13.5 cycling of matter definitions hydrological cycle: pathway of water from the atmosphere to...

13.5 Cycling of Matter

Definitions

• Hydrological cycle: pathway of water from the atmosphere to Earth’s surface, below ground, and back.

• Biogeochemical cycle: movement of a chemical through the biological and geological, or living and nonliving, parts of an ecosystem

• Nitrogen fixation: process by which certain types of bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into nitrogen compounds


Opener

• Grab a half sheet from the front (picture- primary, secondary, tertiary consumer)

• Have out your homework questions from the article.


KEY CONCEPT Matter cycles in and out of an ecosystem.


Water cycles through the environment.

• The hydrologic, or water, cycle is the circular pathway of water on Earth.

• Organisms all have bodies made mostly of water.

precipitation condensation

transpiration

evaporation

water storagein ocean

surfacerunoff

lake

groundwater

seepage


Elements essential for life also cycle through ecosystems.

• A biogeochemical cycle is the movement of a particular chemical through the biological and geological parts of an ecosystem.

• The main processes involved in the oxygen cycle are photosynthesis and respiration.


• Oxygen cycles indirectly through an ecosystem by the cycling of other nutrients.

oxygen

respiration

carbondioxide

photosynthesis


How many people?

• School : 1400

• Charleston: 348, 046

• SC 4,561,242


Opener

• Study yesterday’s notes for a pop quiz


fossil fuels

photosynthesis

carbon dioxidedissolved in water

decompositionof organisms

respiration

carbondioxidein air

photosynthesis

combustionrespiration

• Carbon is the building block of life.– The carbon cycle moves carbon from the atmosphere,

through the food web, and returns to the atmosphere.– Carbon is emitted by the burning of fossil fuels.– Some carbon is stored for long periods of time in areas

called carbon sinks.


nitrogen inatmosphere

animals

denitrifyingbacteria

nitrifyingbacteria

nitrifyingbacteria

ammonium

ammonification

decomposers

plant

nitrogen-fixingbacteria in soil

nitrogen-fixingbacteria in

roots

nitrates

nitrites

• The nitrogen cycle mostly takes place underground.– Some bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia

through a process called nitrogen fixation.– Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in

nodules on theroots of plants;others livefreely inthe soil.


– Ammonia released into the soil is transformed into ammonium.

nitrogen inatmosphere

animals

denitrifyingbacteria

nitrifyingbacteria

nitrifyingbacteria

ammonium

ammonification

decomposers

plant

nitrogen-fixingbacteria in soil

nitrogen-fixingbacteria in

roots

nitrates

nitrites

– Nitrifying bacteria change the ammonium into nitrate.– Nitrogen moves through the food

web and returnsto the soil duringdecomposition.


Definitions

• Energy pyramid: shows the distribution of energy among trophic levels.

• Biomass: a measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area.


KEY CONCEPT Pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter in an ecosystem.


energy transferredenergy

lost

An energy pyramid shows the distribution of energy among trophic levels.

• Energy pyramids compare energy used by producers and other organisms on trophic levels.

• Between each tier of an energy pyramid, up to 90 percent of the energy is lost into the atmosphere as heat.

• Only 10% of the energy at each tier is transferred from one trophic level to the next.


Other pyramid models illustrate an ecosystem’s biomass and distribution of organisms.

• Biomass is a measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area.

tertiaryconsumers

secondaryconsumers

primaryconsumers

producers

75 g/m2

150g/m2

675g/m2

2000g/m2producers 2000g/m2


• A pyramid of numbers shows the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem.

tertiaryconsumers

secondaryconsumers

primaryconsumers

producers

5

5000

500,000

5,000,0005,000,000producers

• A vast number of producers are required to support even a few top level consumers.


Homework

Pg 423 1-10,13, 15, 17, 18-21, 39

13.5 cycling of matter definitions hydrological cycle: pathway of water from the atmosphere to...

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