139 *.ql draft · - 213 (vilankulo) for trials elvi/e2vi; 26 km distance - 213 (vilankulo) for...
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ISRSC LIBRARY
ttz. 139 *.Ql
Wagsningen, The Netherlands DRAFT
SERIE TERRA E AGUA
DO INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE INVESTIGAQAO AGRONÓMICA
C O M U N I C A Q A O Ne86
APPLICATION OF THE
FAO WATER SATISFACTION INDEX MODEL
IN MOZAMBIQUE
R.M. Westerink
Scanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU World Data Centre for Soils. The purpose is to make a safe depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued information available for consultation, following Fair Use Guidelines. Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the materials within the archives where the identification of the Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the originators. For questions please contact [email protected] indicating the item reference number concerned.
BRflRY
7.87
1997
Maputo, Mozambique
22UG
Index
1. Introduction 1
2. The basic dataset 1 2.1. Climatic data 1 2.2. Soil and crop data . . 3
3. The Rangeland index . . ' . . . . ' 5
4. Results 6
5. Some remarks 7
Literature 9
Annexes:
1. Basic crop, soil and climatic data
2. WSIperdekad
3. WSI for different rooting depths
4. Effect of different WHC values on the WSI
5. Data dictionary
6.^ FAO Crop Specific Soil Water Balance
7. WHC values Mozambique
8. List of stations METEO database INIA/DTA
9. Explanation of abbreviations
10. Sowing possibilities Millet and Sorghum in the Chokwe district (request Food Security Strategy Programme INIA/DASP).
11. Crop requirements maize, millet and sorghum.
Introduction FAOINDEX version 2.1
1. Introduction
The FAO programme FAOINDEX (Gommes, 1993) uses dekadal rainfall and PET data per year. It calculates a simple crop-specific water balance with in the last column die WSI (Water Satisfaction Index). FAO (1986) and Rojas (1996) show that there is a good relation between the WSI and the yield1. A WSI value of 100% corresponds with optimum yields, a WSI of 50% or less with very low yields or complete crop failure. The WSI seems to be a good indicator for the water stress a crop has suffered. This report gives an introduction to the practical use of the FAOINDEX programme at INIA/DTA.
The FAOINDEX calculations used for the Millet/Sorghum Seed Distribution Programme in the Gaza and Inhambane provinces is used as an example (see annex 1-4 and 6). Annex 10 shows another practical application of the FAOINDEX programme: Sowing possibilities Millet and Sorghum in the Chokwe district (request Food Security Strategy Programme INIA/DASP).
Annex 9 gives a list of abbreviations used in this report and in the output files of the FAOINDEX programme.
2. The basic dataset
2.1. Climatic data
General Basic climatic data of Mozambique is available in QuattroPro format. See Annex 5 for file names and file contents. These files can be used to prepare the basic data input files {.dat files) which are required to run the FAOINDEX programme. For a detailed description of the required format: see Gommes (1993).
The easiest way to do this is: Prepare your files in QuattroPro (Version 5) Enter the data from other QuattroPro files by: Tools > Combine > Block .. Save the files in .txt format, using the file name syntax as mentioned in the manual (Gommes 1993). Go to MS-DOS. Change the .txt filename extension in a .dat extension by: ren *.txt *.dat '
For the exact file layout: see annex 5 (Gommes 1993). The second dataline should not have a heading for the first column (stationname). If the FAOINDEX programme gives a error message, change the number of starting spaces in the second line of your .dat files (should be exactly the same in all your .dat files !).
Assuming tHat the other crop production factors (fertility, management, diseases etc.) were not limiting
I.N.I. A. / Depanamento de Terra e Agua, Comunica?ao No. 86 - February 1997 - (Draft) 1
Introduction FAOINDEX version 2.1
Actual rainfall: The following basic data can be used (in order of preference):
Dekadal data of trial field observations (rain gauge). Dekadal data from a nearby rainfall or synoptical meteo station2. This should be done with great care: even at short distance (e.g. some kms) important deviations (10% -40%) can occur (Jackson 1982).3 At DNA daily rainfall data is available for ±1260 stations. See file DNAcorr. wql for available stations per province/district and available years. Dekadal data interpolated4 from monthly rainfall data of a nearby synoptical station: monthly data of 135 stations5 for the period 1950-1980 are available in the file prcmon-th.wql. The files mzwx50ra. wql - mzwx95ra. wql have dekadal data for the period 1950 -1995 for ± 200 stations in Mozambique3. See file stat_moz.wql for the years the data is available. If an estimation is not possible a missing value of -999 has to be used. In this case the programme will automatically use the normal rainfall value for that dekad.
Example: mzwx78ra.dat = Actual Rainfall 1978 Mozambique
Normal rainfall: Average or better Q50% values6 of a nearby station can be used. The fileprcnorm.wql has dekadal data interpolated from monthly data for 135 stations. When possible use real dekadal data, because interpolated monthly values are at average twice at high as the dekadal values for the same month and station.
Example: mzwx78rn.dat
Actual PET:
2
3
4
5
Use the program "Find the nearest station" which is available in the INIA/DTA METEO database (data of 138 synoptical stations).
To indicate that you are using estimated values, 20000 has to be added to the estimated value (e.g. 20014 mm in case of a rainfall
of 14 mm).
To interpolate the monthly values to dekadal values the following formulas have been used: Rainfall Dekad 1 January = (10/31 * Rainfall December + 20/31 * Rainfall January) / 3 Rainfall Dekad 2 January = 10/31 * Rainfall January Rainfall Dekad 3 January = (10/31 * Rainfall January + 20/28 * Rainfall February) / 3 ... etc.
See Annex 8 for a list of available stations
Q50% = rainfall which occurs or is exceeded in 50% of the years = median value. For Mozambique this value is almost
always lower than the average rainfall.
I.N.Ï.A. / Departamentó de Terra e Agua, Comunicaca'o No. 86 - February 1997 - (Draft) 2
Introduction FAOINDEX version 2.1
Use field data. If these data are not available, it is not necessary to prepare these files: the programme will automatically use the Normal PET data.
Example: mzwx78ea.dat
Normal PET: For 135 stations2 5 average dekadal data interpolated from monthly PET-Montheite data are available in file petmont.wql (source: CLIMWAT Africa data files)4.
Example: mzwx78en.dat
Effective rainfall: no data is available, use a value of 100%
It is a good idea to include in your report a list of the stations you used for your basic data input files. E.g.:
- 108 (Maluernia) for trials ElChi/E2Chi/E3Chi; 7 km distance - 114 (Chokwe) for trials ElMb/E3Mb; 75 km distance - 205 (Mabote) for trials ElMt/E2Mt; 13 km distance - 213 (Vilankulo) for trials ElVi/E2Vi; 26 km distance - 213 (Vilankulo) for trials E5Vi/E6Vi/E7Vi; 65 km distance
(108 = station code in INIA/DTA METEO database)
2.2. Soil and crop data
General: Annex 1 shows an example of the basic crop and soil data which have been used for the calculations of the Water Satisfaction Index of the trials in the Millet/Sorghum Seed Distribution Programme. Only the right part of the table (from column code trial) has to be exported to the basic data input file. The left part is available for the convenience of the user.
KCR values: The programme will use standard KCR values. In case you want to define them, they should be entered after the last column (Plant dekad). You will need field observations or estimations of the lengths of the different crop stages (Initial, Crop development, Flowering, Fruit formation, Ripening) for the different trials. Basic KCr values for the different crop stages of sorghum are given in Doorenbosch (1977) and Doorenbosch & Kassam (1996).
I.N.I.A. / Deparamento de Terra e Agua, Connmicac£o No. 86 - February 1997 - (Draft) 3
Introduction FAOINDEX version 2.1
Calculation of the WHC: The WHC (mm) can be calculated with the formula:
(Vol. % soil water atpFl.O- Vol. % soil water atpF4.2) * 0.01 * Rooting Depth (mm)
The Rooting Depth depends on:
a. Maximum rooting depth (of water absorbing roots), for example: 100 cm for Maize 150 cm for Sorghum. 200 cm for Millet.
In some cases it will be better to use the depth of the bulk of the roots. On the other hand it can be assumed that in periods of drought stress the roots will grow deeper in their search to soil water.
b. Effective soil depth. This is the depth to which crop roots normally can penetrate. It corresponds with the groundwater table or the occurrence of very compact layers (e.g. Mananga subsoil), hard rock, stone layers, etc. Annex 7 gives an estimation per soil unit of the 1:1.000.000 Soils Map of Mozambique.
The following basic data for the calculation of the Volume % soil water at pF2.0 and pF4.2 can be used (in order of preference): a. Undisturbed pF-samples from soil pits.
b. Analytical sample data on %-coarse sand and %-fine sand7
If these data are not available an estimation of the WHC can be made using Annex 7.
The maximum accepted value for WHC in the programme is 200 mm.
Crop data:
The Plant Cycle depends on: Crop/Variety. Temperature: - The warm period has shorter plant cycles than the cold period. - Altitude (e.g. maize: 120 days at sealevel vs 150 days at 1500 m). Planting date (day length sensitive varieties):
The values for Vol.% atpF2.0and Vol.% atpF4.2 can be estimated using the formulas as given by Geurts (1996):
pF2.0 = 60.45 - 0.62 * coarse sand % - 0.44 * fine sand % pF4.2 = 32.16 - 0.32 * coarse sand % - 0.33 * fine sand %
I.N.I.A. / Departement» de Terra e Agua, Comimicac£o No. 86 - February 1997 - (Draft) 4
Introduction FAOINDEX version 2.1
- The more days planted before the shortest day (21 december) the longer the cycle. This results in the development of a deep root system. - If planted for example in February, a very short vegetative period, with small plants and a shallow root system will occur (Geurts 1996). Other factors (climatic conditions in specific year, fertility etc.)
Planting dekad: trial data.
For calculations with planting dekads 1 to 9 of 1996 (example) it is strongly advised to use dekads 37 to 45 of 1995. In the first case the WHC will start with a value of 0 mm in case of no rain in the first dekad; in the second case the calculations will start with a WHC which has had the possibility "to build up" from the dekads 27 to 36.
Examples: mzws78oa.dat = crop data sorghum 1978 mzwx78oa.dat = general crop data 1978 (the column cropid indicates the crop (e.g. 2 =
millet)
3. The Rangeland index
Table 1 indicates the dekad when the normal dekadal rainfall crosses a value of 30% * PET (idem 40% * PET .... 70% * PET) after the general dry period (May-October)
The calculation is based on the chosen effective rainfall (here 100%) and the Q50% (median) data of 4 nearby stations which were available in the INIA/DTA METEO database.
Table 1: Dekads when Rangeland index crosses...
Station 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Chicuala 32 33 * * *
Chokwe 32 34 * * *
Mabote 31 32 33 34 36
Vilankulo 32 33 34 35 36
* = no crossing
If Actual Rainfall data are available (complete data set of one year), the Rangeland values for that year will be calculated as well.
I.N.I.A. / Departameoto <fe Terra e Agua, Comunicacao No. 86 - February 1997 - (Draft)
Introduction FAOINDEX version 2.1
4. Results
General:
The output files of the FAOINDEX programme are in .txt and .dat format: The general outputfile mzwx93ox. txt can be read in WordPerfect or in MS-DOS (Edit). The more specific outputfiles {.dat). They can be imported in QuattroPro (tools > import > comma delimited) and used for further analysis or presentation in reports (tables, graphs).
Some examples:
The FAOINDEX calculations used for the Millet/Sorghum Seed Distribution Programme in the Gaza and Inhambane provinces:
Annex 2 presents a summary of the WSI per trial, crop and variety using basic data as indicated in Annex 1. The last WSI value corresponds with the WSI at harvest and is related with a certain yield (see annex 10, graph l8).
Annex 3 presents a summary of the WSI per trial, crop and variety using different rooting depths (50, 100 and 150 cm for sorghum; 50, 100, 150 and 200 cm for millet). The corresponding (estimated) WHC values are also indicated. The higher the rooting depth, the higher the WSI at harvest.
Annex 4 shows the effect of a higher WHC on the WSI for the trials with a (very) low estimated WHC value (ElChi, E2Chi, E3Chi, EIMb and E3Mb). The higher the WHC, the higher the WSI at harvest.
Annex 6 is a print of a FAO Crop Specific Soil Water Balance, using the basic data input as specified in Annex 1.
Annex 10 shows another practical application of the FAOINDEX programme: Sowing possibilities of Millet and Sorghum for the Chokwe district (request Food Security Strategy Programme INI A).
o The initially presumed maximum rooting depth of 150 cm for sorghum and and 200 cm for millet appeared to be too high; a maximum rooting depth of 100 cm for both crops
gives the best correlation between WSI at harvest and the yield (Geurts, 1996).
I.N.I.A. / Departamento de Terra e Agua, Comunicac^o No. 86 - February 1997 - (Draft) 6
Application of tbc FAO Water Satisfaction Index model in Mozambique
5. Some remarks
Possible jobs for Pedology/Land Evaluation Section INIA/DTA:
* Use of the DNA daily and dekadal rainfall data for + 400 stations (entire Mozambique). They can be used for FAOINDEX calculations of (semi) detail soil surveys. Also they can serve to improve the National Climatic Map (1:1.000.000)
* New calculation of Growing Periods (rainfall > 0.5 * PET) with dekadal data. Table per station with indication of length (and variation) of growing periods and crop growing possibilities.
* Improvement of the National Climatic Map (1:1.000.000).
* Use of WSI calculations for compilation of Agro Climatic Maps (e.g. 1:1.000.000) per crop. This should be the result of a overlay of the National Climatic Map (1:1.000.000) and a map with the WHC values per mapping unit (see Annex 7) derived from the National Soil Map (1:1.000.000).
* Use of WSI calculations for improvement of the land evaluation system(s) at INIA/DTA (Crop Water Stress Module).
Possible jobs for Agrohidrological Section INIA/DTA:
* Relation yield% - WSI. Examples: annex 10 graph 1, FAO (1986) and Rojas (1996). Differentiation in (part of) provinces or soil types. Use as maximum yield the best three yields in a period of 10 years. Crops: Maize, Sorghum, Millet, Groundnut, Beans. Make a INIA/DTA Crop Production Database with fields: year - crop - variety -planting dekad - cycle - remarks about crop production factors (e.g. diseases, inundations).
* Estimation of effective rainfall in relation to daily rainfall, season, soil type, land use and regional variation. Data INAM, UEM etc.
* Research of rooting depths in relation to soil type, crop variety and planting date.
* Check reliability of the relation between the fine sand%, coarse sand% and the pF2.0/4.2 (Geurts 1996)7 using pF-sample data of Serno & Brito (1991) and data HAM reports.
* Calibration with data of the INIA Umbeluzi trial field.
I.N.I. A. / Departamento de Terra e Agua, Comiinicac9o No. 86 - February 1997 - (Draft) 7
Application of the FAO Water Satisfaction Index model is Mozambique
Suggested improvements of the FAOINDEX program:
* The programme assumes from the first planting dekad a maximum rooting depth. In reality this will only be reached at the start of the flowering stage, so a gradual increase of rooting depth, and thus WHC, should be incorporated in the programme.
* Indication of the yield reduction per dekad as well as over the whole crop growing period by using die ky-factor (explanation: see Doorenbosch & Kassam, 1986).
* Use of the p-factor. See Doorenbosch en Kassam (1986).
* When sowing takes place in a dekad witii good rainfall and diis dekad is followed by for example 4 dekads without any rainfall, most of the crops will die, especially on soils with a low WHC (e.g. 50 mm). The FAOINDEX programme will only reduce the WSI (e.g. from 100 to 70). If the next dekads show good rainfall the WSI will remain on a relatively high value, indicating a reasonable yield, which is not true in most cases.
* The initial SW value is set on 0. The user should have the possibility to choose a value (which should be less then the WHC).
FAOINDEX calculations for 35 stations (entire Mozambique): On request of the Food Security Strategy Programme A. Langa (DTA/INIA Maputo) has executed the calculations as done for the Chokwe station (see Annex 10) for another 35 stations in entire Mozambique. See Table 2 for a station list. A report is in preparation.
I.N.I. A. / Departamento de Tetra e Agua, Comunica^o No. 86 - February 1997 - (Draft) 8
Table 2: Station list Water Satisfaction Index analysis Mozambique - Langa, 1998 (report in preparation).
province District Station name Lon min
Lat min
Elevatioi m
Code General
Code METEO DTA
Years monthly data
Years dekadal data
INIA Research Station
Period of 1) analysis
ICabo Delgado Montepuez Montepuez (DNA) 39.00 -13.08 534 DNA0828 909 30 21 Namapa 5 0 - 81 Cabo Delgado Pemba Pemba 40.32 -12.59 60 917 917 31 46 5 2 - 94 Gaza Chibuto Maniquenique (INIA) 33.32 -24.44 13 109 109 22 35 Maniquenique 6 0 - 94 Gaza Chicualacuala Maluernia 31.41 -22.05 452 108 108 14 0 6 2 - 74 Gaza Chokwe Chokwe (INIA/SMM) 33.00 -24.31 33 114 114 30 28 Chokwe 6 8 - 94 Gaza Mandlakaze Manjacaze (DNA) 33.53 -24.43 65 DNA0803 107 29 15 5 8 - 89 Gaza Massangena Massangena 32.58 -21.33 136 110 110 12 0 61 - 74 Gaza XaiXai Xai Xai 33.38 -25.03 4 105 105 31 45 51 - 94 Inhambane Funhalouro Funhalouro 34.23 -23.05 116 201 201 27 0 51 - 77 Inhambane Govuro Mambone 35.01 -20.59 4 206 206 21 0 . 5 5 - 77 Inhambane Inharrime Nhacoongo (DNA) 35.11 -24.18 30 DNA0837 210 25 33 Nhacoongo 5 9 - 93 Inhambane Mabote Mabote 34.07 -22.03 143 205 205 24 • - o 5 0 - 77 Inhambane Massinga Massinga 35.24 -23.19 109 207 207- 29 0 51 - 79 Inhambane Panda Panda 34.43 -24.03 150 211 211 27 0 5 0 - 79 Manica Sussundenga Sussundenga (INIA/ C.Exp DNA) 33.14 -19.20 650 DNA0427 321 0 37 Sussundenga 5 9 - 93 Maputo Boane Umbeluzi (INIA) 32.23 -26.03 12 14 14 31 30 Umbeluzi 6 8 - 94 Maputo Marracuene Marracuene (SMM) 32.41 -25.44 26 DNA0865 15 28 29 Ricatla 51 - 79 Maputo Moamba Sabie (SMM) 32.14 -25.20 80 DNA0137 12 17 32 5 0 - 84 Maputo Namaacha Changalane (Pecuaria) 32.11 -26.17 100 DNA0004 3 5 39 Mazeminhama 5 2 - 90 Nampula Angoche Angoche 39.90 -16.22 61 701 701 28 1 Nametil 5 0 - 75 Nampula Malema Mutuali (SMM) 37.07 -14.53 570 DNA836 714 24 19 Mutuali 5 9 - 85 Nampula Nampula Nampula (INIA) 39.2 -15.09 432 717 717 26 40 Nampula/Nametil/Ribaue 5 8 - 94 Niassa Lichinga Lichinga 35.25 -13.28 1364 810 810 27 46 Lichinga 52 - 91 Niassa Marrupa Marrupa 37.55 -13.23 838 803 803 16 3 51 - 71 Sofala Chemba Chemba MFPZ 34.54 -17.10 59 DNA0028 402 19 10 Chemba 5 0 - 79 Sofala Chibabava Mucheve 33.49 -20.34 145 405 405 8 0 6 4 - 71 Sofala Dondo Mafambisse (CFB) 34.37 -19.33 8 DNA0095 408 27 24 5 3 - 76 Sofala Gorongosa Gorongosa (DNA) 34.04 -18.41 375 DNA0812 410 27 18 5 7 - 75 Sofala Marromeu Marromeu (SMM) 35.57 -18.17 20 DNA0117 404 29 23 5 3 - 74 Sofala Nhamatanda Nhamatanda 34.12 -19.16 57 409 409 19 0 5 0 - 75 Tete Angonia Domue (DNA) 34.14 -14.30 1200 DNA0563 609 25 20 5 6 - 81 Tete Maravia Chicoa 32.21 -15.36 274 602 602 14 0 51 - 66 Tete Tete Tete 33.35 -16.11 149 607 607 29 41 x
- 5 4 - 94 Tete Zumbo Zumbo 30.26 -15.37 343 612 612 20 0 51 - 65 Zambezia Alto Molocue Alto Molocue Captacao (DNA) 37.41 -15.38 563 DNA1040 501 30 21 5 9 - 81 Zambezia Mocuba Mocuba (SMM) 37.00 -16.49 159 DNA0320 508 , 29 30 Mocuba 5 0 - 80
dan
Introduction FAOINDEX version 2.1
Literature
Acland, J.D., 1971 - East African crops.
Chaguala, P., 1996 - Personal communication.
Doorenbosch, et al, 1977 - Crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 24, 1986.
Doorenbosch & Kassam, 1986 - Yield response to water. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 33, 1986.
FAO, 1986 - Early agrometeorological crop yield assessment. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 73.
FAO, 1993 - ECOCROP version 1
Geurts, P., 1996 - Personal communications.
Gibbon, D. & Pain, A., 1991 - Crops of the drier regions of the tropics.
Gommes, R., 1993 - FAOINDEX, version 2.1. Agrometeorology Group FAO Rome
Jackson, I.J., 1982 - Climate water and agriculture in the tropics.
Kassam et al (1982); Climatic data bank and length of growing period analysis. Field document no. 33 FAO/MOZ/75/011
Landon, J.R. et al, 1991 - Booker tropical soil manual.
Rojas, O., 1995 - O papel da agrometeorologia na seguran^a alimentar. GCPS/RAF/270/DE-N(MOZ)
Rojas, O., 1996 - The climatic impact on maize production in Mozambique. Sensitivity analysis and scenarios. INAM/INIA.
Serno, G. and Brito, R., 1991 - Capacidade de reten£ao de tfgua dos solos da provmcia de Maputo. INIA/DTA Nota Técnica 62.
Westerink, R.M., 1995 - Evaluation of length of growing periods and crop growing possibilities in Mozambique". Nota Técnica INIA/DTA (proposal).
I.M.I.A. / Depararaento de Terra e Agua, ComunicasSo No. 86 - February 1997 - (Draft) 9
Annex 1: Basic crop, soil and climatic data
Data Rain sdb start end cjcle crop var code Ion lat alt rooting whc efrain crop cycle plant Set Station code days trial m depth mm % id dek dek
Sorghum Chicuala GL0002 08-Dec-95 21-May-96 165 map chokwe E1Chi 31.38 -22.08 314 150 37 100 6 17 34 1995 Chicuala GL0002 08-Dec-95 18-Apr-96 132 map ana E2Chi 31.38 -22.08 314 150 37 100 6 13 34
Chicuala GL0002 08-Dec-95 22-May-96 166 map local E2Chi 31.38 -22.08 314 150 37 100 6 17 34 Chicuala GL0002 08-Dec-95 27-Apr-96 141 map macia E2Chi 31.38 -22.08 314 150 37 100 6 14 34 Muginge GA0001 23-Dec-95 16-Apr-96 115 map chokwe E1Mb 32.55 -23.51 50 70 39 100 6 12 36 Muginge GA0001 23-Dec-95 16-Apr-96 115 map macia E1Mb 32.55 -23.51 50 70 39 100 6 12 36 Muginge GA0001 23-Dec-95 16-Apr-96 115 map wsv E1Mb 32.55 -23.51 50 70 39 100 6 12 36 Mussengue IM0001 22-NOV-95 29-Mar-96 128 map ana E2Mt 34.11 -21.54 140 150 116 100 6 13 33 Mussengue IM0001 22-NOV-95 29-Mar-96 128 map local E2Mt 34.11 -21.54 140 150 116 100 6 13 33 Mussengue IM0001 22-Nov-95 29-Mar-96 128 map macia E2Mt 34.11 -21.54 140 150 116 100 6 13 33 Manhique IM0002 16-Dec-95 29-Mar-96 104 map diversos E3Mt 34.14 -22.04 99 150 117 100 6 10 34 Machengue IV0001 14-Dec-95 03-Apr-96 111 map ana E2Vi 35.07 -22.08 20 150 184 100 6 11 35 Machengue IV0001 14-Dec-95 28-Apr-96 136 map chokwe E2Vi 35.07 -22.08 20 150 184 100 6 14 35 Machengue IV0001 14-Dec-95 02-May-96 140 map macia E2Vi 35.07 -22.08 20 150 184 100 6 14 35 Muabsa IV0003 23-Dec-95 03-May-96 132 map ana E5Vi 34.47 -22.13 100 150 215 100 6 13 36 Muabsa IV0003 23-Dec-95 03-May-96 132 map macia E5Vi 34.47 -22.13 100 150 215 100 6 13 36
Sorghum Machengue IV0001 31-Jan-96 30-Apr-96 90 map ana E1Vi 35.07 -22.08 20 150 184 100 6 9 4 1996 Machengue IV0001 31-Jan-96 20-Apr-96 80 map ana E1Vi 35.07 -22.08 20 150 184 100 6 8 4
Muabsa IV0003 15-Jan-96 29-May-96 135 map ana E5Vi 34.47 -22.13 100 150 215 100 6 14 2 Muabsa IV0003 15-Jan-96 29-May-96 135 map chokwe E5Vi 34.47 -22.13 100 150 215 100 6 14 2 Muabsa IV0003 15-Jan-96 29-May-96 135 map macia E5Vi 34.47 -22.13 100 150 215 100 6 14 2 Muabsa IV0003 23-Jan-96 29-May-96 127 map macia E7Vi 34.47 -22.13 100 150 215 100 6 13 3
Millet Chicuala GL0001 08-Dec-95 18-Apr-96 132 mex msv E3Chi 31.43 -22.03 465 200 77 100 2 13 34 1995 Muginge GA0002 29-NOV-95 21-Mar-96 113 mex msv E3Mb 32.55 -23.51 99 200 98 100 2 11 34
Mussengue IM0001 22-NOV-95 29-Mar-96 128 mex local E1Mt 34.11 -21.54 140 200 157 100 2 13 33 Mussengue IM0001 22-Nov-95 29-Mar-96 128 mex msv E1Mt 34.11 -21.54 140 200 157 100 2 13 33 Mabote-sede IM0003 26-Dec-95 17-Apr-96 113 mex msv E4Mt 34.08 -21.58 99 200 159 100 2 11 36 Muabsa IV0003 23-Dec-95 03-May-96 132 mex local E5Vi 34.47 -22.13 100 ' 200 289 100 2 13 36
Millet Chicuala GL0001 15-Jan-96 18-Apr-96 94 mex msv E3Chi 31.43 -22.03 465 200 77 100 2 9 2 1996 Muabsa IV0003 15-Jan-96 29-May-96 135 mex local E5Vi 34.47 -22.13 100 200 289 100 2 14 2
Muabsa IV0003 01-Feb-96 03-May-96 92 mex msv E6Vi 34.47 -22.14 100 200 289 100 2 9 4
/
Annex 2: Water Satisfaction Index per crop dekad
Trial Season Crop Variety WHC P C D1 = first crop dekad
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14
E1Chi 1995/96 Sorghum chokwe 37 34 17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 92 86 78 78 78 E2Chi 1995/96 Sorghum ana 37 34 13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 96 89 82 82 E2Chi 1995/96 Sorghum local 37 34 17 100 ioo 100 98 98 98 98 98 98 93 88 81 81 80 E2Chi 1995/96 Sorghum macia 37 34 14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 89 81 81 81 E1Mb 1995/96 Sorghum chokwe 39 36 12 100 100 100 100 100 100 96 91 82 73 73 73 E1Mb 1995/96 Sorghum macia 39 36 12 100 100 100 100 100 100 96 91 82 73 73 73 E1Mb 1995/96 Sorghum wsv 39 36 12 100 100 100 100 100 100 96 91 82 73 73 73 E2Mt 1995/96 Sorghum ana 116 33 13 100 100 100 100 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 E2Mt 1995/96 Sorghum local 116 33 13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 E2Mt 1995/96 Sorghum macia 116 33 13 100 100 100 100 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 E3Mt 1995/96 Sorghum diversos 117 34 10 100 100 95 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 E2Vi 1995/96 Sorghum ana 184 35 11 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 E2Vi 1995/96 Sorghum chokwe 184 35 14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 J 0 0 100 100 100 E2Vi 1995/96 Sorghum macia 184 35 14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 E5Vi 1995/96 Sorghum ana 200 36 13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 ioo 100 100 100 100 100 E5Vi 1995/96 Sorghum macia 200 36 13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
E1Vi 1996 Sorghum ana 184 4 8 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 E1Vi 1996 Sorghum ana 184 4 9 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 E5Vi 1996 Sorghum ana 200 2 14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 E5Vi 1996 Sorghum chokwe 200 2 14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 E5Vi 1996 Sorghum macia 200 2 14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 E7Vi 1996 Sorghum macia 200 3 13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
E3Chi 1995/96 Millet msv 77 34 13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 97 92 92 E3Mb 1995/96 Millet msv 98 34 11 100 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 E1Mt 1995/96 Millet local 157 33 13 100 100 100 100 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 E1Mt 1995/96 Millet msv 157 33 13 100 100 100 100 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 E4Mt 1995/96 Millet msv 159 36 11 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 E5Vi 1995/96 Millet local 200 36 13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
E3Chi 1996 Millet msv 77 2 9 100 100 100 100 100 100 89 81 81 E5Vi 1996 Millet local 200 2 14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10Ó 100 100 100 100 100 E6Vi 1996 Millet msv 200 4 9 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
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Annexe: Effect of different WHC-values on the WSI
(crop) water satisfaction index (D1 ...=CROP dekads) Crop Year Trial/variety WHC PL. CY D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16 D17
Sorghum 95/96 E1Chi-chokwe 50 34 17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 88 81 81 81 78 75 75 100 34 17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 92 92 92 89 86 86 150 34 17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 97 97 200 34 17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Sorghum 95/96 E1Mb-chokwe 50 36 12 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 94 85 76 76 76 100 36 12 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 90. 90 90 150 36 12 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 36 12 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Sorghum 95/96 E1Mb-macia 50 36 • 12 . 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 94 85 76 76 76 100 36 12 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 90 90 90 150 36 12 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 36 12 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Sorghum 95/96 E1Mb-wsv 50 36 12 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 94 85 76 76 76 100 36 12 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 90 90 90 150 36 12 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 36 12 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Sorghum 95/96 E2Chi-ana 50 34 13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 92 85 85 100 34 13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 98 150 34 13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 34 13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Sorghum 95/96 E2Chi-local 50 34 17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 92 86 86 84 81 78 78 100 34 17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 95 94 91 88 88 150 34 17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 98 200 34 17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Sorghum 95/96 E2Chi-macia 50 34 14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 92 84 84 84 100 34 14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 96 96 96 150 34 14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 34 14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Millet 95/96 E3Chi-msv 100 34 13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 98 150 34 13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 34 13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Millet 95/96 E3Mb-msv . 50 34 11 100 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 97 96 93 100 34 11 100 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 150 34 11 100 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 200 34 11 100 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98
Millet 96 E3Chi-msv 100 2 9 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 89 89 150 2 9 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 2 9 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 (
Annex 5: Data dictionary Application of the FAO Water Satisfaction Index model in Mozambique
REPORT COMUNICACAO 86: - File ..\faoindex\westerin\com86\com86.zip
Contents COM86.ZIP; Main report = file REPORT-FAOINDEX.WP5 - including Annex 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 (text), 11
Annexes: 1 = CROPDATA.WQ1 = file ANNEX 1.WQ1' 2 = WSI_SUM.48 = file ANNEX2.WQ1 3 = ROOT_SUM.48 = file ANNEX3.WQ1 4 = WHCEFFEC.WQ1 •= file ANNEX4.WQ1
Graphs Annex 10 = File ANNEX 10CHOKWENW.WB1 Graph 1 = wsi_yield Graph 2 = rain95/96 Graph 3 = sorgh91vs95 Graph 4 = sorg_9_13_17 Graph 5 = mill_9_13_17 Graph 6 = plantpos_sor4 Graph 7 = plantpos_mil4 Graph 8 = plantposdekads Graph 9 = sorgl30_100 Graph 10 = milU30_100
Tables Annex 10: . Table 1 = file ANNEX 10TABLE 1.WQ1 Table 2 + 3 = file ANNEX10TAB23.WB1 Table 4 + 5 = file REPORT-FAOINDEX.WP5 Table 6a - 6d = file ANNEX10TABLE6.WB1
Other files concerning annex 10: Dir.. \faoindex\westerin\chokwe\*.* - file IMPORTJA.WB1 = converting data FAOINDEX output files (mzwxyyoa.dat) to file - file CHOKWE_NW.wbl = basic data calculations FAOINDEX = WSI values period
1968-96 for 2592 combinations (3 crops/4 WHC/36 planting dekads/6 cycle length) - file DEK_EVAL.WB1 = Basic spreadsheet Table 6 - file C.BAT = Batch file to clean unnecessary files FAOINDEX calculations.
I.N.I.A. / Depattamento de Terra e Agua, Comunicaglo No. 86 - February 1997 - (Draft) 5.1
Annex 5: Data dictionary Application of the FAO Water Satisfaction Index model in Mozambique
Station data: Dir: ..\faoindex\westerin\basic\*. * - file STATMOZ.WBl: station list available dekadal rainfall data (station name/ province
/ district / lat-lon / altitude / years data. Including list of priority districts F.S.S. Programme (Levy) Southern/Central Mozambique.
- file DECCALC.WQ1: Formulas for interpolation of monthly to dekadal data.
Rainfall data: Dir: ..\faotndex\westerin\basic\*.* - file PRCMONTH WQl: Dekadal rainfall (per year; 135 stations;dekadal values, interpo
lated from monthly values; METEO database DTA/INIA). All values are +20000 (= indication of estimation for FAOINDEX).
- file PRCMONTH.ORG: same file without +20000 - file PRCNRMON.WQ1: Normal rainfall (Q50% values; 135 stations;dekadal values,
interpolated from monthly values; METEO database INIA).
PET data: Dir: ..\faoindex\westerin\basic\*.* - MONTHEIT WQl:spreadsheet to calculate monthly and dekad PET-Montheite values from
basic daily data per month - PETJ948 WQl: idem PET-Penmann 1948 - PETMONT.WQ1: Average PET-Montheite data interpolated to dekadal values. Source:
CLIMWAT Africa. Available: 107 stations of METEO database INIA/DTA. The data of the other 31 stations have PET-Penmann 1948 data.
WHCdata: - -Dir: .. \soil-map\whc\*. *
- file WHCMOZ.WB1: basis annex 7 + basic spreadsheet for calculation WHC values Mozambique + basic SDB data used for the WHC calculations.
Basic data input files: Dir: ..\faoindex\westerin\mzfiles: - file MZWXyyRN.wql = basic actual dekadal rainfall data for year yy. - file MZWXyyEN.wql = basic actual dekadal PET data for year yy. - file MZWXXXRN.wql = basic normal dekadal rainfall data. - file MZWXXXEN.wql = basic normal dekadal PET data. - file MZWXyyOA.wql = basic crop (and soil) data for year yy.
Calculations WSI 36 stations Mozambique: Dir: ..\faoindex\westerin\moz-eval\*.* - file ANDRE.JOB: Job list - file STATDATA WB1: station data for the evaluation - files DEK-MON1.WB1, DEK-MON2.WB1, DEK-MON3.WP5, DEKAD37.WP5: see ANDRE.JOB
I.N.I. A. / DepaHamento de Terra e Agua, Comunicac^o No. 86 - February 1997 - (Draft) 5.2
Annex 6: FAO Crop Specific Soil Water Balance
Station Name: ElChi Elevation: 314 m Crop type:
Cycle length: Total water requirements: Normal water requirements:
Planting dekad: Maximum soil water storage:
Effective/Total rain: Pre-season Kcr :
Sorghum (chokwe) 17 dekads (C) 457 mm (TWR) 457 mm (TWRNor) 34 (P) 37 mm (H or WHC) 100 % (E or EfR%) .15
DEK NOR ACT WRK PET KCR WR AvW SW S/D INDEX 24 0 -999 0 43 .15 6 -5 0 25 0 -999 0 45 .15 7 -6 0 26 0 -999 0 50 .15 8 -7 0 27 1 -999 1 51 .15 8 -6 0 28 2 -999 2 53 .15 8 -5 0 29 3 -999 3 54 .15 8 -4 0 30 9 -999 9 60 .15 9 0 0 31 14 -999 14 54 .15 8 6 6 32 19 -999 19 54 .15 8 11 17 33 23 -999 23 54 .15 8 15 32 34 26 47 47 54 .30 16 31 37 26 100 35 29 12 12 54 .30 16 -4 33 0 100 36 28 30 30 59 .30 18 12 37 8 100 37 22 0 0 53 .30 16 -16 21 0 100 38 19 191 191 52 .70 36 155 37 139 100 39 24 170 170 56 .70 39 131 37 131 100 40 24 53 53 49 .70 34 19 37 19 100 41 27 71 71 48 1.00 48 23 37 23 100 42 16 4 4 37 1.00 37 -33 4 0 100 43 13 3 3 44 1.00 44 -41 0 -37 92 44 6 3 3 43 .75 32 -29 0 -29 86 45 7 0 0 44 .75 33 -33 0 -33 78 46 7 ' 37 37 37 .75 28 9 9 0 78 47 7 10 10 34 .50 17 -7 2 0 78 .48 5 0 0 31 .50 16 -16 0 -14 75 49 3 0 0 28 .50 14 -14 0 -14 72 50 2 12 12 25 .50 13 -1 0 -1 72
Surplus 346mm [EXWT) /
Deficit 128mm ;DEFWT) ETA: 329mm % data avai 1: 100% (%AVAIL) Norm.index: 58% 'IndxNor)
Annex 7: WHC v a l u e s Mozambique
Code lil.OOO.OOO Soils Map Mozambique
Code l:2SO.OOO Soils Map Maputo/Ga z a 1)
Effective Soil Depth (cm) 3)
Depth used in calculations (cm)
Waterholding Capacity (mm) 7) 8) Source Code lil.OOO.OOO Soils Map Mozambique
Code l:2SO.OOO Soils Map Maputo/Ga z a 1)
Effective Soil Depth (cm) 3)
Depth used in calculations (cm)
Maximum rooting depth of: 9)
Source Code lil.OOO.OOO Soils Map Mozambique
Code l:2SO.OOO Soils Map Maputo/Ga z a 1)
Effective Soil Depth (cm) 3)
Depth used in calculations (cm) SO cm | IOO cm | 150 cm 6) 200 cm 6)
Source
X A a / A V A b / A h > 180 200 14 28 42 56 4) AA Aa > 180 200 18 35 53 71 4)
AB Ab ISO 150 11 23 23 23 4)
AJ X3 > ISO 200 23 45 68 90 4)
Ah Ah SO 50 5 5 S 5 4)
BC Ce/Ccf > 30 IOO 70 139 139 139 4)
BP Bpl 100-150 125 121 242 303 303 4) BPm Bp2 50-100 75 91 137 137 137 4)
Bp3 30-5O 40 88 88 88 88 4)
BV Bvl 100-150 12S 80 160 200 200 4)
BV2 SO-100 75 77 115 115 115 4) BV3 30-50 40 66 66 66 66 4)
Bl Bl < 50 25 33 33 33 33 4)
O - 75 75 40 59 59 59 5)
CA - 75 75 37 55 55 55 5) CG Cs/Cw > 120 125 76 151 189 189 4)
CGm Csm/cw SO-lOO 75 46 69 69 69 4)
CGv Cs/Cw 1O0 IOO 76 151 151 1S1 4)
CM - 75 75 91 137 137 137 5) CMg - 75 75 91 137 137 137 S)
CMz - 50 50 91 91 91 91 5)
DC DC/DV > 180 200 19 38 57 76 4)
FE Fe/Fem 50 SO 140 140 140 140 4) FG Fa lOO IOO 127 254 254 254 4)
FGg Fa lOO IOO 127 254 254 254 4) FGgz Fa 50 50 127 127 127 127 4)
FGh Fa SO 50 127 127 127 127 4)
FGhz Fa 50 50 127 127 127 127 4)
FGv Fa 100 IOO 127 254 254 254 4)
FGvg Fa lOO IOO 127 254 254 2S4 4)
FGvh Fa 50 50 127 127 127 127 4)
FGvs Fa 100 IOO 127 254 254 254 4)
FGvsg Fa 100 IOO 127 254 254 254 4)
FGvsz Fa 50 50 127 127 127 127 4)
FGvz Fa 50 50 127 127 127 127 4) FGx Fa 100 IOO 127 254 254 254 4)
FGz Fa 50 50 127 127 127 127 4) FS Fa 100 IOO 127 254 254 2S4 4)
FSg Fs lOO 100 67 135 135 135 4)
FSh Fs 50 50 67 67 67 67 4)
FSm Fs 50-10O 75 67 lOl 101 101 4) FT Ft/Fta 50 SO 141 141 141 141 5)
G G > 10O 200 17 33 50 66 4)
Ol' G < 50 25 8 8 8 8 4)
I - O 0 Y 0 0 0 O S) KA - > lOO 120 32 64 84 84 5)
KAg - 100 IOO 44 86 86 86 5) KA1 - < SO 25 16 16 16 16 5)
KAm - 50-10O 75 29 43 43 43 5) KAmp - 5O-1O0 75 33 50 SO 50 5)
KAp > lOO 120 27 55 71 71 5) KAx - > lOO IOO 40 80 80 80 5)
KG - > lOO 120 84 169 220 220 S)
KGb - > ioo 120 82 181 240 240 5)
KGm - 50-100 75 72 115 115 115 5) KGmx r- 50-100 SO 72 72 72 72 S)
KGo - > 200 200 69 148 227 306 S) KGv - IOO IOO 84 169 169 169 5)
KGx - >ioo IOO 94 188 188 188 5) KM - > 100 120 55 112 146 146 5)
KH1 - < SO 25 25 25 25 25 5)
KMm - SO-lOO 75 53 85 85 85 5)
KMmx - 50-100 50 56 56 56 56 5)
KMo ~ > 100 120 44 95 125 125 5)
KMp - > IOO 120 36 88 119 119 5)
KMx - > IOO IOO 57 114 114 114 5)
7 . 1
Annex 7 : WHC v a l u e s Mozambique
Code 1:1.000.000 Soils Hap Mozambique
Code 1:250.000 Soils Map Maputo/Gaza 1)
Effective Soil Depth (cm) 3)
Depth used in calculations (cm)
Waterholding Capacity (ram) 7) 8) Source Code 1:1.000.000 Soils Hap Mozambique
Code 1:250.000 Soils Map Maputo/Gaza 1)
Effective Soil Depth (cm) 3)
Depth used in calculations (cm)
Maximum rooting depth of: 9)
Source Code 1:1.000.000 Soils Hap Mozambique
Code 1:250.000 Soils Map Maputo/Gaza 1)
Effective Soil Depth (cm) 3)
Depth used in calculations (cm)
50 cm 1O0 cm ISO cm 6) 200 cm 6)
Source
M M 0 - 150 lOO 62 124 124 124 4)
MA M3 50-10O 75 53 80 80 80 4)
M4 2) 100-180 150 29 57 57 57 4)
MC Cm lOO lOO 85 170 170 170 4)
MCZ cm 50 50 85 85 85 85 4)
MM HI < 25 25 44 44 44 44 4)
H2 25-50 40 62 62 62 62 4)
PA P3/P3} 7O-120 105 32 65 94 94 4)
PM P2/P47/P1? 25-70 50 65 65 65 65 4)
RC ? 30-150 7 90 119 215 215 215 5)
RV Rv 30-150 90 138 249 249 249 5)
Rl Rl/pRl < 50 25 36 36 36 36 4)
SC Sc 30-100 65 73 95 95 95 4)
SI SI < 50 25 28 28 28 28 4)
VA - > 120 150 38 82 82 82 5)
VA1 - < 50 25 15 15 IS 15 5)
VAm - 50-100 75 30 44 44 44 5)
VAp - > 120 150 45 89 89 89 5) VApx - 100 lOO 45 89 89 89 5)
VG - > lOO 120 68 144 190 190 5) VGb - > lOO 120 78 178 239 239 5)
VGbm - 50-100 75 92 138 138 138 5) VGl - < 50 25 32 32 32 32 5)
VGra - 50-100 75 73 109 109 109 5) VGO •- > lOO 120 67 149 198 198 5) VGOm - SO-lOO 75 67 lOO lOO lOO 5) VGomx - 50-100 50 97 97 97 97 5)
VGp - > lOO 120 70 162 218 218 5) VGX - lOO lOO 68 144 144 144 5)
VM - > lOO 120 52 107 140 140 5)
vm> - > lOO 120 52 107 140 140 5)
VMl - < 50 25 26 26 26 26 5) VMm - 50-100 75 50 75 75 75 5)
VMmx - 50-100 50 49 49 49 49 5)
VMO - > lOO 120 42 93 123 123 5)
VMom - 50-100 75 SO 75 75 75 5)
VMp - > 150 200 41 89 137 185 5)
VMpm - 50-100 75 30 45 45 45 5)
VHX - lOO lOO 47 99 99 99 5)
WK ? < 100 75 ,116 174 174 174 5)
WK1 7 < 50 25 58 58 , 58 58 5)
WKX ? < lOO 50 116 116 116 116 5) WM Ko > 200 200 88 176 263 351 4)
WM1 Ko < 50 25 44 44 44 44 4) WMm Ko 50-100 75 88 132 132 132 4)
WHmx KO ' 50-100 50 88 88 88 88 4)
WMX Ko 100-150 lOO 88 176 176 176 4)
WP Wp/Wpk/K? < lOO 75 81 121 121 121 4) MP1 ' Wp/wpk/K? < 50 25 40 40 40 40 4)
WPV Wp/Wpk/K? < lOO 75 81 121 121 121 4) WV Wv/KV? < lOO 75 81 121 121 121 4)
wv Wv/Kv? < lOO 75 81 121 121 121 4) WV1 Wv/Kv? < 50 25 40 40 40 40 4)
wvn WV/KV7 50-100 75 ,81 121 121 121 4)
wvnx Wv/Kv? 50-100 50 81 81 81 81 4)
dA dAa/dAJ > ISO 200 14 28 42 56 4)
dX*. dAa > 180 200 18 35 S3 71 4)
dAJ dAj > 180 200 23 45 68 90 4)
7.2
Annex 7: WHC values Mozambique
Explanation:
1) Same soil phases as 1.000.000 map
2) Error in 1.000.000 map legend: MA = 50-100 cm sand on Mananga. This should be 50-180 cm
3) Effective soil depth = maximum depth of root penetration. Limitations occur in soils with very compact horizons (e.g. Mananga), high groundwater levels or toxic soil horizons (e.g. saline soil phases). The effective soil depth has been estimated by:
a. Column "profundidade" in legend 1:1.000.000 soil map.
b. Rating soil phases: m = 50 - 100 cm 1 = < 50 cm x = > 25% stones/gravel: lowest limit of the effective soil depth has been used v = vertic (100 cm) g = mottled = groundwater influence (100 cm) z = saline = 50 cm s = sodic = 100 cm h = hidromorfic = 50 cm
c. Mananga deposits: thickness sand cover = effective soil depth
d. Drainage class - (very) poorly: 50 cm - imperfectly: 100 cm - moderade: 150 cm
4) Serno & Brito (1991; undisturbed pF-samples Maputo/Gaza province)
5) Calculated with formulas P.Geurts INIA/DTA (based on disturbed samples):
pF2 = 60.45 -0.62* Coarse sand -0.44* Fine sand pF4.2 = 32.16 -0.32 * coarse sand - 0.33 * fine sand
Analytical data of +2200 soil samples of the INIA/DTA Soils DataBase have been used. Per soil unit/phase average data have been calculated.
6) Assuming the same WHC/cm as from 50 - 100 cm
7) Corrected for Depth-eff
8) Soil phases "x" (> 25% stones/gravel) show a 50% reduction in WHC (Landon 1991)
7 . 3
Annex 7: WHC values Mozambique
9) Maximum rooting depth = maximum depth of main water uptake roots, in deep soils without limitations of root penetration. Landon (1991; Annex F) and Doorenbos (1977; Table 39) give detailed data. Examples of some crops:
Maize: 80 - 100 cm (Landon 1991) Sorghum: 100 - 200 cm (Landon 1991) Millet: 150 - 200 cm (Geurts 1996) Soybean: 60 - 130 cm (Landon 1991) Groundnuts: 50 - 100 cm (Landon 1991) Wheat: 100-150 cm (Landon 1991)
Annex 8: List of stations
Nr. Station name Latitude Longitude Province District Alt. Data Nr. Station name
degr Din degr . min
Province District
m yr
X Bala vista 26 20 32 41 Maputo Matutuine 15 24
2 Catuane 26 50 32 17 Maputo Matutuine 37 24
3 Qiangalane 26 18 32 11 Maputo Namaacha ioo 23 4 Goba-fronteira 26 15 32 6 Maputo Namaacha 418 20
5 Xnhaca 26 2 32 56 Maputo Maputo 27 19
6 Manhlca 25 24 32 48 Maputo Manhica 35 31
7 Maputo 25 53 32 36 Maputo Maputo 60 31
8 Mazeminhama 26 27 32 15 Maputo Namaacha 61 23
9 Moamba 25 36 32 14 Maputo Moamba n o 17
10 Namaacha 25 29 32 1 Maputo Namaacha 523 30
11 sessano Garcia 25 36 31 59 Maputo Moamba 145 21 12 Sable 25 19 32 14 Maputo Moamba 80 15
13 Tinonganine 26 29 32 34 Maputo Matutuine 50 21
14 Umbelu2i 26 ' 3 32 23 Maputo Boane 12 31 IS Marracuene 25 44 32 41 Maputo Marracuene 26 28 16 Zitundo 26 45 32 50 Maputo Matutuine 71 20 lOl Chibuto 24 41 33 32 Gaza Chibuto 90 24
102 Chigubo 22 50 33 31 Gaza Chigubo 102 7 103 Chobela 25 O 32 44 Maputo Magude 40 23 104 Chongoene 25 O 33 47 Gaza Xai Xal 67 11 10S Xai Xal 25 3 33 38 Gaza Xai Xai 4 31
106 Macia 25 2 33 6 Gaza Bilene 56 22 107 Hajacaze 24 43 33 53 Gaza Mandlakaze 65 27 108 Maluernla 22 5 31 41 Gaza Chicualacuala 452 14
109 Mani gueni gue 24 44 33 32 Gaza Chibuto 13 26
H O Massangena 21 33 32 58 Gaza Massangena 136 12
111 Pafuri 22 27 31 20 Gaza Chicualacuala 215 18 113 Bilene 25 17 33 15 Gaza Bilene 20 19
114 Chokwe 24 32 33 0 Gaza Chokwe 33 27
201 Funhalouro 23 5 34 23 Inhambane Funhalouro 116 27 202 Inhanbane 23 52 35 23 Inhambane Inhambane 14 30 203 Inhamussua 23 54 35 14 Inhambane Homolne 37 26 204 Inharrime 24 49 35 1 Inhambane Inharrime 43 30
205 Mabote 22 3 34 7 Inhambane Mabote 143 24 206 Haobone 20 59 35 1 Inhambane Govuro 4 21 207 Massinga 23 19 35 24 Inhambane Massinga 109 29 208 Mocumbi 24 32 34 46 Inhambane Inharrime 45 26 209 Horrumbene 23 40 35 22 Inhambane Horrumbene 20 30
210 Nhacoongo 24 18 35 11 Inhambane «Jangamo 30 29
211 Panda 24 3 34 43 Inhambane Panda ISO 27
212 Quissico 24 43 34 45 Inhambane Zavala 157 26
213 Vilankulo 22 O 35 19 Inhambane Vilankulo 20 23
301 Espungabera 20 28 32 46 Manica Mossurlze 824 17 302 Manica 18 56 32 52 Manica Manica 723 26
303 Hessanbuz i 19 30 32 55 Manica Sussendenga 906 22
304 Hungari 17 10 33 33 Manica Guro 535 7
305 Catandica 18 4 33 ÏO Manica Barue 611 26
306 Chimoio 19 7 33 28 Manica Gondola 732 26
401 Beira (obs) 19 SO 34 51 Sofala Beira 7 30
402 Chi ou-Cheraba 17 14 34 49 Sofala chemba IOO 30
403 Inhamlnga 18 24 35 O Sofala Cheringoma 316 24
404 Harromeu 18 18 35 56 Sofala Harromeu 20 22
405 Hucheve 20 34 33 49 Sofala Chi baba va 145 8
406 Nova sofala 20 9 34 44 Sofala Buzi 10 21
407 Caia 17 50 35 20 Sofala Caia 30 19
408 BU2i " — 19 53 34 35 Sofala Buzi 7 14
409 Nbamatanda 19 16 34 12 Sofala Nbamatanda 57 19
410 Gorongosa 18 41 38 4 Sofala Gorongosa 300 18
501 Alto Molocue 15 38 37 41 Zambezia Alto Molocue 563 29
502 Chinde 18 35 36 28 Zambezia Chinde 4 20
503 Errego-ile 16 2 37 11 Zambezia lie 533 26
S04 Li oma IS 9 36 46 Zambezia Gurue 736 17
SOS Lugela 16 26 36 45 Zambezia Lugela 293 22
506 Maganja da Costa 17 18 37 32 Zambezia Maganja da Costa 70 28
507|Milanqe 16 6 35 47 Zambezia Milange 745 26
8 . 1
Annex 8: List of stations (cont.)
Nr. Station name Latitude Longitude Province District Alt. Data Nr. Station name
degr min degr min
Province District
m y* 508 Mocuba 16 SO 36 59 Zambezia Mocuba 134 28
509 Mopela 17 59 35 52 Zambezia Mopeia 51 21
510 Horrunbala 17 20 35 35 Zambezia Morrumbala 417 14
511 Hanacurra 17 30 37 1 Zambezia Namacurra 50 19
512 Namarrol 15 57 36 52 Zambezia Namarroi 603 27
513 Pebane 17 16 38 9 Zambezia Pebane 25 30
514 Qulllmane 17 53 36 53 Zambezia Quilimane 6 30
515 Tacuane 16 21 36 30 Zambezia Lugela 343 13
516 Tacuane—Macal 16 21 36 22 Zambezia Lugela 400 19
517 Gurue 15 30 36 59 Zambezia Gurue 734 24
eoi Cazula 15 24 33 38 Tete Chiuta 597 12
602 Chlcoa 15 36 32 21 Tete Maravia 274 14
603 Fingoe 15 lO 31 53 Tete Maravia 857 21
604 Furancungo 14 54 33 36 Tete Macanga 1260 19
605 Maue 14 45 34 22 Tete Angonia 1189 lO
6O6 Mutarara 17 23 35 3 Tete Mutarara 88 13
607 Tete 16 11 33 35 Tete Tete 149 29
608 Ulongwe 14 44 34 22 Tete Angonia 1270 20 609 Ulongwe 14 34 34 18 Tete Angonia 1300 lO
eio Mualadze 14 lO 32 59 Tete Chifundo 958 5
611 Chiputo 14 54 32 16 Tete Maravia 1170 18
612 Zumbo 15 37 30 26 Tete z urn b o 343 20
701 Angoche 16 13 39 54 Nampula Angoche 61 18
702 Malema 14 57 37 25 Nampula Malema 625 16
703 Nacala a Velha 14 28 40 41 Nampula Nacala a Velha 45 lO
704 Mossurll 15 2 40 40 Nampula Mossurll lO 21
705 Heconta 14 59 39 51 Nampula Meconta 235 17
706 Mecuburl 14 39 38 54 Nampula Mecuburl 468 12
707 Memba 14 11 40 32 Nampula Memba 14 5
708 Mogincual 15 34 40 45 Nampula Mogincual 35 13
709 Ilha de Mocambique 15 2 40 44 Nampula Ilha de Mocambique 9 16
710 Moma 16 46 39 13 Nampula Moma 4 17
711 Mossurll 14 57 40 40 Nampula Mossurll 15 22
712 Muecate 14 54 39 38 Nampula Muecate 280 15
713 Muite 14 2 39 2 Nampula Mecuburl 400 9
714 Mutuali 14 53 37 3 Nampula Malema S70 30
715 Namapa 13 43 39 50 Nampula Namapa 200 29
716 Nametil 15 43 39 21 Nampula Mogovolas 171 21
717 Nampula 15 9 39 20 Nampula Nampula 432 26
718 Ribaue 14 59 38 16 Nampula Ribaue 535 27
SOI Cobue 12 8 34 46 Niassa La go 502 9
802 Maniamba 12 46 34 59 Nlassa Lago 1093 21 -x 803 Marrupa 13 12 . 37 30 Niassa Marrupa 838 17
804 Massungulo 13 53 35 26 Niassa Ngauma m o 18
80S Maua 13 52 37 lO Niassa Maua 594 22
806 Mecula 12 6 37 37 Niassa Mecula 620 8
807 Mepanhira 15 20 36 8 Niassa Mandimba 681 16
808 Cuanba 14 48 36 32 Niassa Cuanba 588 23
809 Nungo 13 25 37 46 Niassa Marrupa 610 14
810 Llchinqa 13 18 35 14 Niassa Llchinga 1364 26
901 Ancuabe / 12 58 39 51 Cabo Delgado Ancuabe 349 18
902 Billbiza 12 34 40 17 Cabo Delgado Quissanga 32 11
903 Meloco 12 33 39 38 Cabo Delgado Meloco 323 5
904 Macomia 12 15 40 8 Cabo Delgado Macomia 343 19
905 Mecufi 13 17 40 34 Cabo Delgado Mecufi lO 23
906 Meloco * ~ 13 29 39 lO Cabo Delgado Meloco 438 12
907 Mocimboa da Praia 11 21 40 22 Cabo Delgado Mocimboa da Praia 27 23
908 Mocimboa da Rovuma 11 16 39 18 Cabo Delgado Mueda 453 6
909 Montepuez 13 8 39 2 Cabo Delgado Montepuez 534 27
910 Mueda 11 40 39 33 Cabo Delgado Mueda 847 18
911 Muidumbe 11 47 39 55 Cabo Delgado Muidumbe 512 4
912 Naiboto 12 24 39 6 Cabo Delgado Montepuez 311 11
913 Namara 13 21 38 34 Cabo Delgado Balana 597 13
914 Namuno 13 37 38 49 Cabo Delgado Namuno 495 IS
915 Nanripo 14 7 38 48 Cabo Delgado Namuno 10O 12
916 Palma lO 46 40 30 Cabo Delgado Palma 60 19
917 Pemba 12 59 40 32 Cabo Delgado Pemba 96 31
918 Quissanga 12 26 40 24 Cabo Delgado Quissanga 42 21
8 . 2
Annex 9: Explanation of abbreviations Introduction FAOINDEX
TWR Total Water Requirements (mm) of this crop season = sum of WR over Crop Growing Period (calculated with actual PET data).
TWRnor Normal water requirements; (calculated with normal PET data).
C Cycle length (dekads)
P Planting dekad
WHC (H) Water Holding Capacity (mm) = effective (rooting) depth (mm) * ((vol-% pF2.0) - (vol-% pF4.2)
EfR% % Effective Rain. * If run-off: less than 100% * If Run-on: more than 100%
DEK Dekad
NOR Normal rainfall; average or Q50%-value = median (mm).
ACT Actual rainfall; of this crop season (mm). * estimated data: 20014 to indicate an estimated rainfall of 14 mm
* missing data: -999
WRK Working Rain = ACT * EfR% (mm).
PET Potential Evapotranspiration = evapotranspiration of a standard grass surface
(mm/dekad). Calculation method: Penmann Montheite.
KCR crop coefficient (standard values or user defined)
WR crop water requirement per dekad = PET * KCR AvW WRK - WR (mm).
* If negative: Soil water (if available) will be used * If positive: contribution to the soil water. If more than WHC: surplus will go to the groundwater.
SW soil moisture available at the end of the dekad (mm).
S/D D = negative value: rainfall + soil moisture less than WR. S = positive value: WRK - WR - AvW > 0 ; the surplus will contribute to the groundwater
I.N.I. A. / Depsrtamento de Terra e Agna, Comunica?8o No. 86 - February 1997 - (Draft) 9.1
Annex 9: Explanation of abbreviations Introduction FAOINDEX version 2.1
INDEX Water Satisfaction Index. Initial value: 100 (WSI) Every dekad that S/D = negative (the crop receives less water from rainfall +
SW than WR), the index will decrease with: S / TWR * 100%
Surplus sum of S
Deficit sum of D
ETA TWR - Deficit = actual evapotranspiration
%data % of actual data used for calculations in the Crop Growing Period, avail
Depth rooting depth
Dl etc. crop dekad 1
GP Growing Period (days) = period when P > 0.5 * PET plus period that the crop can use the available soil water.
I.N.J. A. / Dcpartamento de Terra e Agua, Comunicacao No. 86 - February 1997 - (Draft) 9 . 2
Annex 10. Introduction FAOINDEX version 2.1
Sowing possibilities of Millet and Sorghum in the Chokwe district (request Food Security Strategy Programme INIA/DASP)
1. Introduction.
This annex provides information about the sowing possibilities of Millet and Sorghum in the Chokwe district. Chokwe is a district with severe drought problems and can be used as an example for the other priority districts of the INIA/DASP Food Security Strategy Programme in the Maputo, Gaza, Inhambane, Sofala, Manica and Tete provinces.
The calculations with the FAOINDEX programme have been done with dekadal rainfall data of the Chokwe meteo station (period 1968-1996). This programme uses dekadal rainfall and PET data and calculates a simple crop-specific water balance with in the last column the WSI (Water Satisfaction index). Graph 1 shows that there is a good relation between the WSI and the yield 9. A WSI value of 100% corresponds with optimum yields, a WSI of 60% or less with very low yields or complete crop failure. The WSI seems to be a good indicator for the water stress a crop has suffered.
For a summary of the most important Crop requirements and characteristics: see annex 11.
For abbreviations used in this report: see annex 9.
As a follow up similar calculations will be done for + 35 other stations in Mozambique (with emphasis on the priority districts).
2. Discussion of tables.
Table 1 presents a summary of the Growing Period characteristics of the priority districts of the Sorghum and Millet Seed Distribution Programme 1995/96. The calculations are based on monthly rainfall data, a WHC of 100 mm and the calculation method of Kassam et al (1982). See Westerink (1995) for detailed Growing Period information per station, an discussion of regional Growing Period patterns and an explanation of the used methods for the Growing Period calculation. Conclusions:
* The districts in the three southern provinces show a large variation in start of the Main Growing Period. The average start of the Main Growing Period is before December for almost all stations, but many stations show in many years a early start (e.g. September - November) or a late start (December - February). Some stations in the Maputo and Gaza provinces have even no Growing Period in some years.
Assuming that the other crop production factors (fertility, management, diseases etc.) were not limiting
I.N.I.A. / Departamento <te Tens e Agua, Comumcaqao No. 86 - February 1997 - (Draft) 10.1
Annex 10. Introduction FAOINDEX version 2.1
Many stations show two or even three Growing Periods in most years. In these cases the Growing Periods are separated by periods of absolute drought (pF-soil > 4.2). When this occurs during a crop growth period, crops like maize will die, others like sorghum can "survive" absolute drought periods of at most two weeks (Landon 1991).
Stations in the coastal zone show in many years "false starts": start of a Minor Growing Period of short duration, followed by a absolute drought period, which will mostly result in crop failure.
The districts of Massinga, Chibabava, Gorongosa, Gondola, Manica, Barue and the northern part of Maravia don't have serious drought problems in the major part of the years. It is not clear why they were selected for the Seed Distribution Programme of 1995/96.
The districts with the most serious drought problems (crop failure in more than 50% of the years10) are: Matutuine, Moamba, Boane, Chicualacuala, Chigubo, Massang-ena, Chokwe, Funhalouro, Panda, Maravia, Tete and Zumbo.
It is not clear why districts as Namaacha, Magude and Mutarara are missing in this list. They show crop failure in respectively 56, 52 and 69 percent of the years.
Table 2a presents a summary of the sowing possibilities for sorghum in the period 1968-1996. A WSI value of 60% has been chosen to define the lower limit of a reasonable yield (see graph 1). Conclusions:
* In 22% of the years no sowing possibilities, in 14% of the years sowing possibilities during 10 or less dekads, in 50% of the years sowing possibilities during 11 to 20 dekads, and in 14% of the years sowing possibilities during more than 20 dekads.
* The most suitable period for sowing is the second dekad of November until the third dekad of March: more than 50 % of the years success. The optimum period are the second and third dekads of January with success in 71 % of the years. Remember that this just is true for the average situation: important deviations can occur in the individual years.
/'
See also Tables 2b and 2c. Because of the lower WHC the number of number of dekads with sowing possibilities as well as the percentage of the years with success are much lower.
Table 3a and 3b show the percentage of years a crop can be grown with success. For the calculation the maximum WSI value during the period July - June of each crop season has
10 Crop growth period 120 days
l.N.I.A. / Departamento de Terra e Agua, ConwnicacSo No. 86 - February 1997 - (Draft) 10.2
Annex 10. Introduction FAOINDEX version 2.1
been used (e.g. July 68 - June 69). It has been assumed that crop seasons with a maximum WSI of 60% or higher will give reasonable yields and that a WSI of 80% or higher corresponds with good yields. In most years, however, these maximum WSI values will not be reached because the farmers sow too early or too late. This means that the table gives an indication of the maximum possibilities. General conclusions:
* Sorghum and especially Millet have much better possibilities than Maize.
* Varieties With a short crop cycle have better possibilities.
* Soils with a high Water Holding Capacity have better possibilities.
The values in these tables are much higher than the data of Westerink (1995; basic data Kassam et al, 1982). This can be explained by the fact that Kassam et al (1982) used monthly data, made their calculations on year-to-year basis and defined the start of a growing period as the period when P > 0.5 * PET. The FAOINDEX programme uses KCR values, which are, especially in the initial crop growing period and the last dekad before harvest much lower (e.g. 0.3).
A year with good rains during 2 dekads, followed by 5 dekads without rainfall, followed by another 8 dekads of good rainfall will result in the model of Kassam et al (1982) in 2 separate Growing Periods (WHC 100 mm). The FAOINDEX model will calculate in this case an WSI of ±65.
Table 4 and 5 indicate the period of good sowing possibilities. General conclusions:
* Sorghum and especially Millet can be sown during a longer period than maize.
* Soils with a high WHC can be sown earlier and during a longer period than soils with a low WHC.
Table 6a. 6b and 6c give an indication of the result of different sowing strategies: which WSI-value will be reached if sowing took place in a dekad with more than 10 mm (or 20 mm or 30mm) after September 1st (or October 1st etc.) ..... The resulting WSI value for that dekad has been compared with the maximum WSI value for/the same crop season (e.g. July 68 -June 69) to find out if the followed strategy was successful or not. This ratio is an indication of the measure of success: a value of 1.00 indicates that the chosen sowing dekad was the best choice in that crop season. To get a general idea of the success of the different sowing strategies the yearly data are summarized in tables with so called Q-75% values11 per combination of crop, cycle length and WHC. Table 6d and 6e give a summary. Some remarks:
value which will be reached or exceeded in 75% of the years
I.N.l.A. / Dcpartaraento de Terra e Xgua, ComunicacSo No. 86 - February 1997 - (Draft) 10.3
Annex 10. Introduction FAOINDEX version 2.1
Remember that the data of the tables 6a, 6b and 6c relate to maximum values per crop season. In years with drought problems even this maximum value will be too low to give a reasonable yield (e.g. crop seasons 86/87, 87/88, 88/89, 91/92, 93/94, 94/95 of graph 8).
All the above discussed tables and graphs concern historical data. To indicate the best sowing period for the present crop season (1996/97) is impossible. The tables 6a - 6e just give an indication of the possibility to have success. The conclusions of the best period for sowing relate to data of a period of 28 years, for individual years the situation can be completely different.
It is completely impossible to predict at the moment of sowing what the rainfall will be in the flowering stage, when the water requirement of the crop is highest (KCR ± 1.0). In general this stage starts 6 to 8 weeks after sowing. So using certain sowing strategies is also a matter of luck. The only thing a farmer can try to do is to give the crop at least a good start, e.g. by sowing after rains of 10 mm or more after December 1st (for example).
3. Discussion of the graphs:
Graph 1 shows the relation WSI and yield for maize, sorghum and millet. The WSI values above which reasonable yields will occur are respectively: 40, 55 and 65 percent. Remarks:
* The graph-line for maize relates to data for entire Mozambique and shows a wide spread in observations (see Rojas 1995).
* There are many factors influencing the yield (e.g. soil fertility, management by the farmer). It can be expected that the optimum yield will decline after some years, because of a decline in soil fertility (Geurts 1996).
Graph 2: dekadal rainfall data Chokwe 1995/96
Graph 3: This graph shows what the resulting WSI should be if sowing took place at dekad ... of month .... When we compare the WSI for the 1995/96 season with the median value n of the period 68/96, it appears that during the whole crop growth season 95/96 (October - May) the WSI was higher than the median value. The first maximum (November 1995) is related with the good rains in January 1996 (see graph 2) when the water need was highest (flowering stage). The second maximum (March 1996) is related with the good rains in May 1996 and the
12 Q-5056 value = median value = value reached or exceeded in 50% of the years. This value is in general lower than the average value, because the climate in Southern
Mozambique is characterised by a few very wet years and many relatively dry years, which would result in a too optimistic average value.
I.N.I.A. / Departamento de Terra e Agna, ComunicacSo No. 86 - February 1997 - (Draft) 10.4
Annex 10. Introduction FAOINDEX version 2.1
relatively low PET (caused by low temperatures) in that period (flowering stage). The graph also shows the "disaster" season 1991/92 when WSI values did not exceeded 30%.
Graph 4 and 5 show the influence of the crop cycle on the WSI. The shorter the cycle the higher the WSI and so the yield. Also the period in which the crop can be grown with reasonable success (e.g. WSI values of more than 60% in 75 percent of the years) will be longer. Even varieties with a short cycle (90 days) do not exceed a WSI value of 65% (sorghum) or 73% (millet). In terms of suitability: the Chokwe district is only Marginally Suitable for these crops on soils with a WHC of 100 mm,13
Graph 6 and 7 show the influence of the WHC on the WSI: the higher the WHC the higher the percentage of years with a WSI of 60% or higher and the longer the period that the crop can be grown. In terms of suitability: soils with a WHC of 50 mm are Not Suitable, soils with a WHC of 100 mm Marginally Suitable and soils with a WHC of 150 mm or more are Marginally to Moderately Suitable.
Graph 8 gives an impression of the sowing possibilities for sorghum. It is striking that the years without sowing possibilities all occur after 1985.
Graph 9 and 10 present a statistic summary of the WSI values for sorghum and millet. It should be mentioned that the different values for one specific dekad (minimum, Q-25% value, Q-50% value, Q-75% value and maximum) are a statistical description only valid for that
_ ̂ dekad. In fact it is not correct to connect the values for the different dekads with lines: this has only been done for clarity.
4. Recommendations:
* Sorghum and millet have a deeper and a more effective root system than maize. This means that they can use more soil moisture and therefore can better survive drought periods between two periods of good rainfall (Acland 1971).
* Sorghum and probably also millet have the possibility to survive an absolute dry period14 of one or two weeks.
other crop production factors have not been considered.
pF-soil > 4.2; this means no soil water available for the crop
Ï.N.I.A. / Departamento de Terra c Agua, Comunicacao No. 86 - February 1997 - (Draft) 10.5
Annex 10. Introduction FAOINDEX version 2.1
When possible: use soils with a high WHC: see graphs 6 and 7. See annex 7 for a summary of the WHC data of the units of the 1:1.000.000 soils map of Mozambique.
When possible: use soils with lateral water supply and/or soils with water supply by capillary rise from the groundwater table. In general foot slopes and valley floor offer these conditions.
Use crop varieties with short cycles (see graph 4 + 5); they are more suitable for the relatively short growing periods which are characteristic for this part of the Gaza province.
Start sowing after a dekad rainfall of 10 (or 20 or 30) mm or more after November 1st (or after December 1st or after January 1st). See tables 6a - 6e for an evaluation of the possible results of the different strategies. Risk of crop failure or (very) low yields in case of dry sowing (period August/September) or sowing in a dekad with only a few mm's rainfall
5. Some remarks
* The FAOINDEX calculations presume a 100 percent infiltration (Effective rainfall = 100%). During high intensity rainstorms (which is a normal phenomenon in Mozambique) surface runoff will take place, particularly on bare soils and/or at the end of the wet season when soil moisture content is high. Also a part of the infiltrated water will disappear as subsurface flow through the relatively permeable topsoil. This that the presented data sometimes are too optimistic.
* The FAOINDEX programme uses rainfall point data. Even at short distance (e.g. some kms) important deviations (10 - 40 percent higher or lower precipitation for example) can occur.
I.N.I. A. / Deparamento de T e m e Agua, ComunicacSo No. 86 - February 1997 - (Draft) 10.6
Table 1: Summary data growing periods priority districts Seed Distribution Programme.
Crop risk class
Prov. District Station name
Etev.
m
15
% years wlthGP> 120 days
29
Average Start First GP
First GP Variation start
sep 18 -ian 21
Variation onset GP
Percentage of years with: Average
Length Main GF dry lAverage annual Latitude Longitude Data Statior
Code
1
Crop risk class
Prov. District Station name
Etev.
m
15
% years wlthGP> 120 days
29
Average Start First GP
First GP Variation start
sep 18 -ian 21
Variation onset GP I0GP 1 GP 2GP 3GP 4GP avg. std period (rainfall |
Longitude Data Statior Code
1
Crop risk class
Prov. District Station name
Etev.
m
15
% years wlthGP> 120 days
29
Average Start First GP
First GP Variation start
sep 18 -ian 21
days % %
27
% 35
%
27
% Idays
1 2 ] 1 1 7
days mm Idegr. mln
26 20
degr. mln
32 41 24
Statior Code
1 High Maputo Matutulne Bela Vista
Etev.
m
15
% years wlthGP> 120 days
29 d e d
First GP Variation start
sep 18 -ian 21 125 0
%
27
% 35
%
27
% Idays
1 2 ] 1 1 7 80 may - sept 667
Idegr. mln
26 20
degr. mln
32 41 24
Statior Code
1
High Maputo Matutulne Catuane 37| 29 oct 4 auq 21 - nov 21 92 4 4 71 21 ol 72 50 apr - sepl 577 26 50 32 17 24 2
High Maputo Moamba Moamba HO] 18 nov18 oct 3 - Ian 24 113 12 24 35 24 el so 30 may - sept 587 25 36 32 14 17 9
High Maputo Moamba Ressano Garcia 145 38 nov15 oct 3 - Ian 27 116 5 38 38 14 5 133 33 may - sept 571[ 25 36 31 59 21 11
Hiqh Maputo Moamba Sable 80 27 nov15 auq 6 - ian 3 150 7 27 47 20 0 137 46 may - sept 554 25 19 32 14 15 i 12
Hlqh Maputo Matutulne Tlnonganlne 50 43 nov27 lul 21 - Ian 21 184 0 19 57 10 14 120 61 «may - sect 668 26 29 32 34 21 13
High Maputo Boane Umbeluzi 12 26 dec 18 aug 18-ian 27 162 3 26 39 23 10 150 70 [may - sept 679 26 3 32 23 31 14
Medium Maputo Matutulne Zitundo 71 65 sepl lul 21 -dec 12 144 0 15 40 35 10 290 25Jaug-sept 957 26 45 32 50 20 16
Medium Gaza Chlbuto Chlbuto 90 67 nov21 oct 3 - |an 24 113 0 25 42 21 13 154 84 Jmay-oct 760 24 41 33 32 24 101
High Gaza Chlgubo Chigubo 102 29 nov21 noV 1 - ian 15 75 0 43 57 0 0 106 30 [mar-nov 593 22 50 33 31 7 102
Medium Gaza Mandlakaze Mandlakazl 65 52 nov21 oct 24 - feb 1 100 4 11 44 37 4 149 116 jmay - oct 702 24 43 33 53 27 107
Hlqh Gaza Chlcualacuala Maluernla 452 7 nov15 nov 9 - feb 3 86 14 29 43 14 0 93 64|mar - nov 492 22 5 31 41 14 108
Medium Gaza Chlbuto Maniquenigue 13 73 nov18 oct 21 - ian 24 126 0 15 62 19 4 245 29pun-oct 783 24 44 33 32 26 109
High Gaza Massanqena Massangena 136 17 nov9 oct 27-Ian 15 80 0 33 33 33 0 118 30 mar-oct 628 21 33 32 58 12 110
High Gaza Chlcualacuala Pafuri 215 0 ianl nov 24 - ian 1 38 28 33 33 6 0 60 22 Ian - dec 357 22 27 31 20 18 111
High Gaza Chokwe Chokwe 33 22 d e d sep 24 - Ian 27 125 4 30 26 33 7 114 47 apr-nov 623 24 32 33 0 27 114
Hlqh Inhamb. Funhalouro Funhalouro 116 26 nov15 oct 1 - ian 24 115 0 33 41 22 4 120 23 apr-nov 587 23 5 34 23 27 201
Medium Inhamb. Inhambane Inhambane 14 67 nov9 oct 15-feb 21 123 0 20 37 33 10 264 29|may-oct 927 23 52 35 23 30 202
Medium Inhamb. Mabote Mabote 143 50 nov18 oct 27 - ian 24 89 0 58 29 13 0 145 61 japr - nov 596 22 3 34 7 24 205
Medium Inhamb. Govuro Mambone 4 67 nov21 sep 27 - |an 24 119 0 38 43 19 0 157 81 japr - nov 879 20 59 35 1 21 206
Low Inhamb. Massinga Massinga 109 79 novl sep 18 -feb 18 153 0 41 34 17 7 270 52 aug - oct 1096 23 19 35 24 29 207
Medium Inhamb. Inharrime Mocumbi 45 58 d e d oct 15-feb 21 129 0 19 42 23 15 222 50 apr - nov 820 24 32 34 46 26 208
High Inhamb. Panda Panda 150 37 nov21 oct 21 - Ian 27 98 0 22 37 37 4 195 63 apr-nov 686 24 3 34 43 27 211
Medium Inhamb. Vilankulo Vilankulo 20 -65 nov15 oct 24 - |an 21 89 0 26 52 17 4 162 32 apr - oct 831 22 0 35 19 23 213
Low Manica Manica Manlca 723 100 oct 24 sep 18-dec 18 91 0 62 38 0 0 211 42'may-oct 1012 18 56 32 52 26 302
Medium Manlca Guro Mungari 535 71 nov12 nov 3 - ian 3 61 0 100 0 0 0 126 19[apr-nov 631 17 10 33 33 7 304
Low Manica Barue Catandlca 611 100 oct 24 oct 3 - dec 3 61 0 81 15 4 0 227 33 [may-oct 1591 18 4 33 10 26 305
Low Manlca Gondola Chimoio 732 92 novl oct18-|an18 92 0 62 35 4 0 200 29 Imav-oct 1067 19 7 33 28 26 306
Medium Sofala Marromeu Marromeu 20 64 nov24 oct 24 -feb 12 111 0 50 36 14 0 178 74 Jmay-nov 910 18 18 35 56 22 404
Low Sofa la Chlbabava Mucheve 145 75 nov12 oct 21 - dec 21 61 0 63 25 13 0 149 34Japr-oct 737 20 34 33 49 8 405
Medium Sofala Nhamatanda Nhamatanda 57 63 nov9 oct 18-ian 18 92 0 63 21 16 0 157 30|apr-oct 846 19 16 34 12 19 409
Low Sofala Gorongosa Gorongosa 300 94 nov3 oct 18-ian 15 89 0 39 61 0 0 232 34]may-oct 1242 18 41 38 4 18 410
Low Tele Chluta Cazula 597 83 nov15 oct 9 - nov 27 49 0 83 17 0 0 196 51 [may - oct 1135 15 24 33 38 12 601
High fete Maravla Chlcoa 274 29 nov27 nov 6 - dec 27 51 0 93 7 0 0 110 24rapr-nov 635 15 36 ' 32 21 14 602
Low «Tete Maravla Flngoe 857 95 nov9 oct 24-dec 18 55 0 90 10 0 0 175 27[apr-oct 1058 15 10 31 53 21 603
High JTete Tete Tete 149 45 nov24 nov 3 - feb 1 90 0 83 17 0 0 121 25japr-nov . 645 16 11 33 35 29 607
Low hete Maravla Chiputo 1170 100 novl oct 21 -nov 18 28 0 83 17 0 0 228 24 Imay-oct 1400 14 54 32 16 18 611
High Tete Zumoo Zumbo 343 45 nov18 oct 24-dec 12 49 0 85 15 0 0 134 23 Japr-nov 715 15 37 30 26 20 612
1) High = Crop failure in > 50 % of years; Medium « crop failure In 25 - 50 % of years; Low « crop failure In < 25% of years. /
Composition: R.M. Westerink 1996
¥«*>
Dercentage )f years
96 /
S6
94 / 95
93 / 94
92 / 93
91 / 92
90 / 91
89 / 90
88 / 89 I
87 / 88
86 / 87
85 / 86
84 / 85
83 / 84
82 / 83
00
co Ni
80 / 81
79 / 80
78 / 79
77 / 78
76 / 77
75 / 76
74 / 75
73 / 74 i
72 / 73
-NI
« X
-Ni
Ni
s -NI
69 / 70
68 / 69
Season
*. _ x
July 1
2 3
- j _ x _ x
July 1
2 3 - j - x - x
July 1
2 3
•NI _ x _ x
August 1
2 3
- N | _ x _ x A
ugust 1
2 3 - J - x -*
August 1
2 3
^' — k _ x - X
Sept. 1
2 3
Ni —A _ x _ x _ x _ x _x
Sept. 1
2 3
Ni ->. - x - x - x - a _ k
Sept. 1
2 3
Ni
en _* - X - x - x _ x _ x _ x
Oct. 1
2 3
co co _ x _x _ A _x —*. _ x _ x _ x ^ _ X _ x
Oct. 1
2 3
eo co ... - X • k - X - x - x - x - x _ x _ x _x
Oct. 1
2 3
co eo -^ _ X _ x _ X _ x _ x -a. _ x _ L - x _ X
Nov. 1
2 3
en ^ _ X _x - j . - i . _ X
Nov. 1
2 3
en o - x - X - x - x - X -^ ^x - a - x - x - x - X - X - x
Nov. 1
2 3
en "Ni
_x - 1 . _x _ x _ x - X _ x _ x _ x ^x _ x —X - x - X —A _ x
Dec. 1
2 3
o> - x - X _ X ... _ x _ x —Ik - * •
—i. _ x _ x _ a _ x _ x _ x - X - X
Dec. 1
2 3
o> - x - X - X - 3 . L _
- x - x -a. _fc - x - a ^ —A, - x _ x - x - x - x
Dec. 1
2 3
o> 4*.
- X - X _ X - 3 . _ a _ x _ x - X
Jan. 1
2 3
"Ni - X _ X _ X —A _ x ^ - X _ x _ x
Jan. 1
2 3
"Ni - X - X _̂ - X _ x - x - x - x _ x
Jan. 1
2 3
o> -P>.
- X - X - X _ x _ x _ x - X
Feb. 1
2 3
en _x _ X _* _ X _ x _ x _ x
Feb. 1
2 3
en ^ i - X - X - X -x - x - x -a. -a. - a _ a - x - a ^ - x - x - x
Feb. 1
2 3
en •NJ -^ ^ X _ x _ J b - X
March 1
2 3
en "Ni ^x _ X _ x _x _ x
March 1
2 3
en "Ni
- X - X _ x - x ^ _ x
March 1
2 3
4*.
eo —k. _ x _ x :r _ x _ k / _ x _ x _ x . X _ x _ x
April 1
2 3
co co - X - _ x _ x _x _ x _ a _ x _ x _ A _ x _ x
April 1
2 3
M
co - X - x - x - x -x - a - a - x
April 1
2 3
^ _ x _ x _x 1 ~ j _ x _ x 1 4a. _̂ ; 1 4*. * - x
June 1
2 3
4a. _ x
June 1
2 3 4a. - x
June 1
2 3
Ni O o o -M o _*. 4». o o o ^ j Ni
eo Ni
Ni Ni en
Ni CO O "Ni Ni
O CO CO _ x Ni
o "Ni Ni
o Ni o eo
L
Total
Dekads
CO ii CT co CD ow
i
Ni CO
3 CO C/> a O
3 CD O
3 PC 3 CO ca a. 3 •a o =r K £
sib
rn =r efc V CD
O) CO o o
CO
2 CD CO
CD
C O
o> 00 I eo eo o>
o c5 =r c 3 eo o a. CO
'S
O o o 3 3
Table 2b: Crop growing possibilities Chokwe 1968-1996 (Sorghum 90 days; WHC 50 mm)
(1 = sowing dekad with WSI >60% at harvest)
July Augusl Se pt. Oc Nov. Dec. Jan. Fe b. March April May June Total Dekads Season 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2| 3 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 Total Dekads
68/ 69 1 ~T 1 1 ̂ r 1 1 1 9 69 / 70 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 70 / 71 1 1 1 1 1 6 71 / 72 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Jj 1 1 1 1 21 72 / 73 1 1 -i| 1 5 73 / 74 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 74 / 75 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 75 / 76 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 76 / 77 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 77 / 78 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 78 / 79 1 1 - 4 79 / 80 1 1 —U '• > 5 80 / 81 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 817 82 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JM 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 82 / 83 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 83 / 84 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 84 / 85 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JJ 1 1 1 1 1 18 85 / 86 1 1 1 4 86 / 87 0 87 / 88 0 88 / 89 0 89 / 90 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 90 / 91 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 91 / 92 0 92 / 93 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 93 / 94 0 94 / 95 0 95 / 96 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 3ercentage jf years 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 11 11 18 21 29 46 46 46 54 46 57 54 61 54 46 43 46 39 39 32 21 25 21 11 11 4 4 0 0
2omposition: R.M. Westerink INIA/DTA 1996 Source: SUM database INIA/DTA 3rogram: FAOINDEX version 2.0
••
Percentage
of years
95 / 96
1 94 / 95
1 93 / 94
92 / 93
to
CO Ni
I 90 / 91 I
89 / 90
I 88 / 89
87 / 88
86 / 87
I 85 / 86
84 / 85
83 / 84
1 82 / 83
81 /
82 I 80 /
81 79 /
80 I 78 /
79 77 /
78 76 /
77 I 75 /
76 74 /
75 I 73 /
74 72 /
73 71 /
72 I 70 /
71 I 69 /
70 I 68 /
69 S
eason
- > j ^ _x
N i
i l e >< •>! _x _x N i
i l e ><
- j - x - x co
i l e ><
•vi _x _x _x e
^ j a _x Ni
JUS
t !
^ -x - x _ - x co
JUS
t !
^ _x _x _ x - X s 4>» _x - X _ X - X N i
!*
Ni - - a - x - X - x - x co
!*
CO Ni _x _ X _x _x - V - x - X _ x - x Jf CO CD —X — i . _x _x _x _x _ X • k _ x _x _ x M
CO CO - x _̂ ... - X ^. ^ ^x - x - x - x co 4k. CD _x - X - x - x - X - X - x _x _ x _ x - x - x _ x _ x
Nov. 4».
co _x —A _x _x _ X - X _x _ x _ x _Jk - x _ x M
Nov.
4*. CO - x ^ - x -* -^ ^ X - x - x ^ x ^. - x - x - x co
Nov.
4*. CO - x ^ - x —A — 1 . - X ^ X -x . _ x _ x - x -^ - x - x
Dec. en
o _x - X _x -̂ _x _ X _x - X _ x _ x _ x _x - X _ x Ni
Dec.
4*. CO - x - X -^ - x - x _x ^ x - x - x - x _ x - x - x co
Dec.
co CO _x - X _x _x - X - x - X _ x _ x - X ^ - X
Jan. co o> • k _x - i . ^. _x _x _ x _ x —̂ - X M
Jan.
co CO -^ _ k - x - x - x —X « X - x - x - x co
Jan.
N i _x _ X _x _x _ x _ x _ x
T l CD
oo _x _x _x _ x _ x M U
4*. - x —J. ' - x - x co
U
4k. _x _x _x _ x _ x
March 4*- _x _x _x _ x Ni
March
^ ... v • - x - x co
March
^>l ' " _x ~~ « X I
* x _x Ni I
O co
I o - x
May
o / M
May
o co
May
o - x
June
o M
June
o co
June
- > j o o Ni O - j co o o o o CO oo Ni _x M co - o co ^J •v j
-N i N i co o co 4x
Total
Dekads
D> ii er
CA <T> owi
M O
3 (Q W
CD IMO
TT - I 09 en Q. w
it sod
3 - co §
sib
w
liti
V CD O) (/> o O # 3 "
O at ha
3 CD rves
196
< 5 00
co co O)
^^ co o CQ 3 " c 3 _ x
co o Q. 0) •< en
£ I o en o 3 3
Table 3a: % of years with WSI at harvest > 60% (Chokwe 1968-1996) Table 3b: % of years with WSI at harvest > 80%
Crop Cycle Dekads
Water Holding Capacity in mm: Crop Cycle Dekads 50 100 150 200
Maize 9 68 82 86 86 Maize 11 61 79 82 82
Maize
13 54 71 82 82
Maize
15 50 64 75 79
Maize
17 39 54 75 79
Maize
19 39 , 50 64 75 Sorghum 9 79 . 93 93 93 Sorghum
11 75 82 93 93 Sorghum
13 68 79 82 82
Sorghum
15 61 79 82 82
Sorghum
17 54 75 79 79
Sorghum
19 54 64 79 79 Millet 9 89 93 93 93 Millet
11 79 93 93 93 Millet
13 79 82 93 93
Millet
15 68 79 89 89
Millet
17 61 79 82 86
Millet
19 57 79 79 79
Composition: R.M. Westerink 1996
Crop Cycle Dekads
Water Holding Capacity in mm: Crop Cycle Dekads 50 100 150 200
Maize 9 29 57 82 82 Maize 11 25 39 57 71
Maize
13 11 36 39 64
Maize
15 11 25 32 43
Maize
17 7 11 25 39
Maize
19 7 11 21 25 Sorghum 9 39 71 82 82 Sorghum
11 39 68 82 82 Sorghum
-13 36 "" 50 64 75
Sorghum
15 18 39 57 68
Sorghum
17 14 29 43 57
Sorghum
19 11 25 32 46 Millet 9 57 79 82 82 Millet
11 46 71 82 82 Millet
13 39 68 79 79
Millet
15 39 61 75 79
Millet
17 25 43 61 75
Millet
19 14 36 54 64
I
Annex 10. Introduction FAOINDEX version 2.1
Table 4: Period of good sowing possibilities: (sowing dekads with WSI at harvest > 60% in 75% of the years; cycle length 130 days; station Chokwe; 1968-1996).
Crop WHC(mm) Crop
50 100 150 200
Maize - - • - Jan3 - Marl
Sorghum - . - Jan2 - Aprl Dec3 - Aprl
Millet - Jan2 Decl - Mayl Decl - Mayl
Table 5: Period of good sowing possibilities: (sowing dekads with WSI at harvest > 60% in 50% of the years; cycle length 130 days; station Chökwe; 1968-1996).
Crop WHC (mm) Crop
50 100 150 200
Maize - Dec2 + Dec3 Nov3 - Apr3 Nov2 - Mayl
Sorghum Dec3 Nov2 - Mar3 Nov2 - May2 Nov2 - May3
Millet Nov2 - Jan3 Oct3 - Apr3 Oct3 - May3 Oct3 - May3
N.B. Dec3 = third dekad of December
^ <
I.N.l.A. / Departamento de Tom e Agua, ComunicacSo No. 86 - February 1997 - (Draft)
Table 6a: Ratio WSI (dekad with > 10 mm rainfall) and WSI (maximum of that crop season)
Crop Cycle (dekads)
WHC 50mm WHC 100mm WHC 150mm WHC 200mm Crop Cycle (dekads) >1 sep >1 oct >1 nov >1 dec >1 jan >1 sap >1 oct >1 nov >1 dec >1 jan >1 sep >1 oct >1 nov >1 dec >1 jan >1 sep >1 oct >1 nov >1 dec >1 jan
I Sorghum 9 0.44 0.57 0.73 0.74 0.78 0.39 0.56 0.66 0.69 0.83 0.39 0.51 0.63 0.72 0.80 0.39 0.51 0.62 0.71 0.87
11 0.47 0.63 0.77 0.81 0.74 0.50 0.58 0.71 0.77 0.81 0.48 0.58 0.69 0.75 0.85 0.48 0.55 0.65' 0.73 0.87 13 0.61 0.75 0.81 0.83 0.78 0.58 0.67 0.70 0.82 0.81 0.56 0.63 0.71 0.75 0.88 0.54 0.61 0.69 0.78 0.87 15 0.68 0.78 0.85 0.86 0.77 0.64 0.73 0.78 0.84 0.82 0.62 0.68 0.74 0.83 0.87 0.57 0.65 0.71 0.78 0.88
17 0.75 0.82 0.88 0.87 0.74 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.89 0.81 0.66 0.72 0.74 0.84 0.84 0.63 0.66 0.74 0.81 0.87 19 0.79 0.82 0.92 0.84 0.75 0.76 0.79 0.83 0.82 0.80 0.72 0.76 0.78 0.82 0.84 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.80 0.88
I avg 0.62 0.73 0.83 0.83 0.76 0.60 0.68 0.75 0.80 0.81 0.57 0.64 0.71 0.79 0.85 0.54 0.62 0.70 0.77 0.87 Millet 9 0.38 0.62 0.70 0.73 0.76 0.36 0.55 0.68 0.70 0.83 0.36 0.55 0.65 0.73 0.84 0.36 0.55 0.65 0.78 0.91 Millet
11 0.49 0.64 0.81 0.83 0.78 0.51 0.58 0.70 0.77 0.86 0.51 0.53 0.66 0.75 0.86 0.51 0.53 0.65 0.76 0.88 Millet
13 0.55 0.71 0.79 0.86 0.75 0.57 0.66 0.71 0.84 0.82 0.55 0.61 0.71 0.75 0.87 0.54 0.59 0.67 0.76 0.89
Millet
15 0.66 0.77 0.84 0.84 0.78 0.66 0.71 0.75 0.85 0.84 0.61 0.70 0.75 0.79 0.87 0.58 0.65 0.73 0.79 0.87
Millet
17 0.72 0.80 0.89 0.86 0.78 0.70 0.75 0.81 0.86 0.83 0.64 0.70 0.76 0.85 0.87 0.59 0.66 0.76 0.81 0.87 19 0.78 0.85 0.91 0.86 0.76 0.75 0.78 0.84 0.87 0.83 0.69 0.75 0.76 0.84 0.86 0.67 0.69 0.78 0.82 0.89 avg 0.60 0.73 0.82 0.83 0.77 0.59 067 0.75 0.81 0.83 0.56 0.64 0.71 > 0.78 0.86 0.54 0.61 0.71 0.79 0.88
Maize 9 0.44 0.58 0.71 0.75 0.77 0.38 0.50 0.63 0.68 0.80 0.38 0.47 0.61 0.67 0.78 0.38 0.46 0.58 0.69 0.79 Maize 11 0.45 0.65 0.72 0.75 0.70 0.47 0.54 0.67 0.79 0.72 0.45 0.52 0.67 0.74 0.80 0.44 0.52 0.61 0.70 0.82
Maize
13 0.60 0.69 0.82 0.78 0.72 0.58 0.65 0.70 0.78 0.77 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.73 0.81 0.52 0.59 0.66 0.77 0.85
Maize
15 0.64 0.80 0.84 0.79 0.70 0.64 0.72 0.80 0.81 0.77 0.62 0.68 0.71 0.80 0.81 0.59 0.62 0.70 0.79 0.85
Maize
17 0.74 0.85 0.86 0.83 0.70 0.73 0.78 0.81 0.84 0.75 0.67 0.72 0.73 0.82 0.80 0.63 0.67 0.73 0.81 0.84
Maize
19 0.81 0.80 0.86 0.80 0.70 0.75 0.77 0.87 0.85 0.76 0.73 0.76 0.77 0.81 0.82 0.67 0.72 0.75 0.80 0.86
Maize
avg 0.61 0.73 0.80 0.79 0.72 0.59 0.66 0.75 0.79 0.76 0.56 0.63 0.70 0.76 0.80 0.54 0.59 0.67 0.76 0.83
Remarks: * Data in table are Q75% values = values which will be reached or exceeded in 75% of the years. * WSI (dekad with > 10 mm rainfall) = WSI (at harvest) if sowing took place in a dekad with a rainfall of 10 mm or more. * WSI (maximum) = maximum WSI possible in that season (July - June next year) * > 1 sep = sowing in first dekad with more than 10 mm after... 1 september * A value of 1.00 means that the chosen strategy (sowing after a dekad rainfall of 10 mm or more
after September 1 st (or October 1 st etc.) was the best dekad for sowing in that crop season * Avg. = average value of crop cyles of 9,11,13,15 and 19 dekads
Composition: R.M. Westerink INIA/DTA1996 Source: SUIVI database INIA/DTA Program: FAOINDEX version 2 /
Table 6b: Ratio WSI-(dekad with > 20 mm rainfall) and WSI-(maximum of that crop season).
j Crop Cycle dekads
WHC 50 mm WHC 100 mm WHC 150 mm WHC 200 mm
1 Cycle
dekads >1 sep >1 oct >1 nov >1 dec >1 jan >1 sep >1 oct >1 nov >1 dec >1 jan >1 sep >1 oct >1 nov >1 dec >1 jan >1 sep >1 oct >1 nov >1 dec >1 jan Sorghum 9 0.54 0.66 0.73 0.77 0.76 0.55 0.57 0.67 0.74 0.81 0.51 0.56 0.65 0.75 0.83 0.51 0.56 0.64 0.77 0.89 Sorghum
11 0.60 0.67 0.73 0.80 0.73 0.55 0.60 0.69 0.82 0.79 0.53 0.59 0.70 0.77 0.87 0.53 0.59 0.67 0.77 0.89 Sorghum
13 0.68 0.78 0.81 0.81 0.76 0.65 0.68 0.70 0.85 0.80 0.62 0.66 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.59 0.65 0.72 0.81 0.87
Sorghum
15 0.72 0.81 0.83 0.81 0.76 0.73 0.75 Ö.79 0.85 0.82 0.68 0.75 0.75 0.84 0.87 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.83 0.89
Sorghum
17 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.84 0.85 0.79 0.71 0.76 0.81 0.84 0.84 0.67 0.73 0.79 0.84 0.88
Sorghum
19 0.81 0.81 0.86 0.82 0.74 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.81 0.80 0.76 0.77 0.79 0.84 0.83 0.72 0.76 0.81 0.83 0.88
Sorghum
Avg. 0.69 0.76 0.80 0.81 0.75 0.67 0.70 0.76 0.82 0.80 0.63 0.68 0.74 0.81 0.85 0.61 0.66 0.73 L0.81 0.88 Millet 9 0.58 0.69 0.73 0.76 0.75 0.55 0.60 0.71 0.73 0.83 0.55 0.59 0.68 0.80 0.87 0.55 0.59 0.68 0.83 0.92 Millet
11 0.57 0.69 0.75 0.80 0.75 0.55 0.63 0.74 0.81 0.84 0.53 0.61 0.67 0.77 0.87 0.53 0.61 0.66 0.81 0.92 Millet
13 0.69 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.75 0.62 0.67 0.71 0.85 0.80 0.59 0.65 0.77 0.80 0.84 0.59 0.64 0.74 0.81 0.90
Millet
15 0.75 0.79 0.83 0.82 0.77 0.71 0.75 0.75 0.88 0.84 0.67 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.86 0.66 0.71 0.77 0.82 0.89
Millet
17 0.80 0.84 0.85 0.84 0.77 0.75 0.78 0.83 0.86 0.83 0.70 0.77 0.77 0.85 0.86 0.70 0.73 0.79 0.84 0.88
Millet
19 0.82 0.85 0.87 0.84 0.74 0.77 0.83 0.87 0.87 0.83 0.75 0.80 0.81 0.87 0.85 0.72 0.74 0.80 0.84 0.88
Millet
Avg. 0.70 0.76 0.80 0.81 0.75 0.66 0.71 0.77 0.83 0.83 0.63 -0.69 0.74 0.81 0.86 . 0.62 0.67 0.74 0.83 0.90 Maize 9 0.48 0.65 0.72 0.76 0.70 0.49 0.58 0.65 0.72 0.77 0.47 0.49 0.62 0.73 0.79 0.46 0.49 0.62 0.75 0.87 Maize
11 0.58 0.68 0.68 0.75 0.67 0.52 0.57 0.67 0.78 0.73 0.50 0.53 0.71 0.75 0.80 0.49 0.53 0.65 0.72 0.85 Maize
13 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.62 0.69 0.70 0.78 0.73 0.58 0.65 0.75 0.79 0.78 0.57 0.62 0.68 0.79 0.86
Maize
15 0.71 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.69 0.69 0.73 0.77 0.79 0.76 0.65 0.74 0.75 0.80 0.81 0.62 0.69 0.75 0.82 0.86
Maize
17 0.79 0.82 0.79 0.77 0.70 0.77 0.78 0.81 0.82 0.75 0.72 0.75 0.79 0.81 0.82 0.67 0.71 0.76 0.83 0.86
Maize
19 0.78 0.78 0.77 0J6 0.69 0.79 0.79 0.83 0.79 0.73 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.80 0.73 0.75 0.80 0.83 0.86
Maize
Avg. 0.67 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.69 0.65 0.69 0.74 0.78 0.74 0.61 0.66 0.73 0.78 0.80 0.59 0.63 0.71 0.79 0.86
Remarks: * Data in table are Q75% values = values which will be reached or exceeded in 75% of the years. * WSI (dekad with > 20 mm rainfall) = WSI (at harvest) if sowing took place in a dekad with a rainfall of 20 mm or more. * WSI (maximum) = maximum WSI possible in that season (July - June next year) * > 1 sep = sowing in first dekad with more than 20 mm after... 1 september * A value of 1.00 means that the chosen strategy (sowing after a dekad rainfall of 20 mm or more
after September 1 st (or October 1 st etc.) was the best dekad for sowing in that crop season * Avg. = average value of crop cyles of 9,11,13,15 and 19 dekads
Composition: R.M. Westerink INIA/DTA1996 Source: SUIVI database INIA/DTA Program: FAOINDEX version 2
I
Table 6c: Ratio WSI (dekad with > 30 mm rainfall) and WSI (maximum of that crop season).
jj
Crop Cycle
dekads
WHC 50 mm WHC 100 mm WHC 150 mm WHC 200 mm jj
Crop Cycle
dekads >1 sep >1 oct >1 nov >1 dec >1 jan >1 sep >1 oct >1 nov >1 dec >1 jan >1 sep >1 oct >1 nov >1 dec >1jan >1 sep >1 oct >1 nov >1 dec >1 jan
ÏSorghum 9 0.71 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.72 0.68 0.69 0.71 0.69 0.79 0.65 0.68 0.72 0.75 0.82 0.64 0.67 0.72 0.80 0.89
F 11 0.74 0.75 0.73 0.75 0.71 0.68 0.78 0.77 0.82 0.79 0.66 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.86 0.66 0.68 0.73 0.78 0.89
13 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.74 0.75 0.82 0.82 0.84 0.78 0.73 0.80 0.77 0.81 0.84 0.71 0.76 0.77 0.81 0.88
15 0.81 0.82 0.84 0.81 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.79 0.79 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.75 0.82 0.82 0.85 0.89
17 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.72 0.80 0.81 0.87 0.90 0.75 0.80 0.84 0.85 0.88 0.84 0.76 0.80 0.81 0.85 0.88
19 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.84 0.73 0.81 0.84 0.86 0.87 0.74 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.86 0.81 0.76 0.81 0.83 0.86 0.87
Avg. 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.73 0.75 0.80 0.81 0.83 0.77 0.74 0.78 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.71 0 . 7 6 j 0.78 0.83 0.88
Millet 9 0.72 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.71 0.68 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.82 0.68 0.72 0.75 0.82 0.87 0.68 0.72 0.75 0.83 0.94 Millet
11 0.71 0.74 0.73 0.74 0.72 0.69 0.75 0.75 0.78 0.82 0.66 0.70 0.73 0.77 0.89 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.84 0.93
Millet
13 0.75 0.80 0.77 0.81 0.73 0.74 0.82 0.79 0.83 0.79 0.73 0.79 0.78 0.80 0.83 0.73 0.77 0.79 0.83 0.91
Millet
15 0.81 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.73 0.80 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.83 0.77 0.83 0.81 0.85 0.86 0.74 0.80 0.81 0.84 0.88
Millet
17 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.73 0.80 0.83 0.87 0.87 0.79 0.81 0.85 0.86 0.88 0.86 0.77 0.83 0.83 0.86 0.89
Millet
19 0.84 0.84 0.86 0.84 0.74 0.82 0.85 0.89 0.88 0.77 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.91 0.85 0.80 0.82
0.77
0.83 0.85 0.88
Millet
Avg. 0.78 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.80 0.75 0.79 0.80 0.84 0.86 0.73
0.82
0.77 0.79 0.84 0.91
Maize 9 0.69 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.63 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.70 0.70 0.62 0.63 0.66 0.73 0.77 0.61 0.63 0.66 0.75 0.88 Maize
11 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.71 0.66 0.66 0.74 0.73 0.78 0.72 0.65 0.68 0.72 0.75 0.80 0.63 0.66 0.67 0.72 0.85
Maize
13 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.75 0.67 0.75 0.78 0.79 0.79 0.72 0.73 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.78 0.68 0.74 0.75 0.80 0.86
Maize
15 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.77 0.68 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.74 0.78 0.80 0.83 0.83 0.81 0.75 0.79 0.80 0.84 0.85
Maize
17 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.82 0.68 0.79 0.80 0.84 0.87 0.72 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.80 0.75 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.85
Maize
19 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.66 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.81 0.70 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.84 0.79 0.77 0.79 0.82 0.86 0.84
Maize
Avg. 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.66 0.73 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.72 0.73 0.76 0.77 0.80 0.79 0.70 0.74 0.75 0.80 0.85
Remarks: * Data in table are Q75% values = values which will be reached or exceeded in 75% of the years.
WSI (dekad with > 30 mm rainfall) = WSI (at harvest) if sowing took place in a dekad with a rainfall of 30 mm or more. * WSI (maximum) = maximum WSI possible in that season (July - June next year) * > 1 sep = sowing in first dekad with more than 30 mm after... 1 september * A value of 1.00 means that the chosen strategy (sowing after a dekad rainfall of 30 mm or more
after September 1 st (or October 1 st etc.) was the best dekad for sowing in that crop season * Avg. = average value of crop cyles of 9,11,13,15 and 19 dekads
Composition: R.M. Westerink INIA/DTA1996 Source: SUIVI database INIA/DTA Program: FAOINDEX version 2
Table 6d: Summary 10mm, 20mm and 30 mm strategies (average values for crop cycles of 9,11,13,15 and 19 dekads).
Crop First dekad with:
WHC5C mm WHC 100 mm |WHCl50mm WHC 200 mm Crop First dekad with: >1 sep >1 oct >1 nov >1 dec >1 jan >1 sejL >1 oct >1 nov >1 dec >1 jan I >1 sep >1 oct >1 nov >1 dec >1 jan >1 sep >1 oct >1 nov >1 dec >1 jan
Sorghum 10 mm 0.62 0.73 0.83 0.83 0.76 0.60 0.68 0.75 0.80 0.81 I °'57 0.64 0.71 0.79 0.85 0.54 0.62 0.70 0.77 0.87 Sorghum
20 mm 0.69 0.76 0.80 0.81 0.75 0.67 0.70 0.76 0.82 0.80 I 0.63 0.68 0.74 0.81 0.85 0.61 0.66 0.73 0.81 0.88
Sorghum
30 mm 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.73 0.75 0.80 0.81 0.83 0.77 fl 0.74 0.78 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.71 0.76 0.78 0.83 0.88
Millet 10 mm 0.60 0.73 0.82 0.83 0.77 0.59 0.67 0.75 0.81 0.83 | 0.56 0.64 0.71 0.78 0.86 0.54 0.61 0.71 0.79 0.88 Millet 20 mm 0.70 0.76 0.80 0.81 0.75 0.66 0.71 0.77 0.83 0.83 J 0.63 0.69 0.74 0.81 0.86 0.62 0.67 0.74 0.83 0.90
Millet
30 mm 0.78 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.80 I 0.75 0.79 0.80 0.84 0.86 0.73 0.77 0.79 0.84 0.91 Maize 10 mm 0.61 0.73 0.80 0.79 0.72 0.59 0.66 0.75 0.79 0.76 | 0.56 0.63 0.70 0.76 0.80 0.54 0.59 0.67 0.76 0.83 Maize
20 mm 0.67 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.69 0.65 0.69 0.74 0.78 0.74 I °'61 0.66 0.73 0.78 0.80 0.59 0.63 0.71 0.79 0.86 Maize
30 mm 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.66 0.73 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.72 I 0.73 0.76 0.77 0.80 0.79 0.70 0.74 0.75 0.80 0.85
Remarks: Data in table are Q75% values = values which will be reached or exceeded in 75% of the years.
Data in table indicate ratio of WSI (dekad with 10 mm or more rainfall) and WSI (maximum of that crop season). Idem 20 mm and 30 mm.
WSI (dekad with > 10 mm rainfall) = WSI (at harvest) if sowing took place in a dekad with a rainfall of 10 mm or more
WSI (maximum) = maximum WSI possible in that crop season (July - June next year)
> 1 sep = sowing in first dekad with more than 10 mm (or 20 mm or 30 mm)after... 1 september
A value of 1.00 means that the chosen strategy (sowing in a dekad with a rainfall of 10 mm or more (or 20 mm, or 30 mm)
after September 1 st (or October 1 st etc.) was the best choice.
Composition: R.M. Westerink INIA/DTA1996
Source: SUM database INIA/DTA
Program: FAOINDEX version 2
Table 6e: Optimum sowing period after a dekad with 10, 20 or 30 mm rainfall.
Crop Cycle decades
WHC 50 mm WHC 100 mm WHC 150 mm WHC 200 mm Crop Cycle decades >1 sep >1 oct >1 nov >1 dec >1 jan >1 sep >1 oct >1 nov >1 dec >1 jan >1 sep >1 oct >1 nov >1 dec >1jan >1 sep >1 oct >1 nov >1 dec >1 jan
Sorghum 9 (20) 10 10 20 20 Sorghum 11 10 20 20 30
Sorghum
13 (10) 10 (30) (30) 20 10 30
Sorghum
15 (10) 10 (30) (30) 30 (30) (30) (20) 10 30
Sorghum
17 10 (30) 30 (30) 30 30
Sorghum
19
9
10 10
(30) (30) 30 (30) 30 20
(30) 10
30
Sorghum
19
9 (10) 10 (30) (30) 30 (30) 20
(30) 10
30 Millet
19
9 (30) (30) (10) 10
30
10 20 30 Millet
11 (10) 10 10 30 30 Millet
13 10 20 10 30
Millet
15 (30) 10 (30) 20 (30) 10 20
Millet
17 (30) 10 30 (30) (30) 30 (30) 30
Millet
19 10 30 30 10
Millet
Avg. (30) (30) 10 (30) (20) 10 (30) 10 30
Maize 9 . (10) 10 10 20 30 Maize
11 (10) 10 10 10 20 Maize
13 10 (30) (30) 30 (30) (30) (30) 10 30
Maize
15 10 (30) 30 (30) (30) 30 (30) 20
Maize
17 (10) 10 (30) 30 (30) (30) 30 (30) 20
Maize
19 10 10 30 30
Maize
Avg. 10 (30) (30) 30 10 20
Remarks: * Example: Sorghum, with a cycle of 130 days, on a soil with a WHC of 50 mm has as best sowing strategy: 10 in column" > 1 dec".
This means that if sowing takes place in the first dekad with a rainfall of 10 mm or more after December 1 st, the resulting WSI will be as close as possible to the maximum WSI for that crop/crop cycle length/WHC combination.
20 = best possibility; (30) = earlier possibility with reasonable result (<= 0.03 below optimum)
* Data in this table are based on the Q.75% values (= values which will be reached or exceeded in 75% of the years) of Tables 6a, 6b and 6c.
* Warning: sometimes it is possible to have earlier in the crop season also good possibilities (check tables 6a, 6b and 6c)
Composition: R.M. Westerink INIA/DTA1996 5
Source: SUIVI database INIA/DTA Program: FAOINDEX version 2
I
I Relation WSI-Yield; Depth-eff= 100cm
(Millet/Sorghum); WHC=50 mm (Maize)
> -
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Source: P. Geurts INIA/DTA (Millet / Sorgjium Field trials Gaza/Inhambane 95/96)
O. Rojas INIA/Agrometeorologia (Maize)
50 60 WSI (%)
100
•s- Millet Sorghum - • - Maize
Rainfall Chokwe 1995/96
E E
160
140
120
100
c i 80
03
S 60 CD 10 40
20
0
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ri ,.-i—i
—
r~i
r — j
n m J1 A1 S1 01
Composition: R.M. Westerink Basic data: P. Geurts INIA/DTA
N1 D1 J1
month/dekad F1 M1 A1 M1
J
Souroe: SUIVIIN1A/DTA Program: F AOINDEX version 2 Composition: R.M. Westerin); 1996
WSI Sorghum Chokwe 1991/92 vs 1995/96 WHC = 100 mm; Cycle = 130 days
D1 J1 F1 Sowing month/dekad
Q-50% (1968-1996) - ^ - 1995/96 •*?- 1991/92
/
Q75% values WSI Chokwe; Sorghum WHC = 100 mm; Period 1968-1996
70
- 60 co
50 J1 A1 S1 01 D1 J1 F1
Sowing month/decade J1
Source: SUIVIINIA/DTA Program: FAOINDEX version 2 Composition: R.M. Westerink 1996
-A- 90 days -e- 130 days -*?— 170 days
Q75% values WSI Chokwe; Millet WHC = 100 mm; Period 1968-1995
80 —
70
co
60
50 J1 A1 S1 01
Souroe: SU1VI1NIA/DTA Program: FAOINDEX version 2 Composition: R.M. Westerink 1996
D1 J1 F1 Sowing month/decade
J1
- A - 90 days - e - 130 days -***- 170 days
I
80
60
co
S>40
20
0 J1
Source: SU1V1 INIA/DTA Program: F AOINDEX version 2 Composition; R.M. Westerink 1996
SB—SB—SB
A1
Sorghum: % years with WSI > 60% Cycle = 130 days; station: Chokwe
D1 J1 F1 Sowing month/dekad
WHC 50 mm —(— WHC 100 mm -&- WHC 150 mm - s - WHC 200 mm
I
100 —
V
> •
l\ /lill Cy<
et: :le
%
= 1 ye 30
are daj
>w ith sta
w tior
SI > 60% i: Chokwe
an ca—E a
O U A ^
3-g3-E3-E
•v.
3- fc i -E3- t i l O U
J kj 2 ^ J H ^ 3-g3-E3-E
•v.
3- fc i -E3- t i l
e n
s,
Bars
c c
K \ Bars
c c
* A r K \ >>
Ad - -„
i k i k ^
^ _
*tU i L ^
\
on
1 \ k.
zu
/A t=S
^ S \ \ — É = ^ p
n \ ^ S ^ \.X'
u J
Source: SUIVI INIA/DTA Program: FAOINDEX version 2 Composition: R.M, Westerink 1996
1 A 1 S 1 0 1 N 1 D So
1 wir igr
j nor
1 ith/ dek
F1 .ad
M1 A1 M1 J1
-±- WHC 50 mm —f— WHC 100 mm - © - WHC 150 mm - o - WHC 200 mm
I
I
o
\o
30
as 25
CO 0
<D Q . C/> "O (0
« 1 5 • a
110
5 -
0
Sowing possibilities Chokwe. Sorghum 130 days; WHC 100mm
1̂ -4 \—h 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95
Season (e.g. 68 = July 68 - June 69) Composition: R.M. Westerink
Sorghum: WSI at harvest; Chokwe 68/96 WHC = 100 mm; Cycle = 130 days;
D1 J1 F1 Sowing Month/decade
Source: SUIVIINIA/DTA Program: FAOINDEXversion 2 Composition: R.M. Weslerink 1996 Max Q25% Q50% - B - Q75% Min
100
co
Millet: WSI at harvest; Chokwe 1968/96 WHC = 100 mm; Cycle = 130 days
Source: SU1V1IN1A/DTA Program: FAOINDEX version 2 Composition: R.M. Westerink 1996
D1 J1 F1 Sowing month/decade
Max Q25% . - © - Q50% - B - Q75% -+- Min
Annex 11: Crop requirements maize, sorghum and millet. Introduction FAOINDEX version 2.1
Crop requirement/characteristic Maize Sorghum Millet
Yield in year with good rains rel. higfl) 2) 8) medium 1) 2) 8) rel. low 1) 2) 8)
Bird problems no 6) 7) yes 6) 7) yes 6) 7)
Competition with other crops low 4) medium 4) high 4)
Killing temperature (°C) 0 2) 0 2) 2 5)
Rainfall Growing Period - optimum (mm) Rainfall Growing Period - tolerated
600-1200 5) 450-1800 5)
500-1000 5) 300 - 3000 1)
400-900 5) 200-1700 5)
Drought resistance low 6) high 1) very high 1) 3)
Survival of absolute drought (weeks) 0 2) 2 2) 2 6)
Rooting volume low 1) high 1) low 6)
Rooting effectiveness low 6) high 1) medium 6)
Maximum rooting depth (cm) (bulk of roots) 100 6) 150 6) 150 6)
Possibility survival waterlogging very low 1) 2) relatively high2) low 1)
Soil fertility requirements medium 1) rel. low 1) rel. low 1)
Salinity: ECe - optimum (mS/cm) ECe - 50% yield reduction
< 1,8 2) 10 2)
< 6.8 5) 11 2)
< 4 6) 6 6)
Texture - optimum Texture - tolerated
loam 5) sand/loam/cla5)
loam/clay 5) sand/loam/clay5)
loam 5) sand/loam 5)
pH - optimum pH - tolerated
5 - 7 5) 4.5 - 9 5)
6 - 7 5) 5 - 9 5)
5 - 7 5) 4.5 - 8 5)
Source: 1) Acland (1971) 2) Landon (1991) 3) Gibbon and Pain (1991) 4) Geurts (1996) 5) FAO 1993 6) estimation 7) Millet/Sorghum: bird problems with local varieties because of (semi)closed panicle. Improved varieties with open panicles have less problems: "birds cannot sit on it". Varieties with (semi)closed panicles can possibly be successful if used at large scale by farmers. 8) Kassam et al (1982)
Rel. == relatively
Sowing; Maize: hand sowing after good rains. Period: September - May. Some farmers prefer cold season (March - May) because of insects (bracas) in warm season. (Chaguala, 1996) Millet/Sorghum: dry sowing in August/September. Germination will take place after first rains. In case of low rainfall in the following period crop failure will occur. In these cases a second (manual) sowing (if seed is available) will take place. In general no sowing after first dekad of January because of: lower temperatures and/or problems with day-length varieties (if sowed after first dekad January the plants will have a very short vegetative stage with a (very) shallow root system. (Chaguala, 1996; Geurts, 1996).
I.N.I. A. / Departamento de Terra e Apia, Comunicac£o No. 86 - February 1997 - (Draft)