154861220 tips peperiksaan fizik
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154861220 Tips Peperiksaan FizikTRANSCRIPT
LIST OF PHYSICS TERMS and DEFINITION
http://nazuris.blogspot.com/ "Life was meant to be lived, and curiosity must be kept alive"-
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LIST OF PHYSICS TERMS and DEFINITION
CHAPTER 1 [INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS]
ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Physical quantity
Kuantiti fizik
A quantity that can be measured
Kuantiti yang boleh diukur
Base quantity
Kuantiti asas
A physical quantity that cannot be defined in terms of other physical quantities
Kuantiti fizik yang tidak dapat ditakrifkan dalam sebutan kuantiti fizik yang lain
Derived quantity
Kuantiti terbitan
A physical quantity that is derived by combining base quantities. This can be done
by multiplication or division or both.
Kuantiti fizik yang dihasilkan daripada gabungan kuantiti asas secara pendaraban
atau pembahagian atau kedua-duanya
Precision / Consistency
Kepersisan
A measurement is more consistent when there is a smaller deviation among the
readings.
Suatu pengukuran adalah lebih konsisten apabila terdapat sisihan yang kecil
antara bacaan-bacaan
Accuracy
Kejituan
The accuracy of a measurement is how close the measurement is to the actual
value of the quantity being measured. A measurement is more accurate when the
reading is closer to the actual value
Suatu pengukuran adalah lebih jitu apabila bacaan itu lebih hampir kepada nilai
sebenar
Sensitivity
Kepekaan
The ability of an instrument to detect small changes in the physical quantity that is
measured
Kebolehan alat mengesan perubahan kecil pada kuantiti yang diukur.
Error
Ralat
The difference between the reading obtained and the actual value
Perbezaan antara bacaan yang diperoleh dan nilai sebenar
Systematic error
Ralat sistematik
A systematic error is an experimental error that will produce readings which are
either always higher or always lower than the actual value that is being measured.
Ralat sistematik ialah ralat eksperimen yang akan menghasilkan bacaan-bacaan
yang sama ada sentiasa lebih besar atau sentiasa lebih kecil daripada nilai sebenar
yang sedang diukur.
Random error
Ralat rawak
A random error is caused by uncertainties in a measurement that will produce
readings that could be higher or lower than the actual value that is being measured.
Ralat rawak adalah disebabkan oleh ketakpastian dalam suatu pengukuran yang
akan menghasilkan bacaan-bacaan yang lebih tinggi atau lebih kecil daripada nilai
sebenar.
Parallax error
Ralat paralaks
Is a random error which occurs when the eye of the observer is not directly above
the scale of the instrument, causing the line of sight to be not perpendicular to the
scale
Ialah ralat rawak yang berlaku apabila mata pemerhati tidak tegak di atas skala
alat pengukur, menyebabkan garis penglihatan tidak serenjang dengan skala itu
Zero error
Ralat sifar
Is a systematic error where the instrument does not show zero reading when it is not
taking a measurement.
Ialah ralat sistematik di mana alat itu tidak menunjukkan bacaan sifar semasa
tidak membuat pengukuran
LIST OF PHYSICS TERMS and DEFINITION
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ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Manipulated variable
Pembolehubah dimanipulasikan
A physical quantity which you control and change for the purpose of investigation
in an experiment
Kuantiti fizik yang dikawal atau diubah untuk tujuan menjalankan penyiasatan
dalam suatu eksperimen
Responding variable
Pembolehubah bergerakbalas
A physical quantity which changes in response to changes to the manipulated
variable
Kuantiti fizik yang yang berubah disebabkan oleh perubahan kepada
pembolehubah dimanipulasikan
Fixed variable
Pembolehubah dimalarkan
A physical quantity which is kept constant throughout the experiment
Kuantiti fizik yang dikekalkan malar sepanjang eksperimen
LIST OF PHYSICS TERMS and DEFINITION
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CHAPTER TWO (FORCES AND MOTION)
ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Linear motion
Gerakan linear
Motion along a straight line
Gerakan sepanjang satu garis lurus
Scalar quantity
Kuantiti scalar
A physical quantity which has only magnitude
Kuantiti fizik yang mempunyai magnitud sahaja
Vector quantity
Kuantiti vector
A physical quantity which has both magnitude and direction
Kuantiti yang mempunyai magnitud dan arah
Velocity
Halaju
The rate of change of displacement
Kadar perubahan sesaran
Speed
Laju
The rate of change of distance
Kadar perubahan jarak
Acceleration
Pecutan
The rate of change of velocity
Kadar perubahan halaju
Distance
Jarak
The total length of the path travelled
Jumlah panjang lintasan yang dilalui
Displacement
Sesaran
Displacement is the shortest distance from one point to another point along a
specific direction
Jarak terpendek dari satu titik ke titik yang lain mengikut satu arah tertentu
Inertia The tendency of an object to resist change to its state of rest or motion.
Sifat semulajadi sesuatu objek yang menentang perubahan kepada keadaan
asalnya sama ada pegun atau bergerak
Newton’s First law
Hukum Pertama Newton
An object will remain at rest or motion with uniform velocity along a straight line
unless it is acted upon by an external force.
Suatu objek akan berada dalam keadaan pegun atau gerakan dengan halaju
seragam sepanjang garis lurus kecuali dikenakan satu daya luar
Newton’s Second lawHukum Kedua Newton
The net force on an object is proportional to the rate of change in momentum.
Daya bersih pada suatu objek berkadar terus dengan kadar perubahan momentum
Newton’s Third lawHukum Ketiga Newton
To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Bagi setiap tindakan terdapat satu tindakbalas yang mempunyai magnitud yang
sama dan bertindak pada arah yang bertentangan.
Momentum
Momentum
The product of mass and velocity of an object
Hasil darab jisim dengan halaju bagi suatu objek
Principle of conservation of
momentum
Prinsip keabadian momentum
The total momentum of a system is constant if no external forces act on the system.
Jumlah momentum suatu system adalah tetap jika tiada daya bertindak pada sistem
itu.
Force
Daya
A push or a pull that can change the size, shape or velocity of an object.
Suatu tolakan atau tarikan yang boleh mengubah saiz, bentuk atau halaju suatu
objek
Impulse
Impuls
Change of momentum.
Perubahan momentum
Impulsive force
Daya impuls
A large force that acts for a short period of time during a collision or explosion
Daya yang besar yang bertindak untuk masa yang pendek semasa suatu
perlanggaran atau letupan
Weight
Berat
The force of gravity which is exerted on it by earth.
Daya tindakan gravity ke atas suatu jasad.
Mass
Jisim
The amount of matter in the object.
Jumlah kuantiti jirim di dalam suatu objek.
LIST OF PHYSICS TERMS and DEFINITION
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ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Free fall
Jatuh bebas
Free fall occurs when an object falling under the force of gravity only without being
affected by any other external forces.
Jatuh bebas berlaku apabila suatu objek jatuh disebabkan oleh daya gravity sahaja
tanpa kesan daripada sebarang daya luar.
Work
Kerja
The product of force and the displacement along the direction of the force
Hasil darab daya dengan sesaran dalam arah daya itu.
Energy
Tenaga
The capacity to do work.
Keupayaan melakukan kerja.
Gravitational field
Medan gravity
The region in which an object experiences a force due to gravitational attraction.
Kawasan di mana suatu objek mengalami daya yang disebabkan oleh tarikan
graviti
Potential energy
Tenaga keupayaan
The energy of an object because of its position.
Tenaga yang dimiliki oleh suatu objek disebabkan oleh kedudukannya.
Elastic potential energy
Tenaga keupayaan kenyal
The energy of an object when it is stretched or compressed
Tenaga yang dimiliki oleh objek yang diregang atau dimampat
Kinetic energy
Tenaga kinetic
The energy of an object due to its motion
Tenaga yang dimiliki oleh suatu jasad disebabkan oleh gerakannya.
The principle of conservation of
energy
Prinsip keabadian momentum
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can be transformed from one form to
another, but the total energy in a closed system is constant.
Tenaga tidak boleh dicipta atau dimusnahkan tetapi boleh berubah bentuk ke
bentuk yang lain. Jumlah tenaga di dalam suatu system tertutup adalah tetap.
Power
Kuasa
The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.
Kadar melakukan kerja atau pemindahan tenaga.
Elasticity
Kekenyalan
The property of an object that enables it to return to its original shape and
dimensions (size) after an applied external force is removed.
Keupayaan bahan untuk kembali ke bentuk dan saiz asalnya apabila tindakan daya
yang dikenakan dialihkan.
Hooke’s lawHukum Hooke
The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the stretching force provided
the elastic limit is not exceeded.
Pemanjangan spring adalah berkadar terus dengan daya regangan dengan syarat
had kenyal tidak dilampaui.
Elastic limit
Had kenyal
The elastic limit of a spring is the maximum stretching force which can be applied
to the spring before it ceases to be elastic.
Had kenyal suatu spring adalah daya maksimum yang boleh dikenakan pada spring
itu sebelum ia hilang kekenyalannya.
Force constant (spring constant)
Pemalar daya (pemalar spring)
The force constant of a spring is the force per unit extension.
Pemalar daya spring ialah daya per unit pemanjangan
LIST OF PHYSICS TERMS and DEFINITION
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CHAPTER THREE (FORCES AND PRESSURE)
ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Pressure
Tekanan
The force acting perpendicularly on unit area of a surface.
Daya yang bertindak secara normal pada seunit luas permukaan
Atmospheric Pressure
Tekanan Atmosfera
The pressure which is caused by the weight of the thick layer of air (atmosphere)
above the earth’s surface.Tekanan yang disebabkan oleh lapisan tebal udara di atas permukaan bumi.
Archimedes’ principlePrinsip Archimedes
An object that is completely or partially immersed in a fluid is acted on by a
buoyant force which is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.
Objek yang direndam atau separa rendam dalam suatu bendalir akan dikenakan
oleh satu daya julangan yang sama dengan berat bendalir yang tersesar oleh jasad
itu.
Bernoulli’s principlePrinsip Bernoulli
In a steady flow of a fluid, the pressure of the fluid decreases when the velocity of
the fluid increases.
Dalam suatu pengaliran bendalir yang mantap, tekanan bendalir itu berkurang
apabila laju pengaliran bertambah.
Pascal's principle
Prinsip Pascal
The pressure applied on the surface of an enclosed liquid is transmitted uniformly
throughout the liquid
Tekanan yang dikenakan pada permukaan suatu cecair akan dipindahkan dengan
seragam ke seluruh cecair.
Law of flotation
Hukum apungan
The weight of an object floating on the surface of a liquid is equal to the weight of
the liquid displaced by the object.
Berat objek yang terapung adalah sama dengan berat cecair yang disesarkan
Hydrometer
Hidrometer
An instrument that measures the relative density of liquids.
Alat untuk mengukur ketumpatan relatif cecair.
LIST OF PHYSICS TERMS and DEFINITION
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CHAPTER FOUR (HEAT)
ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Temperature
Suhu
The degree of hotness of an object
Darjah kepanasan suatu objek.
Heat
Haba
Energy transferred from hot object to a colder object.
Tenaga yang dipindahkan dari objek yang panas ke objek yang lebih sejuk.
Thermal equilibrium
Keseimbangan terma
Two objects are in thermal equilibrium when the net rate of heat transfer between
them is zero.
Dua objek berada dalam keseimbangan terma apabila tiada pemindahan bersih
haba antaranya
Heat capacity
Muatan haba
The heat capacity of an object is the quantity of heat energy required to increase its
temperature by 1oC.
Muatan haba adalah kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan suhu objek itu
sebanyak 1oC.
Specific heat capacity
Muatan haba tentu
The quantity of heat energy required to increase the temperature of 1 kg of the
substance by 1 oC or 1 K.
Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan suhu 1 kg bahan sebanyak 1 °C
atau 1 K.
Latent heat
Haba pendam
The heat absorbed or the heat released at constant temperature during a change of
phase.
Haba yang diserap atau dikeluarkan pada suhu yang malar semasa perubahan
fasa.
Specific latent heat
Haba pendam tentu
The amount of heat energy required to change the phase of 1 kg of the substance
at a constant temperature.
Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk mengubah
1 kg bahan dari satu keadaan fizikal ke keadaan yang lain.
Specific latent heat of fusion
Haba pendam tentu pelakuran
The quantity of heat energy required to change 1 kg of the substance from solid to
liquid without a change in temperature.
Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk mengubah
1 kg bahan dari pepejal ke cecair tanpa perubahan suhu.
Specific latent heat of
vaporisation
Haba pendam tentu pengewapan
The quantity of heat energy required to change 1 kg of the substance from liqiud to
gas without a change in temperature.
Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk menggubah
1 kg bahan dari cecair ke gas tanpa perubahan suhu.
Boiling
Pendidihan
A process where a liquid changes to vapour at a constant temperature known as the
boiling point.
Proses di mana cecair berubah menjadi wap pada suhu tetap yang dikenali sebagai
takat didih.
Boyle’s lawHukum Boyle
The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume provided
the temperature of the gas is kept constant.
Tekanan bagi suatu jisim tetap gas berkadar songsang dengan isipadu apabila suhu
adalah tetap.
Charles’ LawHukum Charles
The volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature provided the pressure of the gas is kept constant.
Isipadu suatu jisim tetap gas berkadar terus dengan suhu mutlaknya apabila
tekanan gas itu dikekalkan tetap
LIST OF PHYSICS TERMS and DEFINITION
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ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Pressure law
Hukum Tekanan
The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature provided the volume of the gas is kept constant.
Tekanan suatu jisim tetap gas berkadar terus dengan suhu mutlaknya apabila
isipadu gas itu dikekalkan tetap
LIST OF PHYSICS TERMS and DEFINITION
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CHAPTER FIVE (LIGHT)
ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Reflection of light
Pantulan cahaya
Reflection of light occurs when a light ray is incident on a mirror and changes its
direction of propagation
Pantulan cahaya berlaku apabila suatu sinar cahaya ditujukan pada suatu cermin
dan arah perambatannya berubah
Laws of reflection
Hukum pantulan cahaya
1 The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie
in the same plane.
2 The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
1 Sinar tuju, sinar pantulan dan garis normal di titik tuju berada pada satah
yang sama.
2 Sudut tuju sama dengan sudut pantulan
Refraction of light
Pembiasan cahaya
The change of direction of propagation light when it crosses the boundary between
two materials of different optical densities.
Perubahan arah perambatan sinar cahaya apabila sinar itu melintasi sempadan
antara dua medium dengan ketumpatan optik yang berlainan.
Laws of refraction
Hukum pembiasan
1 The incident ray, refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie
in the same plane.
2 Snell's law : The ratio (sin i) / (sin r) is a constant.
1 Sinar tuju, sinar biasan dan garis normal di titik tuju berada pada satah
yang sama.
2 Nisbah (sin i) / (sin r) adalah suatu pemalar
Apparent depth
Dalam ketara
The distance of the image formed by refraction from the surface of the water.
Jarak dari permukaan air ke imej yang dibentuk oleh pembiasan
Real depth
Dalam nyata
The distance of the object from the surface of the water.
Jarak dari permukaan air ke objek
Total internal reflection
Pantulan dalam penuh
Total internal reflection occurs when light travelling in a denser medium towards a
less dense medium is totally reflected when the angle of incidence exceeds the
critical angle
Pantulan dalam penuh berlaku apabila cahaya yang merambat dalam medium
yang lebih tumpat kea rah medium yang kurang tumpat dipantul sepenuhnya
apabila sudut tuju melebihi sudut genting
Critical angle
Sudut genting
The angle of incidence in the optically denser medium for which the angle of
refraction in the less dense medium is 90o
Sudut tuju dalam medium lebih tumpat yang menyebabkan sudut biasan dalam
medium yang kurang tumpat menjadi 90o
Convex lens
Kanta cembung
Converges parallel light rays to a point
Menumpukan sinar-sinar selari pada satu titik
Concave lens
Kanta cekung
Diverges parallel light rays from a point.
Mencapahkan sinar-sianr selari dari satu titik
Focal length
Panjang fokus
The distance between the principal focus, F and the optical centre, O of a lens.
Jarak antara fokus utama, F, dan pusat optik suatu kanta
LIST OF PHYSICS TERMS and DEFINITION
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CHAPTER SIX (WAVES)
ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Wave motion
Perambatan gelombang
Wave motion carries energy from one place to another place in a medium without
the transfer of the particles along the medium.
Wavefront
Muka Gelombang
A wavefront is a line or plane where the vibrations of every point on it are in phase
Transverse wave
Gelombang Melintang
A wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is at perpendicular to the
direction of propagation of the wave.
Longitudinal wave
Gelombang Membujur
A wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is parallel to the direction
of propagation of the wave.
Amplitude
Amplitud
The maximum displacement from its equilibrium position.
Period
Tempoh
The time taken to make one complete oscillation
Frequency, f
Frekuensi
The number of complete oscillations made by a vibrating system in one second
One complete oscillation
Satu ayunan lengkap
A complete oscillation may be referred as the movement of a vibrating system from
one extreme position to the other and back to the same position.
Wavelength, λPanjang gelombang
The wavelength is the distance between successive points of the same phase in a
wave.
Damping
Pelembapan
Damping occurs when an oscillating system loses energy due to frictional forces.
Forced oscillation
Ayunan paksa
Forced oscillation occurs when a system oscillates under the influence of an
external driving force.
Natural frequency
Frekuensi asli
The frequency of a system when it oscillates freely.
Resonance
Resonans
Resonance occurs when a system oscillates at the maximum amplitude when the
driving frequency is equal to the natural frequency of the system.
LIST OF PHYSICS TERMS and DEFINITION
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ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Reflection of waves
Pantulan gelombang
Reflection of waves is the change in direction of propagation when a wave strikes
an obstacle.
Incident waves
Gelombang Tuju
The waves moving towards an obstacle.
Reflected wave
Gelombang Pantulan
The wave which has undergone a change in direction of propagation after
reflection.
Angle of incidence
Sudut Tuju
The angle between the direction of propagation of the incident wave and the normal
Angle of reflection
Sudut pantulan
The angle between the direction of propagation of reflected wave and the normal.
Law of Reflection
Hukum Pantulan
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
Refraction of waves
Pembiasan Gelombang
Refraction is the change of direction of propagation when the speed of a wave
changes as it moves from one medium to another
Diffraction of wave
Pembelauan Gelombang
Diffraction of waves is the spreading of waves as they pass through an aperture or
around the edge of an obstacle
Principle of superposition
Prinsip superposisi
The sum of the displacements of all the component waves at the point.
Coherent waves
Gelombang Koheren
Waves of the same frequency and are in phase.
Interference
Interferens
Superposition of two coherent waves constructively or destructively
Constructive interference
Interferens membina
Occurs when two waves that are in phase superimpose to produce a wave with
crests and troughs of maximum amplitude.
Destructive interference
Interferens memusnah
Occurs when two waves that are out of phase superimpose to produce zero resultant
amplitude
LIST OF PHYSICS TERMS and DEFINITION
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ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Antinode
Antinod
A point where constructive interference occurs.
Node
Nod
A point where destructive interference occurs.
Sound wave
Gelombang bunyi
Sounds are longitudinal waves produced by vibrations such as the vibrations of the
diaphragm of a loudspeaker, guitar string and tuning fork.
Loudness
Kenyaringan
The intensity of a sound as heard by an observer (depends on the amplitude of the
sound)
Pitch
Kelangsingan
The pitch of the sound is an indication of the sharpness of a sound (depends on the
frequency of the sound)
SONAR Sound Navigation and Ranging (SONAR) is a system used to detect underwater
objects or to determine the depth of the water by means of an echo.
Electromagnetic waves
Gelombang elektromagnet
Electromagnetic waves are propagating waves in space with electric and magnetic
components.
CHAPTER SEVEN (ELECTRICITY)
LIST OF PHYSICS TERMS and DEFINITION
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ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Current
Arus
Current is the rate of flow of electric charge
Ampere, A SI unit of current
Coulomb, C A unit of charge
Electric field
Medan elektrik
An electric field is a region where an electric force acts on a particle with an
electric charge.
Potential Difference
Beza keupayaan
Potential difference is defined as the work done to move a unit of charge from one
point to another in an electric field.
Ohm’s LawHukum Ohm
The electric current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference across the ends of the conductor, if the temperature and other
physical dimensions remain constant.
Ohmic Conductor
Konduktor Ohm
Material which obey Ohm’s Law
Non Ohmic Conductor
Konduktor bukan Ohm
Material which do not obey Ohm’s Law
Resistance
Rintangan
Resistance is defined as (potential difference)/(current)
Effective Resistance
Rintangan berkesan
The effective resistance is the combined resistance in the circuit.
Electromotive Force (e.m.f)
Daya gerak elektrik (d.g.e.)
The total energy supplied by a cell when one unit of charge flows through the cell.
Internal Resistance
Rintangan dalam
The resistance within a cell due to its electrolyte or electrodes
Electrical Energy
Tenaga elektrik
Energy supplied by a source of electricity (cell / battery) when current flows in a
closed circuit.
Power
Kuasa
Power is the rate of transfer of electrical energy
Power Rating
Kadar kuasa
The power rating of an appliance denotes the rate at which it consumes electrical
energy at a certain voltage
LIST OF PHYSICS TERMS and DEFINITION
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CHAPTER EIGHT (ELECTROMAGNETISM)
ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Electromagnet
Elektromagnet
An electromagnet is a device in which magnetism is produced by an electric
current. It is a temperory magnet. It acts as a magnet when the current is flow and
ceases to be a magnet when the current is switched off.
Magnetic field
Medan magnet
A magnetic field is a region in which a magnetic materials experiences a force.
Catapult field
Medan lastik
The resultant field produced when a straight wire carries a current in a uniform
magnetic field.
Direct current motor
Motor arus terus
A direct current motor is used to convert electrical energy into rotational kinetic
energy.
Electromagnetic induction
Aruhan electromagnet
The production of an electromotive force in a conductor due to a changing magnetic
flux.
Induced e.m.f.
D.g.e. teraruh
An emf produced in a conductor when there is a changing magnetic flux or cutting
of magnetic flux by the conductor
Induced current
Arus teraruh
Induced current is produced in a circuit when there is a changing magnetic flux or
cutting of magnetic flux by a conductor
Faraday's law
Hukum Faraday
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f is directly proportional to the rate at which a
conductor cuts through the magnetic flux.
Lenz's law
Hukum Lenz
Lenz's Law state that an induced electric current always flows in such a direction as
to oppose the change in magnetic flux.
Direct current
Arus terus
Current which flows in one direction.
LIST OF PHYSICS TERMS and DEFINITION
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ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Alternating current
Arus ulang alik
Current which flows back and forth in two opposite directions
Transformer
Transformer
A device which steps up or steps down the voltage of an alternating current.
Step-up transformer
Transformer injak naik
A transformer that steps up voltage
Step-down transformer
Transformer injak turun
A transformer that steps down voltage
Ideal transformer
Transformer unggul
A transformer where the output power is equal to the input power and the efficiency
is 100%
Transmission of electricity
Penghantaran elektrik
The transmission of electricity from the power station to consumers (industries and
residential areas) by electric cables
National Grid Network
Rangkaian Grid Nasional
The national grid is a network of electrical cables connecting electrical power
stations to consumers of electricity.
LIST OF PHYSICS TERMS and DEFINITION
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CHAPTER NINE (ELECTRONICS)
ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Thermionic emission
Pemancaran termionik
A process of emitting electrons from a hot metal surface.
Cathode ray
Sinar katod
A beam of fast moving, high energy electrons
Semiconductor
Semikonduktor
Materials whose resistance is between those of good conductors and good
insulators.
Doping
Pendopan
The process of adding a small amount of impurities into the semiconductors.
n-type semiconductor
Semikonduktor jenis-n
Semiconductor where the majority charge carriers are free electrons
p-type semiconductor
Semikonduktor jenis-p
Semiconductor where the majority charge carriers are holes
Semiconductor diode
Diod semikonduktor
A p-n junction device which conducts current in one direction only
Forward-biased
Pincang ke hadapan
A diode is forward biased when the p-end is connected to the positive terminal of
the battery and the n-end is connected to the negative terminal of the battery.
Reverse-biased
Pincang songsang
A diode is reverse biased when the p-end is connected to the negative terminal of
the battery and the n-end is connected to the positive terminal of the battery.
Rectification
Rektifikasi
To convert alternating current into direct current using diodes
Half-wave rectification
Rektifikasi separuh gelombang
The process of rectification using a diode which allows current flow in half of a
cycle.
Full-wave rectification
Rektifikasi penuh gelombang
The process of rectification using four diodes to allow current to flow in a complete
cycle and in the same direction.
LIST OF PHYSICS TERMS and DEFINITION
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Smoothing Capacitor
Kapasitor perata
A capacitor that is used to smoothen the output voltage of a rectification process
n-p-n transistor
Transistor n-p-n
A transistor which consists of a layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between
two layers of n-type semiconductors.
p-n-p transistor
Transistor p-n-p
A transistor which consists of a layer of n-type semiconductor sandwiched between
two layers of p-type semiconductors.
Logic gate
Get logic
A logic gate is an electronic switch with one or more inputs and only one output.
Truth table
Jadual kebenaran
A truth table shows the results of every possible output given every possible input.
AND gate
Get DAN
A logic gate where the output is 1 only when both inputs are 1
NOT gate /Get TAK A logic gate that inverts the input
Or gate
Get ATAU
A logic gate where the Output is 1 except when both inputs are 0
LIST OF PHYSICS TERMS and DEFINITION
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17
CHAPTER TEN (RADIOACTIVITY)
ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Nucleus
Nukleus
The small core of the atoms which contains the protons and neutrons
Nucleon
Nukleon
Protons and neutrons
Proton number, Z
Nombor proton
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Nucleon number, A
Nombor nucleon
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Nuclide
Nuklid
A nuclide is one type of nucleus with a particular proton number and a particular
nucleon number.
Isotope
Isotop
Atoms of an element which have the same proton number but different nucleon
numbers
Radioisotope
Radioisotop
Isotopes with unstable nuclei
Radioactivity
Radioaktiviti
Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of unstable nucleus into a more
stable nucleus with the random emission of radiation.
Radioactive decay
Reputan radioaktif
Radioactive decay is a process where an unstable nucleus becomes a more stable
nucleus by emitting radiation
Alpha decay
Reputan alfa
A radioactive decay where an alpha particle is emitted
Beta decay
Reputan beta
A radioactive decay where a beta particle is emitted
Gamma decay
Reputan gama
A radioactive decay where gamma rays are emitted
Half life
Setengah hayat
The time taken for mass or activity of a radioactive substance to become half its
original value
LIST OF PHYSICS TERMS and DEFINITION
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18
ITEM MEANING / DEFINITION
Atomic mass unit (a.m.u)
Unit jisim atom
The atomic mass unit (a.m.u) is used to measure the masses of atomic particles.
Nuclear fission
Pembelahan nuklear
A process involving the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two lighter nuclei and
several neutrons at the same time
Chain reaction
Tindak balas berantai
A chain reaction is a self-sustaining reaction in which the neutrons produced in a
reaction can initiate another similar reaction.
Nuclear fusion
Pelakuran nuklear
Nuclear fusion is the combining of two lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus
Nuclear reactor
Reaktor nuklear
A nuclear reactor produces tremendous amount of energy through nuclear fission.
KEY WORDS IN EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
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KEY WORDS IN EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
No. Key word Expected response
1. Estimate Give a quantitative value based on calculation or reasoning.
2. What Give required / specific information
3. How Describe / give explanation / method /condition / steps concerning an event
4. Compare Give similarity and difference between two things
5.How much/ what is
the valueGive a quantitative answer
6. Differentiate Give the difference / contrast between two or more things / events
7. When State the time or period
8. Construct Draw diagram / one that uses geometrical method / tools
9. Discuss Give views from various aspects
10. Prove Show truth using mathematical method / exampels / facts of physics
11. Suggest Give an idea / opinion
12. Find Give an answer without calculation / with simple calculation
13. Calculate Give answer through calculation
14. Describe To tell about something (story like) in detail and systematically.
15. Tabulate Arrange things/data according to specified aspects.
16 Explain Give method/reason about something in order that it is easily understood.
17. Classify Separate into a few groups according to fixed characteristics.
18. Identify Pick out or determine something based on facts/descriptions given.
19. Shade Denote an area by colouring/filling/draw lines to cover the area
20. DrawMake figure such as chart/diagram/graph /shape using instruments according
to scale and in detail
21. Why Give reason
22. Name Give name/terminology for something such as component/process/instrument
23. State Give facts without explanation /support
24. Predict Give/state forecast for something based on facts
25. List State facts/statements in point form.
26. Arrange Place according to fixed order
27. Define Give definition for the term given
28. Determine Find answer base on process/reasoning
29. IllustrateGive facts with support such as diagrams/reasons/explanation to make clear an
idea.
PHYSICS TERMINOLOGIES FOR PAPERS 2 AND 3
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PHYSICS TERMINOLOGIES FOR PAPERS 2 AND 3
No. TERM VALUE MEANING
1 DensityLow / small Lighter / easy carry/not heavy
High / large Heavier / more compact
2 Spring constant (k)Small Spring is soft / easy to stretch
Large / big Spring is stiff / difficult to stretch
3 Specific Heat Capacity (c)
Low / smallEasily heated up , short time to heat up
Need less heat to raise temperature
High / large
More difficult to heat up, takes more time to heatup
Need more heat to raise temperature, use morefuel
4 Specific Latent Heat (l)
Low / smallNeed less heat to melt / vaporise
Time to melt / vaporise is shorter
High / largeNeed more heat to melt / vaporise
Time to melt / vaporise is longer
5Melting point /
Freezing point
Low
Melts at low temperature / Freezes at lowtemperature.
Starts melting earlier / Starts freezing later
High
Melts at higher temperature / Freezes at highertemperature.
Starts melting latter / Starts freezing earlier
6 RigidityLow
Changes shape easily when acted upon byexternal force
HighDoes not change shape easily when acted uponby external force
7 StrengthLow Breaks easily / breaks under small external force
High Difficult to break / Needs a large force to break
8 Rate of rustingLow Does not rust easily / quickly
High Rust easily / quickly
ANSWERING TIPS FOR PAPER 2
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General Answering Techniques
Decide and write a physics concept/formula that related
for each question.
Tentukan dan tulis satu konsep/formula fizik berkaitan
bagi setiap soalan.
Underline the important information given in a question.
Gariskan maklumat penting yang diberi dalam setiap
soalan.
Understand the task and refer to the allocated mark before
answer the task. 1 mark – 1 point
Fahamkan soalan dan rujuk markah yang diperuntukkan
sebelum menjawab soalan tersebut.
1 markah – 1 isi.
State a definition in word.
Nyatakan definisi dalam perkataan.
Method to solve the calculation problems.
Kaedah untuk menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan.
State a related formula
(Tulis rumus fizik yang berkaitan)
Substitute the value for each quantity
(Gantikan nilai untuk setiap kuantiti)
Answer with the correct unit.
(Tulis jawapan dengan unit yang betul)
Use correct adjective for each physics terminology
Gunakan kata sifat yang betul bagi setiap
terminologi fizik.
Give short and concise answer.
Nyatakan jawapan yang ringkas dan tepat.
Answering Techniques for Conceptualising Questions
[No. 5, No. 6, No. 9 & No. 10]
Every items based on stimulus (situation) given.
Setiap soalan berdasarkan stimulus (situasi) yang diberi.
Stimulus or situation can be in diagram, table, chart or
graph.
Stimulus atau situasi sama ada dalam bentuk gambar
rajah, jadual, carta atau graf.
Observe the diagram, table, or chart or graph carefully.
Perhatikan gambar rajah, jadual , carta dan graf dengan
berhati-hati.
Underline the characteristics to be compared in question
statement.
Garis ciri-ciri yang hendak dibandingkan dalam
penyataan soalan.
Comparison: State the similarities and differences for
characteristics between two diagram clearly.
Perbandingan : Nyatakan persamaan dan perbezaan bagi
suatu ciri di antara dua rajah dengan jelas.
Differences: State the differences of
characteristics in two diagrams.
Perbezaan: Nyatakan perbezaan ciri dalam dua
rajah.
Similarities: State the same characteristics
Persamaan: Nyatakan persamaan ciri dalam dua
rajah.
Relationship:
‘When …. increases, …. Increases/decreased.’‘Apabila …… bertambah, …… bertambah / berkurang.’
Directly proportional/ inversely proportional
Berkadar terus/Berkadar songsang
State the law/principle/concept involved.
Nyatakan hukum/prinsip/konsep fizik yang terlibat.
Answering Techniques for Problem Solving Questions
[No. 7 (Structured Question)]
Very sure the concept and understand the working principle
of apparatus and its function.
Kenalpasti konsep fizik dan fahamkan prinsip kerja suatu
radas atau alat.
State the methods of modification clearly.
Nyatakan kaedah pengubahsuaian dengan jelas dan
ringkas.
ANSWERING TIPS FOR PAPER 2
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Answering Techniques for Problem Solving Questions
[No. 9 & No. 10 (Essay Type Question)]
Open type question.
Soalan jenis respon terbuka.
Underline the characteristics required (question needed) to
make the modification.
Gariskan kehendaki soalan sebelum membuat cadangan
pengubahsuaian.
Refer to all aspects given to suggest the modification.
Rujuk semua aspek yang diberi dalam mengemukakan
pengubahsuaian.
State the reason for the each method/suggestion/design.
Nyatakan alasan bagi setiapkaedah / cadangan /
rekabentuk
Answer in table form for suggested modifications. e.g
Bagi menjawab soalan cadangan pengubahsuaian,
jawapan perlu dijadualkan.
Modifications
Pengubahsuaian
Reason
Alasan
1 markah 1 markah
1 markah 1 markah
1 markah 1 markah
1 markah 1 markah
1 markah 1 markah
Total [10 markah]
Answering Techniques for Making decision Questions
Question No. 8 (Structured Question)
Guided decision making question
Soalan berbentuk membuat keputusan berpandu.
Refer to the table/diagram/graph or chart given to choose
the suitable characteristics of tools.
Rujuk jadual/rajah/graf yang diberi bagi memilih ciri-ciri
yang sesuai untuk suatu alat.
Justify your answer with a reason based on physics
concepts.
Berikan sebab bagi setiap jawapan berdasarkan konsep
fizik.
Answering Techniques for making decision Questions
Question No. 11 & No. 12 (Essay Question)
Study the specification carefully
Kaji spesifikasi dengan berhati-hati.
Choose the suitable characteristics according to the needs
of the question (Aspects stated).
Pilih ciri-ciri yang sesuai mengikut kehendak soalan
(Aspek yang dinyatakan)
Use the word low or high
Guna perkataan rendah atau tinggi
State the reason for each characteristic chosen.
Nyatakan alasan bagi setiap ciri-ciri yang dipilih.
State the best choice according to the chosen characteristic.
Nyatakan pilihan yang terbaik mengikut ciri-ciri yang
dipilih.
Give reason for the choice referring to the chosen
characteristics.
Berikan alasan bagi pilihan tersebut merujuk kepada
ciri-ciri yang dipilih
Characteristics
Ciri-ciri
Reason
alasan
1 markah 1 markah
1 markah 1 markah
1 markah 1 markah
1 markah 1 markah
- Pilih pilihan yang diberikan dengan tepat [1 markah]
- Sebab - senaraikan semula ciri-ciri yang terdapat pada
pilihan di atas [1 markah]
Total [10 markah]
ANSWERING TIPS FOR PAPER 3
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Section A : Question 1
Bahagian A : Soalan 1
Test the students in using of scientific measuring
instrument and make the readings.
Menguji murid menggunakan alat pengukur dan membuat
bacaan
The students should know how to make reading in
several type of measuring instrument without error,
tabulate the data and draw a graph based on the data.
Pelajar perlu mengetahui bagaimana untuk mengambil
bacaan beberapa alat pengukur tanpa ralat, menjadualkan
data dan melukis graf berdasarkan nilai dalam data.
The students have to write the reading in correct d.p as
the accuracy of the instrument.
Pelajar dikehendaki menulis bacaan dengan bilangan t.p
seperti kejituan alat pengukur.
Draw a suitable graf based on the given title with the
following ;
# Correct quantities and their unit on both axes
# Uniform scale at both axes
# Points plotted correctly
# Balance graph line
# Size of graph 5 x 4 larger squares or 10 cm x 8 cm
Melukis graf mengikut tajuk yang diarahkan dengan
ciri-ciri berikut :
# Kuantiti kedua-dua paksi dengan unit yang betul
# Skala yang seragam sesuai dengan kuantiti dalam
data
# Pindahan titik yang betul
# Garisan graf yang seimbang
# Saiz graf yang cukup besar minima
( 5 x 4 petak besar atas graf) atau 10 cm x 8 cm
Section A : Question 2
Bahagian A : Soalan 2
Question based on graph, conseptual or analysing the
graph.
Soalan berhubung graf. Sama ada mengkonsepsi atau
menganalisis graf yang diberi.
Understanding the meaning for various shapes of
graphs and their characteristics based on y-axis and
x-axis.
Perlu menguasai maksud berbagai bentuk graf dan ciri-ciri
pada graf merujuk paksi-x dan paksi-y .
The examples of graph for question 2
Contoh graf soalan 2
The meaning of graph’s gradient based on graph shapeand axis (refer to a suitable formula)
Maksud kecerunan merujuk bentuk graf dan kuantiti p-x
dan p-y (rujuk formula yang sesuai)
Draw a smooth extrapolation line if you are asked to do
so.
Lukiskan dengan jelas garisan ekstrapolasi pada graf
jika perlu.
Draw a large triangle to calculate the gradient. The
triangle should be on tangent line for curve graph. All
triangle must draw under the graph.
Lukiskan segitiga yang besar pada graf untuk kiraan
kecerunan graf. (4 x 3 petak besar). Pastikan segitiga pada
garis tangen jika graf melengkung.Lukis segitiga di bawah
garis.
ANSWER FORMAT FOR PAPER 3
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ANSWER FORMAT FOR PAPER 3B [12 MARKS]
(a) Inference
[1m]
Responding variable is influenced by the responding variable
or
Responding variable depends to manipulated variable
(b) Hypothesis
[1m]The higher/larger/bigger the manipulated variable, the higher/smaller the
responding variable
(c) Aim
[1m]To determine the relationship between manipulated variable and responding
variable
(i) Variables
[3m](i) manipulated variable :
(ii) responding variable :
(iii) fixed variable : only one fixed variable
*[ give all the variable that can be measured].
(ii)Apparatus / materials
[1m]List up all importance apparatus [measurements for RV or MV] for the
experiment and draw functional diagram.
(iii) Method
[3m]1. Start the experiment with manipulated variable= ( value + unit)
2 The responding variable is measured (state the equation if available)
3 Repeat the experiment 4 times for manipulated variable
…….. ,…….., ……., and ……….
(iv) Tabulation of data
[1m] manipulated variable responding variable
Fill in 5 values blank
Analysis of data
[1m]RV
MV
PRECAUTIONARY STEPS FOR INVESTIGATIVE EXPERIMENTS
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PRECAUTIONARY STEPS FOR INVESTIGATIVE EXPERIMENTS
No.Type of experiment
involving;Precautions that can be taken
1 Light a. Experiment must be carried out in darkenedroom.
b. Lens, screen and object must be in line
2 Spring a. Make sure the spring is not loaded beyond theelastic limit. (spring return to original lengthwhen load is taken off).
3 Ticker tape a. Make sure the tape runs freely through theticker tape.
4 Electric a. All connections must be secure/tight.b. Off the switch after readings are taken to
prevent wires from heating up (resistanceincrease)
5. Heat a. Liquid must be stirred constantly so thattemperature rises evenly.
b. Alluminium block must be wrapped withinsulating material to prevent heat lost.
c. Thermometer bulb should be smeared with oilto give better thermal contact with the block.
6. Light wave interference d. Measure a few fringes separation and get theaverage
7. Sound wave inteference a. Experiment must carry out at open space toavoid echo
8. Acceptable answer for allscientific experiment
a. Make sure the eyes are perpendicular to thereading scale of …….(measuring instrument)
b. Repeat the experiment 4 times and calculatethe average (except for experiment no.6)
* [Student can give more than one answer for this question. No penalty for the answer which isunsuitable]Calon boleh memberikan jawapan lebih dari 1. Tiada markah dipotong jika satu jawapan yang diberi salah dan yang
lainnya betul.
* unacceptable answer : Avoid parallax error.[without explanation]Jawapan tidak diterima : Elak ralat paralaks
[tiada penjelasan]