1

14/12/16 QU: What are the causes and socio‐economic impacts of coastal erosion along the Norfolk coast

AIM: To explain the attitudes and views of different players affected by management policies in North Norfolk.

ST: 1 - What does G.I.S stand for?

a - Geography Is Super!b - Geographic International Standardc - Geographical Information Systemd - Geographical Indexing Software

2 - How is it used and why is it useful?

A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth's surface. GIS can show many different kinds of data on one map. This enables people to more easily see, analyze, and understand patterns and relationships.

2

Site 1

Site 2

Site 3

Site 4

Site 5

Site 6

Site 7

Site 8

Site 9

Site 10

Site 11

Site 12

Site 13

N

Happisburgh

Figure 1 shows how a student presented their data using GIS software.

Explain one strength and one weakness of using ICT to draw conclusions about coastal recession. (4)

Annual erosion rates along the sea front at Happisburgh

3

recession rates witherosion rates impact a lack of

defences has along this stretch of coast. (1)erosion

erosion rates and cannot offer more information on causes and can hide information below layers.

erosion rate bars

4

Last lesson youstarted to see how SMP policy decisionsare made and made some decisions made on cost benefit yourselves.

These decisions have consequences,this lesson is about the impacts of these on different stakeholders and players along the North Norfolk coastline.

5

Watch the clips in the order stated and add to yourcopy of the mind map below. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jrvs3rweut0

https://www.tes.com/teaching­resource/living­with­coastal­erosion­in­happisburgh­6193922

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk­england­norfolk­25344611

1

2

3

Also try to keep a note of the players involved.

HAPPISBURGH

Economic losses

Housing Businesses

Infrastructure

Social Losses

StressCompensation

relocation

Community impacts+ve & -ve Other issues

Costsfutures

Winners? Losers

livelihoods

Players

6

Beach Road

Clifftop tea house

XByrony Nierop-Readings house,now gone.

Manor Caravan Park

Hill House Inn

School

Proposed site for caravan park re-

location.

CCAG community fundraising boulders

7

The SNP policies along this coastline are trying to meet the aims of Integrated Coastal Zone Management.

CZM – Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) has been defined by UK Government as ‘a process that brings together all those involved in the development, management and use of the coast within a framework that facilitates the integration of their interests and responsibilities. The objective is to establish sustainable levels of economic and social activity in our coastal areas while protecting the coastal environment. ICZM is essential to the ecosystem­based approach’

Of course this is extremely difficult to manage. The next task deals with these issues.

TASK: You have two sheets with local and regional players listed. a - Using the next slides (pg.s 9-21) find out their viewpoints and use evidence from the resources to support it. Also use the mind map you have just completed to supplement it as well as continuing to add to your mindmap.b - Consider who else may support/share their views.c - Whose views would they be in conflict with? Are they a winner or loser in this issue?

d - What about you? Who do you think has the strongest case.

8

Slides for use with regional and local stakeholders

9

10

Owner of Manor Caravan Park, Chris Lomax, 52, said at the current rate of coastal erosion it would only be about 10 to 15 years before the family business was literally washed into the sea.

“We will be dead and buried if we are not able to move,” he said.

And with holidaymakers staying in the park in the warmer months, Mr Lomax, whose family has owned the park for more than 45 years, said the business is the village’s financial driver and helps keep facilities open.

He said it was important the park stayed within walking distance of the village and the beachand has found a new site just outside the west of the village. He is keen to keep it close as holiday makers will walk to the facilities. Any further away then the holiday makers are likely to eat out or shop elsewhere.

He said: “Once people have to get into the car to drive to a shop they will go beyond the village.

“The new site would show everyone Happisburgh is open for business.”But with the new site in close proximity to the school, there have been complaints.

Amanda Sands, governor at Happisburgh School, said they would be objecting to the plans.

She said: “The school is not happy with the situation from a health and safeguarding view. There are also concerns about it's impacts on the conservation area.

Mr Lomax said he had chosen the new spot, abutting the Conservation Area and next to the school, in consultation with officers from NNDC’s Pathfinder project which seeks to help communities adjust to coastal erosion.

11

2000 jobs directly or indirectly connected to the site.

Economists view?

12

13

Natural England Conservation

The economic argument

14

If Sea Palling was not defended...Natural England (conservation group) viewpoint

Sites of Special ScientificInterest

15

Coastal erosion plans move forwardBy Ed Foss (Eastern Daily Press <http://www.edp24.co.uk>, 28 December 2009)

Homeowners in the coastal erosion hotspot Happisburgh will not have to wait for long into the new year for discussions to start about the payments they may receive for their houses under a project to tackle the impacts of coastal change.As reported previously in the EDP, North Norfolk District Council has been awarded a £3m pot of government money to trial a number of ground breaking pathfinder projects to tackle the impacts which erosion has on communities, individuals and businesses.The most awaited of those projects is a plan for the council to offer to buy a small handful of the most at­risk houses along Beach Road in Happisburgh and demolish them, allowing their occupants to buy another home instead of being left with nothing.A meeting hosted by the council on January 7 for interested parties will update parish councils and community groups about progress made on project planning since the cash award was made last month.It will also tie in the current state of the shoreline management plan, which has been one of the major drivers for the creation of the pathfinder scheme across the country.But most of the interest will be focussed on the state of the £3m pot. The money will be spread over two financial years, with the initial £900,000 for the 2009/10 year already in council coffers.A property adviser will be appointed in January to kick off negotiations with homeowners on property values, both for the buy and demolish scheme and the related element of buying another set of homes at slightly less risk and offering them for lease back.Other actions in the next few months look set to include:• Finding a piece of land to open a new council car park in Happisburgh. • A meeting has already been held with Cromer Town Council to discuss how to create a footpath realignment to solve a closure on the Runton Road car park caused by a previous cliff fall. • Making sure groups have been set up in the community to discuss the detail of how to spend the money. • Negotiations to move part of the caravan park at Happisburgh which has already lost land to cliff falls. • Helping relocate Trimingham village hall.Peter Frew, head of coastal strategy at the council, said it was hoped the buy and demolish scheme, which was not compulsory if people did not want to take it up, would produce a national formula of how to value a cliff top house.Various factors would be taken into consideration, such as the value of the home when bought, what the buyer knew about levels of risk when they purchased and its value now if it were somewhere without the same risk."Each property is an individual case and that circumstances around it are individual," added Mr Frew.The January 7 meeting will be held at 6.30pm in the council's Cromer headquarters on Holt Road.

economist?

16

The 68­year­old, who hoped to have 25 years in her house when she bought it in 2008, said she was “churning inside” as the digger bit into her home.

“It’s worse than I thought it was going to be,” she added. “It’s the speed of it.

“It’s been very sudden, like a sudden bereavement really.”

When she bought the cliff top bungalow for £25,000, the deeds stated the property came with 200 foot of land. But when she moved in her garden was only 46 foot long and since then she has seen it shrink right up to her back door.

Beach Road Resident

17

Deals struck for Happisburgh homeownersBy Tracey Gray (Eastern Daily Press <http://www.edp24.co.uk>, 06 April 2011)As a much loved clifftop family home in Southwold is demolished before coastal erosion takes hold it has also been revealed deals have now been struck for homeowners in Happisburgh.The home in Easton Bavents, near Southwold, called Thursley, was demolished on Monday by a demolition machine before the encroaching North Sea could get to it first.In Happisburgh work has been taking place as part of North Norfolk District Council's Coastal Pathfinder project with the striking of deal to compensate those whose homes are perched on the edge of Happisburgh's crumbling cliff in Beach Road.The council was awarded £3m in 2009 from the government's pathfinder programme to explore ways of helping coastal communities plan and adapt to coastal change.In total offers were made on 13 homes, 10 owners have now accepted the offers, with two owners, who own three of the homes, declining offers. A spokesman for North Norfolk District Council said there are now no more offers or negotiations outstanding.The conclusion of the deal means the council is handing over just over £726,000 to help the at­risk householders from the £3m pot of national pathfinder cash.Following demolition and clearance of the homes, which is expected to happen in the summer, the land will be incorporated into a landscaping scheme for the area which will complement a new car park. The scheme will be developed in consultation with the Happisburgh Local Liaison Group and Happisburgh Parish Council and will be paid for from pathfinder funds.

18

'There is a real community in place here who are being let down by the government who are not doing enough to protect this area'.

'In Happisburgh, where erosion is so brutally evident, there is already a blight on houses. Locals claim prices are up to 30% lower than in unthreatened coastal villages. Mark Bradley, 46, lives on Beach Road. It would be worth £200,000 but after two decades of erosion, Beach Road is almost on the beach. When he bought it 23 years ago, he believed the government would continue to defend the coastline. Now, living in a house he can't sell and which may not be standing in a decade, he feels his life is ruined.

Social positive? Community have come together.

Many residents are suffering from stress and struggle with insurance costs. As nothing is done there will be real fabric and social decay in the area.There is cultural heritage in the area as well, St. Mary's Church is a grade 1 listed building and the Manor house is grade 2 listed.'

19

MANAGEMENT AREA STATEMENT NORTH NORFOLK S.N.PMANAGEMENT AREA 4'Happisburgh'

Plan:Although there are implications, such as loss to erosion of residential properties and amenities at Happisburgh, these are not sufficient to economically justify building new defences along this frontage. Therefore the long­term Plan is to allow natural functioning of the coast through allowing it to retreat.However, in the short term the council will make every effort to minimise the rate of coastal erosion at this location, using appropriate temporary measures, including maintenance of the existing rock bund, with a view to allowing time for measures to be introduced to allow the 1400 residents to adapt to the changes in the medium and long term.

Retaining defences here would be to the detriment of highly sensitive areas downdrift such as Sea Palling and Great Yarmouth. Great Yarmouth in particular is reliant on sediment supply from the erosion of cliffs in this area, it's beach being important in defending a town of 47,000 residents.

Cost Benefit analysis Happisburgh

Local/National Government SMP justification

20

At their closest point, The Norfolk Broads are less than one mile from the North Sea. There is little protection, only a small sand bank, and to make matters worse, the land slopes AWAY from from the shore ­ that means most of the Norfolk Broads landscape is BELOW sea level. Despite this, the area has not been flooded since the dreadful floods of 1953, but with global warming causing sea levels to rise, regular flooding is a real possibility and this will have a devastating effect on the ecology of the area. We are in danger of loosing this beautiful landscape and its wildlife forever and the associated villages and farms in this area. Homes in the area are worth £2bn in total; farmers believe land lost would be worth £500m.Future defences should prioritse the area behind Sea Palling where the sea could breach, above other places along this coast.

Farmers and Communities inland of Sea PallingAnd economist....

21

Great Yarmouth SMP - Great Yarmouth Council

At the southern end of this section is Great Yarmouth. With the exception of the northern and southern extremities of the town, defence is primarily provided by an extremely wide and healthy beach, which has been fed by sediment derived from cliff erosion in Northeast Norfolk. Even with the onset of sea level rise, this beach is expected to continue to provide ample protection without the need for any intervention, other than at the extremities, provided that a sediment supply is maintained. If material does not continue to reach this destination then accelerated erosion may take place, necessitating the introduction of major defence works in the futureas Great Yarmouth is the major economic centre within this SMP, and is a location that justifies full protection against erosion or flooding. Regionally the town is significant providing a number of essential services to the surrounding rural areas and southern Norfolk.

Hold the line

Happisburgh area!!

22

Resource slides

23

BactonGas works

Sea Palling

Happisburgh

Norfolk Broads National Park

Great Yarmouth, pop 47,000 down drift.

24

Manor Caravan

ParkHill

House Inn

BeachRoad

Attachments

Happisburgh.org

social/economic

http://georgethegeographer.co.uk/Norfolk/Sea_Palling_and_Happisburgh_Background_information.pdf

extra reading

rip rap build