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18 Cold War Conflicts

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CHAPTER OBJECTIVECHAPTER OBJECTIVE

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VISUAL SUMMARYVISUAL SUMMARY

SECTION Origins of the Cold War1

SECTION The Cold War Heats Up2

SECTION The Cold War at Home3

SECTION Two Nations Live on the Edge4

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18 Cold War Conflicts

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CHAPTER OBJECTIVE

To understand the international and domestic tensions resulting from the Cold War

18W I T H H I S T O R Y

I N T E R A C T

What do you do when a friend is accused?Examine the Issues

At the end of World War II, Americans begin to be haunted by a new fear. The Soviets have embraced a tightly controlled political system called communism. Many believe it threatens the American way of life. Throughout the nation, suspected communists are called before a House subcommittee for questioning. Anyone accused of un-American activity faces public humiliation and professional ruin.

• What can individual citizens do to protect the rights of all people?

• Do Americans with communist beliefs pose a threat to the nation?

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• Should citizens speak out to preserve the rights of others?

Cold War Conflicts

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The United States The World

1948 Harry S. Truman is elected president. 1948 Berlin airlift begins.

1949 United States joins NATO. 1949 China becomes communist under Mao Zedong.

1945 United Nations is established.

1950 U.S. sends troops to Korea. 1950 Korean War begins.

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1952 U.S. explodes first hydrogen bomb. Dwight D. Eisenhower is elected president.

1954 Senator Joseph McCarthy alleges Communist involvement in U.S. Army.

1954 French are defeated in Vietnam.

1953 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are executed as spies.

1953 Participants in Korean War agree on cease-fire.

1946 Churchill gives his “Iron Curtain” speech.

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Cold War Conflicts

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The United States The World

1957 Soviets launch Sputnik.

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1959 Fidel Castro comes to power in Cuba.

1960 Francis Gary Powers’s U-2 spy plane is shot down by the Soviets. John F. Kennedy is elected president.

Cold War Conflicts

1Origins of the Cold War

The Allied coalition falls apart as the United States and the Soviet Union find themselves in conflict with each other.

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

KEY IDEA

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OVERVIEW

The United States and the Soviet Union emerged from World War II as two “superpowers” with vastly different political and economic systems.

After World War II, differences between the United States and the Soviet Union led to a Cold War that lasted almost to the 21st century.

MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMESTERMS & NAMES

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• satellite nation

• Marshall Plan

• Berlin Airlift

• Truman Doctrine

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

• United Nations (UN)

• Cold War

• iron curtain

• containment

ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

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1. Describe the United States actions and the Soviet actions that contributed most to the cold war.

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U.S. Actions

Refusal to allow free elections in Poland

Control of Eastern Europe

Blockade of West Berlin

Marshall Plan

Aid to Greece and Turkey

Containment

Truman Doctrine

Berlin Airlift

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ASSESSMENT

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Soviet Actions


2. People who had served as aides to President Franklin Roosevelt worried that Truman was not qualified to handle world leadership. Considering what you learned in this section, evaluate Truman as a world leader. Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

POSSIBLE RESPONSES:

• Truman was an effective leader who took firm actions to contain Soviet influence and support the Marshall Plan and Berlin Airlift.

• He overreacted and was too belligerent.

• his behavior toward Stalin• his economic support of European nations• his support of West Berlin

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .

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3. Which of the two superpowers do you think was more successful in achieving its aims during the period 1945–1949?

continued . . .

ANSWERANSWER

POSSIBLE RESPONSES:

• The Soviets were most successful because they extended their influence into Eastern Europe.

• The United States was more successful because it broke the blockade of West Berlin and helped rebuild Europe.

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ASSESSMENT

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4. What were Stalin’s motives in supporting Communist governments in Eastern Europe?

ANSWERANSWER

Stalin wanted Eastern Europe as a buffer zone to protect the Soviet Union from an invasion on its western front.

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 1

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2The Cold War Heats Up

U.S. containment policies and Communist successes in China and North Korea lead to the Korean War.


KEY IDEA

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OVERVIEW

After World War II, China became a communist nation and Korea was split into a communist north and a democratic south.

Ongoing tensions with China and North Korea continue to involve the United States.




• Korean War

• Mao Zedong

• Chiang Kai-shek• Taiwan

• 38th parallel

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1. List the major events of the Korean War.

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June 1950 North Korea

invades South Korea.

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ASSESSMENT

1948 Korea is split

into two nations.

The Cold War Heats Up

Sept. 1950 MacArthur launches a

counterattack at Inchon.

Nov. 1950 China enters

the war.

June 1950 U.S. supports South Korea.

Sept.-Oct. 1950

The UN counterattack

succeeds.

July 1953 The Armistice is

signed.

Event Two

Event One

Event Four Event Six

Event Three Event Five Event Seven


2. What might have happened if MacArthur had convinced Truman to expand the fighting into China? How might today’s world be different?

ANSWERANSWER

A third world war might have broken out, resulting in the obliteration of millions by nuclear weapons.

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


3. Many Americans have questioned whether fighting the Korean War was worthwhile. What is your opinion? Why? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

POSSIBLE RESPONSES:

• The war was not worthwhile because Korea remained a divided nation.

• The war was worthwhile because, without it, all of Korea might have become Communist.

• the loss of American lives

• the fear of communism that enveloped the country at the time

• the stalemate that ended the war

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ASSESSMENT

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4. At the end of China’s civil war, the United States refused to accept the communist People’s Republic of China as China’s true government. What were the advantages of such a policy? What were the disadvantages?

ANSWERANSWER

Advantages—The United States remained committed to its policy of containment of Communism.

Disadvantages—Refusal to recognize the Communist government in China kept the United States from influencing China and drove China into an alliance with the Soviet Union.

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 2

3The Cold War at Home

The Cold War kindles a fear of Communist influence in the United States.


KEY IDEA

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• Alger Hiss

• Hollywood Ten

• McCarthyism

• Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

• Joseph McCarthy

• HUAC

• blacklist


OVERVIEW

During the late 1940s and early 1950s, fear of communism led to reckless charges against innocent citizens.

Americans today remain vigilant about unfounded accusations.



1. Give four examples of how anti-Communist fear gripped the country.

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Anti-Communist fear gripped the country.

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ASSESSMENT

HUAC investigates un-American activities

in Hollywood.

Spy cases increase fears.

Congress passes the McCarran Act.

McCarthy arouses fear of a Communist

conspiracy.


2. If you had lived in this period and had been accused of being a Communist, what would you have done? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

POSSIBLE RESPONSES:

• I would have refused to name others because that would have been the honorable course to take.

• I would have shown loyalty to the United States by answering the committee’s questions. continued . . .

• the Hollywood Ten, who refused to answer questions• the Rosenbergs, who pleaded the Fifth Amendment

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ASSESSMENT


3. Choose one of the following roles: Harry Truman, a member of HUAC, Judge Irving Kaufman, or Joseph McCarthy. As the person you have chosen, explain your motivation for opposing communism.

ANSWERANSWER

Truman: He feared the spread of communism in Asia and Europe.

HUAC: Its members believed that communists were sneaking propaganda into films.

Irving Kaufman: He believed that Communist spies were responsible for the Korean War.

Joseph McCarthy: He believed that communism was infiltrating the country.

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 3

4Two Nations Live on the Edge

Tension mounts between the United States and the Soviet Union as both try to spread their influence around the world.

KEY IDEA


HOMEGRAPH


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• John Foster Dulles

• Warsaw Pact

• Nikita Khrushchev

• brinkmanship

• Dwight D. Eisenhower

• Francis Gary Powers

• Eisenhower Doctrine

• CIA

• U-2 incident

• H-bomb


OVERVIEW

During the 1950s, the United States and the Soviet Union came to the brink of nuclear war.

The Cold War continued into the following decades, affecting U.S. policies in Cuba, Central America, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East.


GRAPH


1. List cold war trouble spots in Guatemala, Iran, Egypt and Hungary. For each, write a newspaper headline that summarizes the U.S. role and the outcome of the situation.

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CIA-Trained Army Topples Guatemalan Government

Guatemala

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ASSESSMENT

Trouble Spot Headline

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Iran

Egypt

Hungary

U.S. Prevents Iranian-Soviet Alliance

U.S. Urges Peaceful Suez Solution

United States Refuses to Send Help to Hungarians as Soviets Put Down Revolt


2. How might the Cold War have progressed if the U-2 incident had never occurred? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

The U-2 incident greatly increased tension. Had it not happened, the United States and the Soviet Union might have taken steps to resolve their differences.

• the mutual distrust between the Soviet Union and the United States

• the outcome of the incident

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .

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3. Which of the two superpowers do you think contributed more to Cold War tensions during the 1950s?

ANSWERANSWER

POSSIBLE RESPONSES:

• The Soviets contributed more to Cold War tension because they took over Eastern Europe, crushed the Hungarian Uprising, and rejected Eisenhower’s “open skies” proposal.

• The United States contributed more to Cold War tensions because of the U-2 incident, the Eisenhower Doctrine, and United States involvement in Guatemala and Iran.

• Both countries were equally at fault.

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .

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4. Should one nation have the right to remove another nation’s head of government from power? If so, when? If not, why?

ANSWERANSWER

POSSIBLE RESPONSES:

Yes: if the head of government has policies that threaten the other nation’s existence

No: Every country has the right to determine its own government without outside interference.

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 4

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