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Running Head: TRADEMARKS 1

TRADEMARKS

Name

Tutor

Course

College

Date

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TRADEMARKS 2

Introduction

I agree wit te statement tat !te goodwill" sould lead to a #inding tat te trade

mar$ as %een in#ringed&' Te %asic de#inition o# a (trademar$) is gi*en %+ s&1 ,1- o# te

1../ Act and a00ears alarmingl+ straigt#orward& Trademar$s are in#ringed %+ unautoried

users& Tis is common in te mar$et were 0eo0le trade wit trademar$s %elonging to a

di##erent 0erson& Te original trademar$ owner is determined %+ te goodwill& Tere are

certain mar$s tat #all in te descri0tion o# trademar$ %ut te+ are re#used registration in

accordance wit ss& " /" and 3 o# te Act 1../1&

A trademar$ is de#ined as a sign wic is a wide term in sco0e" meaning an+ting

wic can con*e+ in#ormation& A trademar$ on its own contains tree elements& Te

gra0ical re0resentation 0oint and distincti*eness 0oint can %e discussed later %ut te tird

element tat descri%es te term is more im0ortant& A sign needs a s0eci#ied #ormat #or it to

#all witin s& 1,1-& It is ten considered weter it would #all #oul o# te inerent %ars to

registration" in ss& and / o# te 1../ Act& Tis is done to consider weter tere are

0ro%lems relating to te e4istence o# oter mar$s tat ma+ also 0resent a di##icult+ in te

wa+ o# registration according to s& 3 o# te Act2&

Te criterion #ollows or clearl+ e5uate to te words o# Art 2 o# te Harmoniation

Directi*e& Tere is a need #or a close e4amination o# te de#initions& In order #or a mar$ to

%e registered" it sould consist o# an+ting wit te item in second 0aragra0 o# s&1 ,1-

clearl+ %eing not more tan illustrations& Tere is no mar$ registered witout a*ing

1Andenas" M& ,1..6-& European community law in the English courts& 74#ord: Clarendon 0ress&

2Sa$ulin" 8& ,2911-& Trademark protection and freedom of expression: An inquiry into the conflict

between trademark rights and freedom of expression under European law& Al0en aan den Rin" Te

Neterlands: Kluwer ;aw International&

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TRADEMARKS

satis#ied te #irst two *ital %ut related #actors tat can %e re0resented gra0icall+ and also

ca0a%le o# distinguising one trader)s 0roducts #rom tose o# oters&

Te conce0t o# distincti*eness warrants #urter e4amination& Te ca0a%ilit+

re5uirement o# gra0ical re0resentation creates 0ro%lem in certain cases& An a00lication

ma+ %e reected i# te trademar$ is not 0ossi%l+ understood witout te re#erence o# te

goods& Tis sows tat te mar$ in all its as0ects did not 5uali#+ to %e re0resented

gra0icall+ An+ t+0e o# an ol#actor+ ma0 in te intellectual 0ro0ert+ can also %e

re0resented gra0icall+/&

8en te trademar$ is registered" a tird 0art+ sould %e a%le to #ind out e4actl+

wat te trade mar$ is #rom consulting te register& Tis is done to a*oid in#ringement and

to #ind weter anoter mar$ can still %e registered& Te register o# Trade Mar$s must also

$now e4actl+ wat te mar$ is in order to carr+ out its e4amination and 0u%lication role&

asis #or Trade Mar$ ?rotection) ,1.2@B- /9 Ha*ard ;R 61&

4Ram$umar" M& ,2996-& Intellectual property rights demystified& New Deli: New India ?u%lising Agenc+&

5Ntum+" M& A& ,1..-& South Pacific islands legal systems& Honolulu: ni*ersit+ o# Hawaii ?ress&

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TRADEMARKS /

#ormula" odour or e*en a com%ination o# di##erent 0articles can not satis#+ directi*e

inter0retation& Most o# te ol#actor+ mar$s granted do not meet te re5uirements@&

Te ra0id e40ansion o# te internet use is %ringing new metods to in#ringe te *ital

asset o# commercial goodwill tat is te trademar$& Com0anies a*e #ound an eas+ wa+ to

e40loit com0etitors) goodwill in order to sta+ aead o# tem& Tis is done troug attraction

o# new consumers on te we%sites and 0roducts& Te internet as made it eas+ #or

consumers %+ allowing tem to get in#ormation a%out te new 0roducts" com0are te 0rices

and 0urcaseB&

Trademar$ is one o# te metods used %+ com0anies to reac teir consumers& Te

consumers %ene#it #rom te trademar$ searc engine on te internet since it allows tem to

see more coices regarding teir 5uestions on te new 0roducts& Tis 0ractice is 0ercei*ed

%+ man+ com0anies to %e *iolating te law as it allows com0etitors to %ene#it #rom teir

goodwill& Troug te use o# te goodwill on te internet" it %ecomes easier to determine

weter te trademar$ as %een in#ringed& A trademar$ is tougt to %e a 0ro0ert+ rigt

owned %+ an indi*idual or a com0an+ tus 0re*enting oters #rom using it& A trademar$ is

te most *alua%le asset #or a com0an+& Te e4tent o# a trademar$ is de#ined %+ te e4tent

o# consumers) 0erce0tion6&

6? Torremans" olyoak and Torremans Intellectual Property !aw ,Hol+oa$ and

Torremans- ,@t edn" 2919- c 3 and S T orle+" R Miller" < >ur$ill" and C >irss" Terrell on the !aw of Patents,1@t

edn" 299@- cs @" B" and 6&

7?ili0s Electronics > *& Remington Consumer ?roducts ,1..6- R?C 26" 0er aco% &

8Assa#a" E& ,2919-& Intellectual property in Asian emerging economies: !aw and policy in the post"T#IPS

era& =arnam" Surre+" England: Asgate ?u%&

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TRADEMARKS 3

Te $e+ 0olic+ on 0rotection o# trademar$s is te 0rotection o# consumers&

Trademar$ owners can use te goodwill to 0re*ent com0etitors #rom using teir trademar$s

to an e4tent necessar+ to 0re*ent consumers) con#usion& Te 0ur0ose o# trademar$ laws

e4istence is to 0rotect te consuming 0u%lic #rom con#usion and 0rotecting te trademar$

owners) rigts to a noncon#used 0u%lic& According to section 2 o# ;anam act" a 0art+ can

%e lia%le #or in#ringement o# a trademar$ tat is registered #or industrial 0roduction"

counter#eiting or e*en a co0+ rigt in te a00ro*al o# goods.&

nregistered trademar$s are 0rotected %+ te law #rom in#ringement in te section

/ o# ;anam Act& n#air com0etition ma+ also lead to te lia%ilit+ o# a 0art+ troug te

#ollowing e*ents& Te use is te same as tat o# te com0etitor is also a %reac o# te act&

Te descri0tion o# a #alse statement ma+ also lead to an in#ringement or e*en a %reac

more so i# te intellectual statement as lasted #or a +ear it %ecomes an a##iliation to te

law& Ad*ertisation o# a trademar$ is a re5uirement #or industrial 0roduction o# goods and

ser*ices in order to 0re*ent te mar$et #rom an+ lia%ilit+ caused %+ te 0resence o#

counter#eits and imitation o# goods19&

Trademar$ a00lications in te K are made in res0ect to s0eci#ic goods and ser*ices&

Te register o# trademar$ is a 0u%lic document tat can %e consulted %+ interested 0arties&

Te a00licant must 0ro*ide" %+ *irtue o# s&2 o# te Trade Mar$s Act 1../F tese include a

re5uest #or registration o# te mar$" a re0resentation o# te mar$" and a statement tat te

mar$ is used as intended& Te a00lication recei*es an o##icial #iling date wic el0s in

deciding wic two mar$s as 0riorit+ as in te case o# 0atent& Te trademar$ a00lication is

9>eatt+" & =&" G Samuelson" S& S& ,2919-& Introduction to business law& Mason" 7H: Sout8estern

Cengage ;earning&

10>la$ene+" M& ,299.-& Intellectual property rights and food security& 8alling#ord etc&: CA>I&

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TRADEMARKS @

ten e4amined %+ te registrar to see weter it #ul#ils te #ormal legal re5uirements& Te

registr+ is not res0onsi%le #or con#licts wit earlier registered mar$s11&

Te registrar is allowed to get #urter details #rom te a00licant i# not satis#ied& Te

a00lication is ten 0u%lised so tat oter interested 0arties can o00ose or ma$e comments

on te 0ro0osed mar$& Te earlier trademar$ owner can o00ose te registration on te

%asis o# earlier rigts tat te+ a*e %ased on earlier registration or unregistered trade

mar$s& Tis is done witin a 0eriod o# tree monts& Te registrar deals wit te o00osition

wit an a00eal %eing o0en to te A00ointed ?erson and to te courts& Te registrar acce0ts

te a00lication i# te criteria #ollowed a00ears to te registrar to a*e #ul#illed all

re5uirements12&

A trademar$ is granted onl+ to tose goods and ser*ices on wic te a00lication

as %een made& Te 1../ Act is ad*antageous as it allows a00lication o# goods and ser*ices

more tan once unli$e te old law& usiness

12C& Morcom" A&Rougton& ,2996-The $odern !aw of Trade $arks" rdED" ;ondon: >utterworts ;e4is

Ne4is&

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TRADEMARKS B

Registr+ or indirectl+ troug K I?7& Te a00lication will a*e to contain te necessar+

re5uirements and oter 0arties will a*e a 0eriod o# tree monts #or re#usal1&

enelu4 Court o# ustice"

te Euro0ean court and te EC& Te goodwill indicates originalit+ dating #rom te 0re

armoniation era& Te goodwill is u0 to now recognied %+ te Euro0ean trademar$s& Te

goodwill is 0rotected %+ te interest #unction it as in 0ractice& It can go so #ar tat

trademar$ is" or se0arated #rom te 0roducts and ser*ices on wic te trademar$ is used&

In order to determine in#ringement o# a trademar$" re#erence is made to lu4ur+ or #asion

articles and to oter goods and ser*ices ac5uiring similar status& Tis a00lies to well $nown

trademar$s& Te re0utation entails tat te goodwill o# te trademar$ itsel# e4tends to te

a##i4ed 0roduct regardless o# its nature" te manu#acturer o# te 0roduct and te 0roduct)s

tecnical caracteristics1/&

Te goodwill #unction as a trademar$ is also 0rotected %+ law& Te goodwill 0rotects

te trademar$s wit re0utation against unautoried users ta$ing ad*antage o# te

trademar$ witout a *alid reason& In 0articular" te re0utation o# te trademar$ is te

goodwill associated wit it& Te regulation gi*es similar 0rotection #or trademar$s wit

re0utation in te communit+& Te 0rotection o# te re0utation o# te trademar$ is attaced

to a trademar$13&

13Dawson"N& English Trade $ark !aw in the Eighteenth %entury"the &ate of Thomas ill'9 .299.-1 ;eg

Hist B1.

14

D&Kitcen" D&;lewel+n ,2993- (erly's !aw of Trade $arks and Trade names" 1/ted" ;ondon: Sweet and

Ma4well&

15Herrington" T& A& K& ,2991-& %ontrolling )oices: Intellectual property* humanistic studies* and the

Internet& Car%ondale: Soutern Illinois ni*ersit+ ?ress&

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TRADEMARKS 6

Te most #undamental %ene#it o# a trademar$ tat is registered is te ad*antages

wic users %ene#it #rom te license& Te #undamental %ecomes te cornerstone into wic

licensing trademar$ is %uilt& Te de*elo0ed goodwill in te usage o# te trademar$s wit

te owner incases were te license is well 0re0ared monitoring te rele*ant territor+&

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TRADEMARKS 19

0roducts is e4clusi*e onl+ to te owner o# te trademar$& It 0rotects te owner o# te

trademar$ #rom com0etition were is com0etitors ma+ sell 0roducts using is trademar$

illegall+& Tis rigt is e4austed wen te goods are 0laced into te mar$et wit te consent

o# te owner were oter 0eo0le are granted te rigt to sell te goods %earing te

trademar$& Tis 0rinci0le is called (e4austion o# rigts) wic was ado0ted in res0ect to

trademar$s and it is onl+ a00lica%le at regional le*els&

According to trademar$ law in te K" in#ringement occurs wen a sign %ecomes

identical to an alread+ registered trademar$ used witout te autorit+ o# te owner in

ser*ices and goods 0ro*ision& In#ringements occur in two casesF te #irst case is were te

trademar$ or sign is made use o# wen relating to goods and ser*ices tat are sligtl+

di##erent #rom te original goods in one wa+ or te oter& Te oter instance is i# te sign is

registered as a trademar$ wile it a00ears similar to anoter e4isting trademar$& In tis

case" te ser*ices and goods are similar to te goods and 0roducts manu#actured %+ te

original trademar$ in*entor& Te two cases 0ro*ide te re5uirement tat te consumer ma+

tend to %ecome con#used wen trade o# te two t+0es o# goods get into te mar$et& Te last

#orm o# in#ringement can occur were a 0erson using te trademar$ sells di##erent $inds o#

goods wile using a re0uta%le trademar$1B&

According to ?aul Torremans" te esta%lisment o# international com0anies as led to

#urter com0lications o# te international law o# 0ri*ate ownersi0& Tis as raised more

com0lications wit te use o# internet were trademar$s earlier used at national le*el are

now accessi%le at international le*el troug we%sites were co0+rigt materials can %e

easil+ distri%uted" co0ied and communicated internationall+ witout %orders& Altoug

trademar$s a*e %een licensed to %ecome legitimate #or an+ transitional acti*it+ #or a long

0eriod o# time" 5uestions are rising on a00lica%le law and urisdiction wit te use o#

internet&

17;addas G ?arr+& ,2911-& Pre)enting Parallel Imports under Trade $ark law& Retrie*ed #rom:

tt0:www&laddas0arr+&com& Retrie*ed on: 929.2911

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TRADEMARKS 11

According to TRI?S Article 13,2- and te ?aris Con*ention" mem%er states o#

Euro0ean nion sould not 0ro*ide 0rotection #or trademar$ rigts in descri0ti*e terms& Tis

sould %e done regardless o# an+ distincti*eness re5uired& Howe*er" te mem%er states

must im0lement te commercial re5uirement use #or cases o# in#ringement on trademar$&

Te TRI?S 1@,19- 0ro*ides tat te mem%er states must 0re*ent te use o# trademar$s

wic ma+ cause con#usion or te li$eliood o# creating con#usion in an+ trade transaction&

Tis 0ro*ision e4em0ts a 0erson #rom ma$ing use o# a trademar$ in s0eeces or non

commercial e40ression& Tis is a wa+ o# el0ing to sa#eguard te owner o# te trademar$

#rom is in*ention %eing made use o# %+ oter 0eo0le during trade& Howe*er" an+ 0erson

#ound using anoter 0erson)s trademar$ in trade is answera%le to court& Te enactment o#

s0eec #ree ad*ocates in te new agreements in te Euro0ean nion re5uire tat more

0rotection sould %e o##ered to well$nown trademar$s in e##orts to reduce te state o# te

s0eeces act tat is #ound in te trademar$ laws o# mem%er states& Tis el0s to 0ro*ide

more 0rotection to trademar$s #rom domestic misuse tan 0ro*ided in te TRI?S or ?aris

Con*ention&

Most courts o# mem%er states a*e teir laws #le4i%le in com0arison wit te TRI?S

0ro*isions wic 0ro*ide tat trademar$s sould %e 0rotected #rom %eing used in s0eeces&

In tis consideration" te ?aris Con*ention and te TRI?S 0ro*ide te mem%er states wit

more #le4i%ilit+ on weter te+ sould decline or ado0t te s+stem in trademar$ tat

0ro*ide 0rotection #or 0ro0ert+li$e or e40ansi*e trademar$s&

;astl+" mem%er states courts a*e #le4i%ilit+ in te TRI?S treat+ were te+ can

en#orce 0ro*isions tat 0ro*ide remedies #or trademar$s in e##orts to 0rotect s0eeces& A

good e4am0le ere is te case were te courts award disclaimer or damages in granting

inunction in lieu& Tese 0ro*isions and oters are gi*en also in te ?aris Con*ention and

TRI?S were mem%er states can decline to ado0t #le4i%ilit+ troug re#usal to ado0t te

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TRADEMARKS 12

s+stem o# trademar$ tat 0ro*ide 0ro0ert+li$e and e40ansi*e 0rotection #or trademar$s i#

tis wa+ will a##ect te #ree ideas and in#ormation #low&

Need =or Re#orms

>+ 1..9" te go*ernment wite 0a0er 0ro*ided in#ormation a%out te need #or

re#orms in te Euro0ean trademar$ laws& Tis 0a0er ac$nowledged tat most o# te

recommendations made %+ te Mat+s Committee were not im0lemented and tere were

oter #actors suc as Euro0eaniation tat called #or re#orms& Te E trademar$ law was

in#luenced %+ two t+0es o# directi*es& Te #irst one was on te 1.66 directi*e wic was

aimed at armoniing te mem%er states trademar$ laws in order to eliminate an+ 0otential

%arriers in e##orts to encourage #ree trade in te region& Tis was aimed at reducing

du0lication o# trademar$s #or similar 0roducts& Tis directi*e was to %e com0lied wit %+ te

end o# 1..1 %ut te deadline was missed %+ one +ear leading to a one +ear e4tension wic

was later enacted in 1../&

Te second as0ect was tat E was designing trademar$s to %e used in te

communit+wide le*elF tis was uni5ue #rom te mem%er states trademar$s& Tis law was

0assed in 1../ a#ter deli%erating and conducting e4tensi*e researc and te communit+

trademar$ ead5uarters were esta%lised in S0ain& Tis law was aimed at reducing

du0lication o# trademar$s in te region were eac esta%lised com0an+ would get a uni5ue

trademar$ wic was to %e a00ro*ed and used %+ one owner in te region& Tis was a wa+

o# cur%ing te illegal use o# trademar$s %+ com0etitors %e#ore te 0roducts are introduced

%+ te owner in te mar$et& Tis tere#ore 0ro*ided tat an+one using te trademar$

illegall+ would %e made to #ace te law&

Te tird as0ect tat determined te re#orms in 1../ was tat internationall+"

trademar$s and trade was constantl+ ta$ing new sa0es and #orms #rom time to anoter&

Tis meant tat tere was need #or te international rigts o# trademar$s to ta$e di##erent

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TRADEMARKS 1

#orms in order to %e a%le to meet te re5uirements o# trade and trademar$s in te d+namic

trade 0rocesses& Te 0ro*isions o# Madrid Agreement are te root #or international

trademar$ register wose ead5uarters are %ased in

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TRADEMARKS 1/

0roduct #rom is most 0re#erred manu#acturer& Tis is te core #unction o# trademar$s wic

must alwa+s %e ta$en into consideration wen designing new trademar$ laws: to 0rotect te

consumer interests #rom ri*al com0anies16&

In te modern societ+" te signi#icance o# trademar$s in commerce is tat

trademar$s el0s te consumers in identi#+ing te $ind o# goods to 0urcase %ased on is

interest and *iews o# te 0roducer com0an+& ?roduct or %rand names suc as CocaCola"

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TRADEMARKS 13

Te trademar$ tere#ore el0s te 0roducer to create goodwill #or is 0roduct and to te

consumerF it o0erates in relation to te consumer and te rigt older interestsF te two are

im0ortant in designing trademar$ laws&

Re#erences

Andenas" M& ,1..6-& European community law in the English courts& 74#ord: Clarendon

0ress&

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TRADEMARKS 1@

Assa#a" E& ,2919-& Intellectual property in Asian emerging economies: !aw and policy in the

post"T#IPS era& =arnam" Surre+" England: Asgate ?u%&

>eatt+" & =&" G Samuelson" S& S& ,2919-& Introduction to business law& Mason" 7H: Sout

8estern Cengage ;earning&

>la$ene+" M& ,299.-& Intellectual property rights and food security& 8alling#ord etc&: CA>I&

Car*alo" N& ?& ,2911-& The T#IPS regime of trademarks and designs& Austin: 8olters

Kluwer ;aw G >usiness

C& Morcom& ,2996-The $odern !aw of Trade $arks" rdED" ;ondon: >utterworts ;e4is

Ne4is&

Dawson"N& English Trade $ark !aw in the Eighteenth %entury"the &ate of Thomas ill'9

.299.-1 ;eg Hist B1.

D&Kitcen" D&;lewel+n ,2993- (erly's !aw of Trade $arks and Trade names" 1/ted"

;ondon: Sweet and Ma4well&

Herrington" T& A& K& ,2991-& %ontrolling )oices: Intellectual property* humanistic studies*

and the Internet& Car%ondale: Soutern Illinois ni*ersit+ ?ress&

Hol+oa$ and ?& Torremans& Intellectual Property !aw& @ted& ;ondon" 74#ord ni*ersit+

?ress&

;addas G ?arr+& ,2911-& Pre)enting Parallel Imports under Trade $ark law& Retrie*ed #rom:

tt0:www&laddas0arr+&com& Retrie*ed on: 929.2911&

;andes"8" and ?osner" R&" !Trade Mar$ ;A8: An Economic ?ers0ecti*e) 9 ,1.6B- 2 ournal

o# ;aw and Economics 2@39.

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TRADEMARKS 1B

;isa ?& Ramse+& ,2919-& =ree S0eec and International 7%ligations To ?rotect Trademar$s&

Retrie*ed #rom:tt0:www&

Ntum+" M& A& ,1..-& South Pacific islands legal systems& Honolulu: ni*ersit+ o# Hawaii

?ress&

?ili0s Electronics > *& Remington Consumer ?roducts ,1..6- R?C 26" 0er aco%

?& Torremans G =awcett& ,2911-& Infringement: Preliminary $atters+2nded& Retrie*ed #rom:

tt0:www&con#licto#laws&net& Retrie*ed on::929.2911&

? Torremans" olyoak and Torremans Intellectual Property !aw ,Hol+oa$ and

Torremans- ,@t edn" 2919- c 3 and S T orle+" R Miller" < >ur$ill" and C >irss" Terrell on

the !aw of Patents,1@t edn" 299@- cs @" B" and 6&

Ram$umar" M& ,2996-& Intellectual property rights demystified& New Deli: New India

?u%lising Agenc+&

Sa$ulin" 8& ,2911-& Trademark protection and freedom of expression: An inquiry into the

conflict between trademark rights and freedom of expression under European law&

Al0en aan den Rin" Te Neterlands: Kluwer ;aw International&

Sce4ter" =&" (Te Rational >asis #or Trade Mar$ ?rotection) ,1.2@B- /9 Ha*ard ;R 61

&