Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 11

Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1andand

Capture Fundamentals Capture Fundamentals

Dr Pierre DechampsDG Research

European Commission – DG ResearchEnergy Production and Distribution Unit

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Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1

CO2 and Climate Change

• There is evidence that there is a link between the increase of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere and the measured temperature rises

• Anthropogenic CO2 is probably responsible for more than 60% of this globally (80% in the EU)

• Energy conversion and utilisation generates most of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions

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Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1

What do most scientists agree upon?

• The average temperature of the Earth has been increasing more than natural climatic cycles would explain.

• This episode of “global warming” is due to human activity.

• It began with the industrial revolution, two centuries ago, and accelerated over the last 50 years.

• Fossil fuel burning is mostly responsible, because it releases gases (particularly carbon dioxide) that trap infrared radiation.

• This “greenhouse effect” creates a whole system disturbance, which is called climate change.

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Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1

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Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1

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Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1X

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Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1

Power GenerationCharacterized by only a few large stationary sources

of CO2

Hence an easy target

BUT

Low CO2 concentrations (a few %)

Long-lived investments

In a competitive market environment

Contributes only 30% of total emissions – the major problem is transport

Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 88

Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1

A Vision

One can envisage a whole new scenario where fossil fuels would be converted on a large scale into electricity, hydrogen, or other energy vectors that could be used in transport.

This would allow to address more than 2/3 of total emissions instead of 1/3.

This would really be the emergence of a new industrial sector.

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Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1

Capture technologies

pre-combustion

post-combustion

oxyfuel, chemical looping, etc

There are also early opportunities

high CO2 concentration

CO2 from natural gas

mostly outside of the power generation

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Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1pre-combustion

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Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1

post-combustion

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Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1

Storage technologies

geological routes

depleted oil/gas fields

aquifers

ECBM

ocean

sinks

There are also early opportunities

EOR / EGR

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Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1

Storage technologies

Major challenges :

public acceptance

long term liability

safety at all time-scales (up to > 10000 yrs)

(i.e. < 1% per 100 years)

legal / regulatory situation

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Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1

Is it really going to happen ?Fossil fuels are there and will be used

especially coal – more abundant than oil andgas, plus non-conventional oil and gas

(King Edward I banned the use of coal in 1306 because of its obnoxious smoke – it didn’t work)

And what happens if we don’t react ?Ocean acidificationSea level riseClimate change

health impacteconomic impact…

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Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1

Cost of capture – what are we talking about ?From an oil perspective

Let’s assume 20 € /ton of CO2 = 70 €/ton of Carbon

Oil these days at 50 USD/bbl, i.e. 40 €/bbl= 250 € / tonContains typically ¾ of carbon per weightTherefore additional cost of 50 € / ton of oil

Less than 20%

Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 1919

Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1

Cost of capture – what are we talking about ?From a petrol perspective

Let’s assume 20 € /ton of CO2 = 70 €/ton of Carbon

Petrol at 1 € / liter= 1200 € / tonContains ¾ of Carbon per weightTherefore additional cost of 50 € /ton

Less than 5%

Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 2020

Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1

Cost of capture – what are we talking about ?From an electricity generation perspective

1 ton of coal = 30000 MJ= 8000 kWh = 3000 kWh electricity at 40% efficiencyAdditional cost = 70 €= 0.02 € per kWh= 50% from the COE point of view= less than 20% from the household point of view

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Lessons Learned from Day 1Lessons Learned from Day 1

Cost of capture – what are we talking about ?Previous numbers indicate that society could afford it if need

be.What progress can we achieve ?Against these numbers – were is the technology in comparison

to RES ?Other interesting numbers of those for the global economy in

terms of the cost of compliance : Commission cost studies indicate a 0.5 – 1.5 % GDP penalty over the next 20 years for the path towards the 2°C / 550 ppmv target

It means the EU would reach the same level of affluence in 2025 with a delay of approx. 6 months

Compliance costs will decrease if CO2 CCS is included

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Fundamentals of CaptureFundamentals of Capture

Nature of the Problem

Very often gas separation

Post-combustion3-10% from oxygen depleted air

Pre-combustionfrom mixtures with CO, H2 and H2O

OxyfuelO2 separation from the air (21%)

From the air ?375 ppmv

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Fundamentals of CaptureFundamentals of Capture

Thermodynamics

The entropy of mixing * T ref= loss of exergy= minimum reversible work for separation= isothermal compression work from partial

pressures to total pressure

= - n R T Σ (ni / n) ln (ni / n)

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Fundamentals of CaptureFundamentals of Capture

Thermodynamics

- n R T Σ (ni / n) ln (ni / n)

Oxygen separation from the air:

= 288 * 8.31 * (0.21 * ln (0.21) + 0.79 * ln (0.79)) / 0.21

= 5800 kJ/Kmol O2= 180 kJ/kg O2= 0.05 kWh per kg O2

Cryogenic separation : 0.25 – 0.30 kWhe per kg O2 at 95% purity

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Fundamentals of CaptureFundamentals of Capture

Thermodynamics

- n R T Σ (ni / n) ln (ni / n)

CO2 separation from a mixture, at mole concentration x

= 288 * 8.31 * (x * ln (x) + (1-x) * ln (1-x)) / x

kJ/Kmol kJ/kg kWh/kg €/tonAt 375 ppmv : 21000 490 0.135 4At 3% : 10800 244 0.067 2.0At 10% : 5800 177 0.050 1.47Assuming 1 kWh at 0.03€(comparison : MEA at 4-5 MJ/kg)

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Fundamentals of CaptureFundamentals of Capture

Capture - Ways

CryogenicMembranesPSATSAChemical looping…

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Fundamentals of CaptureFundamentals of Capture

Capture - Critical Issues

From the point of view of the products

impurities in the CO2, oxygen purity, CO2 left in the fuel or flue gas

From the design point of view

thermodynamic integration with the power cycle, and the related reliability aspects

capture ready plants : an RTD topic, and maybe financial incentives for emerging economies ?

Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research-- P P DechampsDechamps –– AprilApril 20052005 -- 2828

Thanks for your attention

Enjoy the Conference

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