14-Jan-2013Fanny Mlinarsky

Introduction: Understanding the Different Flavors of IEEE

802.11

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Wireless for Miniaturized Consumer Electronics

Outline• A brief history of 802.11 • 802.11 alphabet soup • Chipsets and reference designs• Emerging 802.11 technology

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Wire

less

cap

acity

/ th

roug

hput

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

First cell phones

GSMCDMA

802.11a/b/g802.16e

LTE

Increasing throughput and capacityWCDMA/HSxPA2G2G

3G3G

4G4G

IEEE 802IEEE 802

Brief History of Wireless

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TACS AMPS NMT

IS-54IS-136

GPRS

AnalogAnalog

G = generation

LTE-A802.11n/ac

5G5GKey wireless technologies

2015

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

• OFDM is the most robust signaling scheme for a hostile wireless channel– Works well in the presence of multipath thanks to multi-tone signaling

and cyclic prefix (aka guard interval)• OFDM is used in all new wireless standards, including

– 802.11a, g and draft 802.11ac, ad– 802.16d,e; 802.22– DVB-T, DVB-H, DAB

• LTE is the first 3GPP standard to adopt OFDM

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Multiple orthogonal carriers

Frequency

Vol

tage

DVB = digital video broadcastingDVB-T = DVB terrestrialDVB-H = DVB handheldDAB = digital audio broadcastingLTE = long term evolutionOFDM = orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

History of IEEE 802.11• 1989: FCC authorizes ISM bands (900

MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz)• 1990: IEEE begins work on 802.11• 1994: 2.4 GHz products ship• 1997: 802.11 standard approved• 1998: FCC authorizes UNII Band, (5 GHz)• 1999: 802.11a, b ratified• 2003: 802.11g ratified• 2006: 802.11n draft 2 certification by

the Wi-Fi Alliance begins• 2009: 802.11n certification 2013: 802.11ac (up to 6.9 Gbps) and

802.11ad (up to 6.8 Gbps)

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ISM = Industrial, Scientific and MedicalUNII = Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure

Key Unlicensed Bands

FCC spectrum allocation charthttp://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.PDF

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4.9 GHz public safety5.9 DSRC (connected vehicle)

MHz

3.1 GHz 10.6 GHz

DSRC = direct short range communications

700 MHz White Spaces

802.11 Channels in the 5GHz Band

140

136

132

128

124

120

116

112

108

104

100

165

161

157

153

149

6460565248444036IEEE channel #20 MHz40 MHz80 MHz

5170MHz

5330MHz

5490MHz

5710MHz

5735MHz

5835MHz

160 MHz

140

136

132

128

124

120

116

112

108

104

100

6460565248444036IEEE channel #20 MHz40 MHz80 MHz

5170MHz

5330MHz

5490MHz

5710MHz

160 MHz

US

Europe, Japan, Global

FCC just allowed channel 144, creating additional 20, 40 and 80 MHz channels in the

US

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IEEE 802.11a,b,g,n Data Rates

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SGI = short guard interval

IEEE 802.11 Very High Throughput• The goal of the 802.11 VHT effort

is to achieve 1 Gbps throughput at nomadic (walking speeds) to support HD video transmission and high speed data applications and to satisfy the IMT-Advanced requirements

• TGac and TGad• TGac

Under 6 GHz (2.4 and 5 GHz bands)Up to 6.9 Gbps Higher order MIMO (> 4x4)8 spatial streamsMulti-user (MU) MIMO

• TGad60 GHz bandUp to 6.8 Gbps Capitalize on work already done by 802.15.3c in the 60 GHz bandBeamforming

VHT = very high throughput

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TGac – Next Generation Wi-Fi• Up to 6.9 Gbps of PHY

data rate (draft 0.1)• Higher order MIMO (>

4x4)• 8 spatial streams• Multi-user (MU) MIMO

– Up to 4 users; up to 4 streams per user

• Higher bandwidth channels (20, 40, 80, 80+80 and 160 MHz)

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MU-MIMOMultiple beamformed streams in the same channel

802.11ad 60 GHz ChannelsChannel f c

(GHz)Country

1 58.32 US2 60.48 US, Japan, EU, Australia3 62.64 US, Japan, EU4 64.80 Japan, EU

EIRP: (40 dBm avg, 43 dBm peak in the US; 57 dBm in Europe, Japan and Australia

Channel 2 must be

supported

IEEE 802.11ad is the key standard; other specifications are: 802.15.3c, ECMA-387, WirelessHD

Channel spacing = 2160MHz

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Beamforming and Beam Steering• Beamforming is a feature

of 802.11ac and central to 802.11ad

• Optimizes the range by focusing the energy between transmitting and receiving nodes

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Source: www.youknowfunny.com/2010/11/wireless-technology.html

Sub 1 GHz Wi-Fi for Smart Grid

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IEEE 802.24 Smart Grid ECSG

ECSG = executive committee study groupSDO = standards defining organization

• Serves as a single point of contact for questions regarding the use of 802 standards in Smart Grid applications

• Covers wired and wireless 802 protocols

• Acts as a liaison with regulatory agencies, industry organizations, other SDOs, government agencies, IEEE societies

• Acts as a resource for understanding 802 standards for certification efforts by industry bodies.

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• http://www.iec.ch/smartgrid/

• http://summit.utc.org/

• http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/PAP02Wireless?sortcol=1;table=9;up=0

• http://osgug.ucaiug.org/default.aspx

• http://www.ieee-pes.org/

PES = power energy societyOpenSG = open smart gridUTC = utilities telecom councilIEC = international electrotechnical commission

Smart Metering at 915 MHz?• Lower frequency =

longer operating range• Internationally available

bands in the vicinity of 915 MHz supported by common radio chipsets

• Two emerging IEEE 802 wireless standards target this band for smart metering and industrial controls applications

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Region Unlicensed Band (MHz)

Europe 963-868.6Japan 915.9-928.1China 755-787Korea 917-923.5Singapore 920-925US 902-928

802.11ah802.15.4g

802.11ah Sub 1 GHz License-exempt• More than 100 kbps with coverage

of up to 1 km; 600 kHz to 20 MHz channel bandwidth

• Smart grid – extremely large number of stations (6000 stations per AP)

• Environmental and agricultural monitoring – moderately large number of stations (200 per AP)

• Healthcare and building automation – dozens of stations

• Outdoor application for extended range Wi-Fi – common ground with 802.11af White Spaces amendment

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AP = access point

802.11af – Database• Fixed TVBDs require

geolocation capability and Internet access to a database of protected radio services.

• An 802.11af AP can use the 2.4 GHz band to get to the database and find out the available TVB channels and then switch operation to TVB

• IETF PAWS group is developing the database standard

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Administrator 1 Administrator 2

Administrator 3DB 3

DB 2DB 1

Mode II Device

Mode I Device

GPS Satellite

Geolocation

Available channels Fixed

TVB = TV bandTVBD = TV band devicesDB = databaseIETF = internet engineering task forcePAWS = protocol to access white space

IETF PAWS

Commonality 802.11ac/af/ah

• 802.11af/ah derive their specifications from 802.11ac• Operation of 11af and 11ah is under 1 GHz• Support for longer delay spread outdoor deployments

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802.11ac

802.11af 802.11ah Sub-1GHz (smart grid)UHF (TV band)

Very High Throughput (5 GHz)

Jan-2016Jun-2014

Feb-2014

Intelligent Transportation Systems• Crash avoidance

– Emergency electronic brake light– Forward collision warning– Blind spot warning / lane change warning– Do not pass warning– Left turn assist

• Safety assist– Remote diagnosis (EV battery monitoring)– Stopped vehicle or pedestrian warning– Road condition warning

• Convenience– Toll collection– Charging station guidance / info for EV– Mobile commerce / mobile advertisement– Web browsing, File (video, audio)

downloading

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Do not pass

Good introduction here802.11p – 5.9 GHz

802.11p DSRC• 802.11p is the PHY for ITS• DSRC is the method for

vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to road-side unit communications to support…– Public safety, collision

avoidance, traffic awareness and management, traveler information, toll booth payments

• Under regulation of DoT

DSRC = dedicated short range communicationsDoT = department of transportationITS = intelligent transportation systems

IEEE 802.11 Active Task Groups• TGm – Maintenance • TGac – VHT below 6 GHz (very high throughput < 6 GHz)• TGad – VHT at 60 GHz• TGaf – TV Band operation• TGah – Operation in 900 MHz band• TGai – Fast initial link setup• TGaj – China Mili-Meter Wave• TGak – General Link• TGaq – Pre-Association Discovery • ARC SC – Architecture • REG SC – Regulatory • WNG SC – Wireless Next Generation

http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11

TG = task groupSG = study groupSC = standing committee

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802.11 Past Task Groups TGma – Maintenance TGa – 5 GHz OFDM PHY TGb – 2.4 GHz 11 Mbps; DSSS PHY TGc – Bridging (part of 802.1) TGd – Additional regulatory domains TGe – Quality of Service TGf – Inter-AP protocol TGg – 2.4 GHz OFDM PHY TGh – Radar avoidance (DFS, TPC) TGi – Security TGk – Radio Resource

Measurements TGn – High Throughput; MIMO TGp – Vehicular ITS networks

TGr – Fast Roaming TGs – Mesh networking TGT – IEEE 802 Performance TGu – InterWorking with External

Networks TGv – Wireless network

management TGw – Protected Management

Frames TGy – 3650-3700 MHz Operation

in US TGz – Direct Link Setup TGaa – Robust streaming of AV

Transport Streams TGae – Prioritization of

management frames

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OFDM = orthogonal frequency division multiplexingDSSS = direct sequence spread spectrumITS = intelligent transportation systemsMIMO = multiple input multiple outputDFS = dynamic frequency selection TPC = transmit power control

IEEE 802.11 Timeline

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1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

802.11-1997 IEEE Standard

802.11-1999 IEEE Standard

July 1997

April 1999 802.11-2007 IEEE Standard

TGk TGma

TGn TGp

TGr TGs

TGT TGu

TGv TGw TGy

TGa TGb TGb-cor1

TGc TGd TGe

TGF TGg

TGh TGi

TGj

Part of 802.1

withdrawn

June 2007

TGmb

IEEE 802.11 Timeline (continued)

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

TGah

TGadTGac

TGaeTGaf

TGaa

TGs Tgu TGv

TGz

TGp

802.11-2012 Mar 29, 2012

TGmb

TGai

TGm

http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm

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802.11-2007802.11k-2008802.11r-2008802.11y-2008802.11w-2009802.11n-2009802.11p-2010802.11z-2010802.11v-2011802.11u-2011

802.11 Emerging Specifications

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AmendmentSpecification

Transmissionrate

11ac

11ad

11af

11ah

11ai

Communicationrange

Expected completionUser

velocity

Dec/13

Oct/12 Done

Jun/14

Jan/16

Up to 5 km

802.11n/ac rates scaled to channel

Up to6.8 Gbps

Fast initialization (target 100 ms)

Up to 6.9 Gbps

10 m at 1 Gbps

> 100 kbps 1 km

Mar/14

Overview

Target: + 200 km/h

High Throughputw/ wider channelsHigh Throughputin 60 GHz band

Wi-Fi on TV White Space

Sub 1 GHz

Wi-Fi for mobile

11aqSelect AP that provides needed services ?

Pre-association Discovery

http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm

Future Additional Allocation of 5 GHz SpectrumNew FCC initiative

•Sec. 6406. UNLICENSED USE IN THE 5 GHZ BAND

– Allows unlicensed U–NII devices to operate in the 5350–5470 MHz band

– Adds 120 MHz for use by 802.11a/n/ac devices operating in the 5 GHz band

– Later to allow operation in the 5850–5925 MHz band, an additional 75 MHz

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802.11a and 802.11n channels in the 5 GHz

bandchan # center

(MHz)36 518040 520044 522048 524052 526056 528060 530064 5320

100 5500104 5520108 5540112 5560116 5580120 5600124 5620128 5640132 5660136 5680140 5700149 5745153 5765157 5785161 5805

Summary of 802.11• High level of investment and focus• Most advanced technology

– First with OFDM and MIMO– Widest channels (80 and 160 MHz wide)

• Technology is spreading beyond LAN into MAN (802.11ah/af), NAN (smart grid),WAN (carrier networks) and PAN

• Greatest economies of scale bringing low cost of devices

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LAN = local area networkingMAN = metropolitan area networkingPAN = personal area networkingNAN = neighborhood area networks

Next Session• Part II: MIMO or SISO? Wireless

Design Considerations and Trade-offs• Tuesday, January 15th 2013• 12 pm EST

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