

• Native populations were decimated and virtually eliminated by the 1520s.– Without slave population, colonies entered depression– Spanish were dissatisfied and ordered arrest of Columbus

• Columbus died in 1506 still thinking that he had opened the new way to the Indies.

• After sailing to the Caribbean in 1499, . described lands as a New World.

The Dynamics of European Expansion

Push• Break on

Trade• Mindset• Improved • Fall of Constantinople• “ ”

Pull• ________, ____________,

and ______________• Spread of .• .• Mercantilism

THE SPANISH IN THE AMERICASSection 2

Spain: Patterns of Settlement

• Initial Success is based on wealth from Gold• Mainly and Priests (

mainly and some Franciscans)• Spanish-born Governors• Creole• Indian Slaves

The Invasion of America• Spanish armies marched across Caribbean islands,

slaughtering inhabitants.– system established

• Indians labor and Spanish lords protect Indians• Turned into slave system

• In 1517, Spanish under reached Mexico, home of Aztec empire.– Aztecs dominated Central Mexico, extracting tribute and

sacrificing human captives.– Cortes allied with subject peoples and conquered Aztec

empire, aided by disease.• Wealth was the driving force behind conquest

The Destruction of the Indies

• Spanish horses, guns, and steel overcame Indian resistance.

• Las Casas blamed Spanish for cruelty and deaths of millions of Indians.– The “Black Legend”

• Only a small portion of the deaths can be attributed to warfare.

• Famine, lower birth rates, and epidemic diseases were largely responsible for the radical reduction in native populations.

The Destruction of the Indies by Bartolomé de las Casas

Columbian Exchange• Exchanges between Old and New Worlds occurred

– European diseases decimated Indian populations.– American precious metals

• Runaway inflation• Stimulated commerce• Lowered standard of living for most Europeans

– American crops to Europe- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

– European crops to America- ______________________________________________________________________________________________

The Decline of the Indian Population

• The population of Mexico fell from 25 million in 1519 to one million a century later.

• By the twentieth century, native population had fallen by 90 percent.

• “Virgin Soil Epidemics”– Diseases were the greatest killer of Indians

Destruction of Smallpox

FIGURE 2.1 North America’s Indian and Colonial Populations in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries The primary factor in the decimation of native peoples was epidemic disease, brought to the New World from the Old. In the eighteenth century, the colonial population overtook North America’s Indian populations. SOURCE:Historical Statistics of the United States (Washington,DC: Government Printing Office,1976),8,1168;Russell Thornton, American Indian Holocaust and Survival (Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1987),32.

The First Europeans in North America

• In 1519, first of several unsuccessful colonization attempts failed in Florida.

• Europeans were searching for slaves and the rumored cities of wealth.

• In 1539, traveled throughout South, spreading disease that depopulated and weakened Indian societies.

• In 1539, searched for lost cities of gold in Southwest.

• Explorers failed to find great cities and turned back.

The Spanish New World Empire

• By late sixteenth century, the Spanish had a powerful American empire.

• 200,000 Europeans and 125,000 Africans lived in Spanish colonies.

• Population was racially mixed.• Council of the Indies governed empire but

local autonomy prevailed.

Spanish South West• Encomienda - System by which favored officers

became privileged landowners• Lasts more than three centuries (much longer

than England’s or France’s)• In 1598 Juan de Onate received a patent for the

territory north of Mexico– Promised the Pueblos the Spanish would bring them

peace, justice, and prosperity– Pueblo Revlts: One year later the Indians revolted,

800 killed and the rest enslaved

NORTHERN EXPLORATIONS AND ENCOUNTERS

Section 3

France: Traders, Trappers, and Priests•Abundant fish in Grand Banks of North Atlantic led Europeans to explore North American coastal waters.•French were first to explore eastern North American and established claims to lands of Canada•1524 – Verrazano sails to Cape Fear and up the coast, through the Verrazano Narrows, to Narragansett Bay

•French populate areas with traders, trappers and Jesuit priests

•Establish a frontier of inclusion•European-Indian relations based on trade, especially furs

•Disease and wars over hunting grounds reduced Indian populations•Indians became dependent on European manufactured goods.•1541 – Cartier finds the St. Lawrence and travels to modern-day Montreal

France: Traders, Trappers, and Priests

Calvinism

• Zwingli and _________ were Swiss theologians after the Reformation

• Calvin believed that God was so omniscient and omnipotent that he knew if a person was damned or saved before they were even born

• Unfortunately for most humans, most were damned and only a few were saved

Catholics

• All follow Pope in Rome• __________, Dominicans,

Franciscans, etc.• Different sects are all

related under Catholic umbrella

All Split from the Catholic church after 1517 when Luther nailed his 95 theses to Wittenberg’s castle door

Includes _________, Lutherans, ________, __________, _________, etc.

Different groups are NOT related, each is VERY different

Christianity

Protestants

Pilgrims and PuritansChristians

CatholicsProtestants

Italians, French, SpanishReligious Orders of Franciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits, etc.

Church of England

Lutherans(Germany)

Calvinists(Swiss and Dutch)

Anglicans

Puritans

Pilgrims, aka Separatists

The Protestant Reformation and the First French Colonies

• Protestant John Calvin followers in France were called ____________.– ____________were largely merchants and members of

the middle class.– Huguenots planted first French colonies in South Carolina

and Florida in an effort to find religious refuge.• French enjoyed good relations with Indians.• Spanish destroyed French colony in Florida.

The French, under the command of Jean Ribault, land at the mouth of the St. Johns River inFlorida. The image shows the local Timucua people welcoming the French, It is likely that theTimucuas viewed the French as potential allies against the Spanish, who had plundered the coast many times in pursuit of slaves. SOURCE:Colored engraving,1591,by Theodor de Bry after a now lost drawing by Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues;The Granger Collection.

France in the 15th Century

• Religious Wars in France prevents further exploration– France bars immigration to New World for French

Protestants (Huguenots)

• Territorial claims overlap with England and Spain

• ______________, _____________and Priest (Jesuits, Franciscan)

• Won’t start to create a real empire until 17c

Sixteenth-Century England

• Enclosure movement stimulated English colonization.– Expanded woolen trade and cost growing number of

farmers their land, creating large unemployed population.• King Henry VIII established the Protestant Church of England.• “Bloody Mary” murdered hundreds of Protestants.• ________________encouraged supporters to subdue Irish

Catholics to prevent any invasion efforts by Spain. – Brutal, vicious invasion led to conquest of Ireland, setting

English pattern of colonization.

Early English Efforts in the Americas

• English “___________” raided Spanish New World fleets.• Rivalry with Spain led Queen Elizabeth I to found colonies.

– Colonies could provide bases to raid the Spanish, free England from reliance on trade with Asia, and provide a home for the homeless.

• Spain became angry that the English were taking territory that had been set aside by the pope for Catholics.– Spanish Armada defeated by English fleet in 1588, halting Spanish

monopoly on Americas.

The First Colony of _______, 1585

• Colony off the North Carolina coast founded by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585

• Goal was to find ___________: furs, gold or silver, and plantation agriculture

• Indians seen as laborers (Spanish model)• Conflict with Algonquians led to abandonment

of colony by English

The Lost Colony at Roanoke, 1588

• New colony set up in 1585 aiming for better relations with Algonquians.

• Conflicts occurred, leading to John White's return to England for support.

• Three years later, White returned to Roanoke.• Found colony destroyed and no trace of colonists

– ______________carved into tree• Colonists may have created the first mixed

community of English and Indians in North America.

European Exploration of the Americas• In the century after Columbus came to the Americas, Europeans

had explored:– most of the Atlantic coast of North America;– much of the Pacific coast of North America; and– the interior of southeastern and southwestern North

America.• Spain had free reign southwest and mesoamerica• Portugal had control of Brazil• France had small trapper and trader settlements with Jesuit

priests• England: John Cabot had explored the northern coast and the

failed colon at Roanoke

Unit 1: Chapter 3Section 1

Spain and Its Competitors in North America

New Mexico

• Spanish came to Rio Grande valley in 1598 on a quest to find gold and save souls.– Brutally put down Indian resistance

• Colony of New Mexico centered around Santa Fe.• Pueblos, Acomas, Zunis, and Hopis resisted Christianity.• The Spanish depended on forced Indian labor for modest

farming and sheep raising.

The Pueblo Indians and the Spanish

• In Santa Fe, the ___________clashed with Spanish authorities over religious practices.

• In 1680, __________, a Pueblo priest, led a successful revolt that temporarily ended Spanish rule.

• In 1692, Spanish regained control, loosening religious restrictions.

• Pueblos observed Catholicism in churches and missionaries tolerated traditional practices away from the mission

New France• In 1605, French set up an outpost on the Bay of Fundy to

monopolize fur trade.• Samuel de _____________ was leader and allied with Hurons

against Iroquois.• To exploit fur trade, French lived throughout region.

– Only French Catholics were permitted• Quebec City was administrative center of vast French colonial

empire.• French had society of inclusion, intermarried with Indians.

– Formed alliances with Indians rather than conquering– Missionaries attempted to learn more about Indian customs

New Netherland

• Upon achieving independence, the United Provinces of the Netherlands developed a global commercial empire.– Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India

Company

• Henry Hudson – Englishman for hire– Looking for the Northwest Passage– (Crew Mutinied and threw him over board – and that was

the last anyone heard from Henry Hudson)

New Netherlands

• Dutch New York est. 1614• In present-day New York, the Dutch established

settlements, Dutch opened trade with the Iroquois.

• Iroquois, through warfare, became the important middlemen of the fur trade with the Dutch.

• Lost to English in 1664 (but retained Dutch character)