13.1 charlemagne unites germanic kingdoms

13.1 Charlemagne Unites 13.1 Charlemagne Unites Germanic KingdomsGermanic Kingdoms

Many Germanic kingdoms that Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire are succeeded the Roman Empire are reunited under Charlemagne’s reunited under Charlemagne’s empire.empire.

Invasions of Western EuropeInvasions of Western Europe

Effects of Constant Invasions and Effects of Constant Invasions and WarfareWarfare Germanic invaders overrun western Germanic invaders overrun western

Roman Empire in 400sRoman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts trade and government; Fighting disrupts trade and government;

people abandon citiespeople abandon cities Marks the beginning of the Marks the beginning of the Middle Middle

AgesAges—period from 500 to 1500—period from 500 to 1500


The Decline of LearningThe Decline of Learning As cities are abandoned, level of As cities are abandoned, level of

learning declineslearning declines Knowledge of Greek language and Knowledge of Greek language and

culture is almost completely lostculture is almost completely lost


Loss of a Common LanguageLoss of a Common Language Introduction of German language Introduction of German language

changes Latin; dialects developchanges Latin; dialects develop

Germanic Kingdoms EmergeGermanic Kingdoms Emerge

Years of Upheaval Between 400 and Years of Upheaval Between 400 and 600600 Germanic kingdoms replace Roman Germanic kingdoms replace Roman

provincesprovinces Continual wars change borders between Continual wars change borders between

kingdomskingdoms The Church provides order and securityThe Church provides order and security


The Concept of Government ChangesThe Concept of Government Changes Germans held together by family ties Germans held together by family ties

and loyalty, not governmentand loyalty, not government Small communities are governed by Small communities are governed by

unwritten rules and traditionsunwritten rules and traditions Germanic warriors pledge loyalty to Germanic warriors pledge loyalty to

their chief; live in lord’s halltheir chief; live in lord’s hall


Clovis Rules the FranksClovis Rules the Franks Germanic people called Franks hold Germanic people called Franks hold

power in Roman province of Gaulpower in Roman province of Gaul Clovis, leader of the Franks, converts to Clovis, leader of the Franks, converts to

Christianity in 496Christianity in 496 Leads warriors against other Germanic Leads warriors against other Germanic

armiesarmies Unites Franks into one kingdom with Unites Franks into one kingdom with

Church’s help by 511Church’s help by 511

Germans Adopt ChristianityGermans Adopt Christianity

How the Church SpreadHow the Church Spread Frankish rulers convert Germanic Frankish rulers convert Germanic

peoples to Christianitypeoples to Christianity Missionaries travel to convert Germanic Missionaries travel to convert Germanic

and Celtic groupsand Celtic groups


Monasteries, Convents, and Monasteries, Convents, and ManuscriptsManuscripts Church builds monasteries—where monks Church builds monasteries—where monks

live to study and serve Godlive to study and serve God Italian monk, Benedict, writes rules that Italian monk, Benedict, writes rules that

govern monastic lifegovern monastic life His sister Scholastica adapts rules for His sister Scholastica adapts rules for

nuns living in conventsnuns living in convents Monks establish schools, preserve Monks establish schools, preserve

learning through librarieslearning through libraries


Papal Power Expands Under Gregory IPapal Power Expands Under Gregory I In 590, Gregory I, also called Gregory the In 590, Gregory I, also called Gregory the

Great, becomes popeGreat, becomes pope Under Gregory, Church becomes secular—a Under Gregory, Church becomes secular—a

political powerpolitical power Pope’s palace becomes center of Roman Pope’s palace becomes center of Roman

governmentgovernment Uses Church money to raise armies, care for Uses Church money to raise armies, care for

poor, negotiate treatiespoor, negotiate treaties Establishes a Christendom—churchly kingdom Establishes a Christendom—churchly kingdom

fanning out from Romefanning out from Rome

An Empire EvolvesAn Empire Evolves

Europe’s KingdomsEurope’s Kingdoms The Franks control largest and strongest The Franks control largest and strongest

of Europe’s many kingdomsof Europe’s many kingdoms By 511, Frankish rule extends over what By 511, Frankish rule extends over what

is now Franceis now France

An Empire EvolvesAn Empire Evolves

Charles Martel EmergesCharles Martel Emerges Most powerful official in kingdom is Most powerful official in kingdom is

major domo—mayor of the palacemajor domo—mayor of the palace In 719, major domo Charles Martel In 719, major domo Charles Martel

becomes more powerful than kingbecomes more powerful than king Defeats Muslims from Spain at Tours in Defeats Muslims from Spain at Tours in

732; becomes a Christian hero732; becomes a Christian hero Son, Pepin, begins Carolingian DynastySon, Pepin, begins Carolingian Dynasty

—family that ruled 751–987—family that ruled 751–987

Charlemagne Becomes EmperorCharlemagne Becomes Emperor

From Pepin to From Pepin to CharlemagneCharlemagne Pepin dies in 768, Pepin dies in 768,

leaves kingdom to leaves kingdom to two sons; in 771 two sons; in 771 one son diesone son dies

Second son, Second son, Charlemagne Charlemagne (Charles the Great), (Charles the Great), rules kingdomrules kingdom


Charlemagne Extends Frankish RuleCharlemagne Extends Frankish Rule Charlemagne’s armies reunite western Charlemagne’s armies reunite western

Europe, spread ChristianityEurope, spread Christianity In 800, Charlemagne travels to Rome to In 800, Charlemagne travels to Rome to

protect Pope Leo III from mobsprotect Pope Leo III from mobs Pope crowns Charlemagne emperor; Pope crowns Charlemagne emperor;

gives him title, “Roman Emperor”gives him title, “Roman Emperor” Germanic power, Church, heritage of Germanic power, Church, heritage of

Roman Empire now joined togetherRoman Empire now joined together


Charlemagne Leads a RevivalCharlemagne Leads a Revival Charlemagne limits nobles’ power by Charlemagne limits nobles’ power by

governing through royal agentsgoverning through royal agents Encourages learning and orders Encourages learning and orders

monasteries to open schoolsmonasteries to open schools


Charlemagne’s HeirsCharlemagne’s Heirs Charlemagne dies in 814; his son, Louis Charlemagne dies in 814; his son, Louis

the Pious, rules poorlythe Pious, rules poorly Louis’s three grandsons fight for control Louis’s three grandsons fight for control

of empireof empire In 843 they divide empire into three In 843 they divide empire into three

kingdoms; sign Treaty of Verdunkingdoms; sign Treaty of Verdun

13.2 Feudalism in 13.2 Feudalism in EuropeEurope

Feudalism, a political and Feudalism, a political and economic system based on land-economic system based on land-holding and protective alliances, holding and protective alliances, emerges in Europe.emerges in Europe.

Invaders Attack Western EuropeInvaders Attack Western Europe

The Vikings Invade from the NorthThe Vikings Invade from the North Warlike Vikings raid Europe from Warlike Vikings raid Europe from

Scandinavia—Denmark, Norway, Scandinavia—Denmark, Norway, SwedenSweden

Viking long ships sail in shallow water, Viking long ships sail in shallow water, allowing raids inlandallowing raids inland

Eventually, many Vikings adopt Eventually, many Vikings adopt Christianity and become farmersChristianity and become farmers

A sketch of a Viking longboat

Invaders Attack Western EuropeInvaders Attack Western Europe

Magyars and Muslims Attack from Magyars and Muslims Attack from the East and Souththe East and South Magyars (Hungarian nomads) invade Magyars (Hungarian nomads) invade

western Europe in late 800swestern Europe in late 800s Muslims strike north from Africa, Muslims strike north from Africa,

attacking through Italy and Spainattacking through Italy and Spain Viking, Magyar, Muslim invasions cause Viking, Magyar, Muslim invasions cause

widespread disorder, sufferingwidespread disorder, suffering

A New Social Order: FeudalismA New Social Order: Feudalism

Feudalism Structures SocietyFeudalism Structures Society 850 to 950, feudalism emerges—850 to 950, feudalism emerges—

political system based on land political system based on land controlcontrol

A lord (landowner) gives fiefs (land A lord (landowner) gives fiefs (land grants) in exchange for servicesgrants) in exchange for services

Vassals—people who receive fiefs—Vassals—people who receive fiefs—become powerful landholdersbecome powerful landholders

A New Social Order: FeudalismA New Social Order: Feudalism

The Feudal PyramidThe Feudal Pyramid Power in feudal system much like a Power in feudal system much like a

pyramid, with king at the toppyramid, with king at the top Kings served by nobles who are served Kings served by nobles who are served

by knights; peasants at bottomby knights; peasants at bottom Knights—horsemen—defend their lord’s Knights—horsemen—defend their lord’s

land in exchange for fiefsland in exchange for fiefs

A New Social Order: FeudalismA New Social Order: Feudalism Social Classes Are Well DefinedSocial Classes Are Well Defined

Medieval feudal system classifies people into three Medieval feudal system classifies people into three social groupssocial groups

those who fight: nobles and knightsthose who fight: nobles and knights those who pray: monks, nuns, leaders of the Churchthose who pray: monks, nuns, leaders of the Church those who work: peasantsthose who work: peasants

Social class is usually inherited; majority of people are Social class is usually inherited; majority of people are peasantspeasants

Most peasants are serfs—people lawfully bound to place Most peasants are serfs—people lawfully bound to place of birthof birth

Serfs aren’t slaves, but what they produce belongs to Serfs aren’t slaves, but what they produce belongs to their lordtheir lord

Manors: The Economic Side of FeudalismManors: The Economic Side of Feudalism

The Lord’s EstateThe Lord’s Estate The lord’s estate, a manor, has an The lord’s estate, a manor, has an

economic system (manor system)economic system (manor system) Serfs and free peasants maintain the Serfs and free peasants maintain the

lord’s estate, give grainlord’s estate, give grain The lord provides housing, farmland, The lord provides housing, farmland,

protection from banditsprotection from bandits


A Self-Contained WorldA Self-Contained World Medieval manors include lord’s house, Medieval manors include lord’s house,

church, workshops, villagechurch, workshops, village Manors cover a few square miles of Manors cover a few square miles of

land, are largely self-sufficientland, are largely self-sufficient


The Harshness of Manor LifeThe Harshness of Manor Life Peasants pay taxes to use mill and bakery; pay a tithe to Peasants pay taxes to use mill and bakery; pay a tithe to

priestpriest Tithe—a church tax—is equal to one-tenth of a peasant’s Tithe—a church tax—is equal to one-tenth of a peasant’s

incomeincome Serfs live in crowded cottages with dirt floors, straw for Serfs live in crowded cottages with dirt floors, straw for

bedsbeds Daily grind of raising crops, livestock; feeding and Daily grind of raising crops, livestock; feeding and

clothing familyclothing family Poor diet, illness, malnutrition make life expectancy 35 Poor diet, illness, malnutrition make life expectancy 35

yearsyears Serfs generally accept their lives as part of God’s planSerfs generally accept their lives as part of God’s plan

The code of chivalry for knights glorified The code of chivalry for knights glorified both combat and romantic love.both combat and romantic love.

The Technology of The Technology of Warfare ChangesWarfare Changes Leather saddle Leather saddle and and

stirrupsstirrups enable knights enable knights to handle heavy to handle heavy weaponsweapons

In 700s, mounted In 700s, mounted knights become most knights become most important part of an important part of an armyarmy

Chainmail

Plate Armour

Gambeson, a padded jacket worn alone or in combination with chainmail

The Warrior’s Role in The Warrior’s Role in Feudal SocietyFeudal Society By 1000s, western By 1000s, western

Europe is a battleground Europe is a battleground of warring noblesof warring nobles

Feudal lords raise Feudal lords raise private armies of knightsprivate armies of knights

Knights rewarded with Knights rewarded with land; provides income land; provides income for needed weaponsfor needed weapons

Knights other activities Knights other activities help train them for help train them for combatcombat

Ightham Mote, a 14th-century moated manor house in Kent, England

The Code of The Code of ChivalryChivalry By 1100s knights By 1100s knights

obey a code of obey a code of chivalrychivalry—a set of —a set of ideals on how to actideals on how to act

They are to protect They are to protect weak and poor; weak and poor; serve serve feudal lordfeudal lord, , GodGod, , chosen ladychosen lady

"Stitching the Standard" by Edmund Blair Leighton: the lady prepares for a knight to go to war

A Knight’s A Knight’s TrainingTraining Boys begin to Boys begin to

train for train for knighthood at knighthood at age 7; usually age 7; usually knighted at 21knighted at 21

Knights gain Knights gain experience in experience in local wars and local wars and tournamentstournaments—mock battles—mock battles

Brutal Reality of WarfareBrutal Reality of Warfare CastlesCastles are huge fortresses where lords are huge fortresses where lords

livelive Attacking armies use wide range of Attacking armies use wide range of

strategies and weaponsstrategies and weapons

Siege Warfare

Medieval mangonel, a type of catapult

Replica battering ram at Château des Baux, France

Medieval moveable siege tower

Epic PoetryEpic Poetry Epic poems recount a hero’s deeds and Epic poems recount a hero’s deeds and

adventuresadventures The The Song of RolandSong of Roland is about is about

Charlemagne’s knights fighting MuslimsCharlemagne’s knights fighting Muslims

Love Poems and Love Poems and SongsSongs Knights’ duties to Knights’ duties to

ladies are as ladies are as important as those important as those to their lordsto their lords

TroubadoursTroubadours——traveling poet-traveling poet-musicians—write musicians—write and sing short and sing short versesverses

Above and right: troubadours portrayed in illumined texts.

Most celebrated woman of the age in Most celebrated woman of the age in Eleanor of Aquitaine Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204)(1122-1204) Wife of two kings (Louis VII, King of the Wife of two kings (Louis VII, King of the

Franks, annulled) and Henry II of EnglandFranks, annulled) and Henry II of England Mother of two kings of England (Richard Mother of two kings of England (Richard

and John)and John) Eleanor’s son, Richard the Lion-Eleanor’s son, Richard the Lion-

Hearted, also wrote songs and Hearted, also wrote songs and poemspoems

Above right: Eleanor of Aquitaine depicted on a mural in the Chapel of St. Radegund, Chinon, FranceRight: tomb effigy of Eleanor and Henry II

Status of WomenStatus of Women According to the Church and feudal society, According to the Church and feudal society,

women were inferior to menwomen were inferior to men NoblewomenNoblewomen

Can inherit land, defend castle, send knights to Can inherit land, defend castle, send knights to war on lord’s requestwar on lord’s request

Usually confined to activities of the home or Usually confined to activities of the home or conventconvent

Peasants WomenPeasants Women Most labor in home and field, bear children, Most labor in home and field, bear children,

provide for familyprovide for family Poor, powerless, do household tasks at young agePoor, powerless, do household tasks at young age

The Power of the The Power of the ChurchChurch

Chapter 13, Chapter 13, Section 4Section 4

Far-Reaching Authority of the ChurchFar-Reaching Authority of the Church

IntroductionIntroduction Pope Gelasius I (served as pope from 492-496) Pope Gelasius I (served as pope from 492-496)

held a view of two powers in the worldheld a view of two powers in the world ““holy authority of bishops” (auctoritas sacrata holy authority of bishops” (auctoritas sacrata

pontificum)pontificum) ““royal power” (regalis potestas)royal power” (regalis potestas)

He held that in spiritual matters the state should He held that in spiritual matters the state should bow to the pope, but in political matters the bow to the pope, but in political matters the pope to give in to the state.pope to give in to the state.

These ideas did not work out in reality. The These ideas did not work out in reality. The church and the state struggled with each other church and the state struggled with each other for power throughout the middle ages.for power throughout the middle ages.


The Structure of the ChurchThe Structure of the Church Power within the Church is organized by Power within the Church is organized by

status; the pope is the supreme status; the pope is the supreme authorityauthority

Clergy-Clergy--religious officials—includes -religious officials—includes bishops, priests, and othersbishops, priests, and others

Bishops supervise priests and settle Bishops supervise priests and settle Church disputesChurch disputes


Religion as a Unifying ForceReligion as a Unifying Force Religion is important in the Middle Ages; Religion is important in the Middle Ages;

shared beliefs bond peopleshared beliefs bond people Clergy administers the Clergy administers the sacramentssacraments——

rites to achieve salvationrites to achieve salvation Village church is a place of worship and Village church is a place of worship and

celebrationcelebration

Sacraments in Western ChristianitySacraments in Western Christianity

Roman CatholicRoman Catholic ProtestantProtestantBaptismBaptismConfirmationConfirmationHoly CommunionHoly CommunionReconciliation Reconciliation (confession)(confession)Anointing of the Anointing of the SickSickMatrimonyMatrimonyHoly OrdersHoly Orders

BaptismBaptismThe Lord’s Supper The Lord’s Supper (Holy Communion)(Holy Communion)


The Law of the ChurchThe Law of the Church The Church has a system of justice to guide The Church has a system of justice to guide

people’s conductpeople’s conduct All medieval Christians expected to obey All medieval Christians expected to obey canon canon

lawlaw—Church law—Church law Canon law governs marriages and religious Canon law governs marriages and religious

practicespractices Popes have power over political leaders through Popes have power over political leaders through

threat of:threat of: ExcommunicationExcommunication—banishment from Church, denial of —banishment from Church, denial of

salvationsalvation InterdictionInterdiction—king’s subjects denied sacraments and —king’s subjects denied sacraments and

servicesservices Kings and emperors were expected to obey Kings and emperors were expected to obey

pope’s commands.pope’s commands.

The Church and the Holy Roman EmpireThe Church and the Holy Roman Empire

Otto I Allies with the ChurchOtto I Allies with the Church Otto I (Otto the Great) is crowned king Otto I (Otto the Great) is crowned king

of Germany in 936of Germany in 936 Limits strength of nobles with help of Limits strength of nobles with help of

clergyclergy Gains support of bishops and abbots Gains support of bishops and abbots

(heads of monasteries)(heads of monasteries) Invades Italy on pope’s behalf; pope Invades Italy on pope’s behalf; pope

crowns him emperor in 962crowns him emperor in 962

The Church and the Holy Roman EmpireThe Church and the Holy Roman Empire

Signs of Future ConflictsSigns of Future Conflicts Otto’s German-Italian lands become Otto’s German-Italian lands become

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire is the strongest Holy Roman Empire is the strongest

European power until about 1100European power until about 1100

The Emperor Clashes with the PopeThe Emperor Clashes with the Pope

Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VIIEmperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII Pope Gregory VII bans Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiturelay investiture——

kings appointing Church officialskings appointing Church officials Henry IV orders pope to resign; Gregory VII Henry IV orders pope to resign; Gregory VII

excommunicates Henryexcommunicates Henry Showdown at ConossaShowdown at Conossa

Henry goes to Canossa, Italy, to beg Henry goes to Canossa, Italy, to beg Gregory forgiveness (see Gregory forgiveness (see primary source))

Gregory forgives Henry, buy lay investiture Gregory forgives Henry, buy lay investiture problem is not solvedproblem is not solved

The Emperor Clashes with the PopeThe Emperor Clashes with the Pope

Concordat of WormsConcordat of Worms Concordat of Worms is 1122 Concordat of Worms is 1122

compromise win Worms, Germanycompromise win Worms, Germany Compromise: pope appoints bishops, Compromise: pope appoints bishops,

emperor can veto appointmentemperor can veto appointment

This is an illustration of the concept of “lay investiture.”

In this picture a king from the Middle Ages is handing a bishop his “shepherd’s crook” a symbol of the office of bishop.

The Catholic Church insisted that bishops were chosen by the Pope, not by kings.

Disorder in the EmpireDisorder in the Empire

The Reign of Frederick IThe Reign of Frederick I In 1152, Frederick I becomes king; In 1152, Frederick I becomes king;

dominates German princesdominates German princes Disorder breaks out whenever he leaves Disorder breaks out whenever he leaves

GermanyGermany Frederick invades Italy, meets defeat at Frederick invades Italy, meets defeat at

Legnano in 1176Legnano in 1176 Empire collapses after Frederick’s death Empire collapses after Frederick’s death

in 1190in 1190

Disorder in the EmpireDisorder in the Empire

German State’s Remain SeparateGerman State’s Remain Separate German kings after Frederick try to German kings after Frederick try to

revive empirerevive empire German princes, who elect kings, prefer German princes, who elect kings, prefer

to keep them weakto keep them weak

Primary SourcePrimary Source

““There, having laid aside all the belongings There, having laid aside all the belongings of royalty, wretchedly, with bare feet and of royalty, wretchedly, with bare feet and clad in wool, he [Henry IV] continued for clad in wool, he [Henry IV] continued for three days to stand before the gate of the three days to stand before the gate of the castle. Nor did he desist from imploring castle. Nor did he desist from imploring with many tears the aid and consolation of with many tears the aid and consolation of the apostolic mercy until he had moved all the apostolic mercy until he had moved all of those who were present there.”of those who were present there.”

POPE GREGORYPOPE GREGORY, in , in Basic Documents in Basic Documents in Medieval HistoryMedieval History

13.1 charlemagne unites germanic kingdoms

Documents

western roman empire

rules kingdom charlemagne

heritage of roman empire

charlemagne charles

charlemagne travels

roman emperorgermanic

germanic armiesunites

kingdomsthe church