1.2 warren mabee08-06-09 mabee 2008 processing and

BiBioenergy:Processing and Transport Options and IssuesOptions and Issues

Warren E. MabeeForest Products Biotechnology, Department of Wood ScienceFaculty of Forestry University of British ColumbiaFaculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4

[email protected]

Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC QIEEP WorkshopJune 08-09, 2008

Queen’s University, Kingston, ON

Looking back and forward…

Hydrocarboneconomy

Carbohydrateeconomy

Carbohydrateeconomy

log (primary energy use) by category

economy1800-2050

Industrial revolution

economy1990-21??

economy??-1800

Agricultural-based

Biomass & bl

Oil & GasCoal

00 40 80 20 60 00 20 40 60 80 00 20 40 60 80 00

& renewables

Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC

170

174

178

18 18 190

19 194

19 198

200

20 204

20 208

210

Oil & World Events$120

K t

Y2K 9-11 Venezuala

Oil Strike

(US$/barrel West Texas Crude Oil)

Hurricane Katrina29 Aug 2005

$80

$100 Kyoto

Protocol10 Dec 1997

Oil StrikeDec 2002

- Feb 2003Iraq War20 Mar 2003 >

$60

$20

$40

$0

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008


1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Sources: (1) WorldOil.Com. 2004-2008.

Small-scale application


Efficiency of energy recoveryConversion efficiency

(ηe)Avg. energydelivered

(GJ/bdt wood)( )

Open fire 0.05 1

Traditional wood stove 0.36 7.2

Charcoal 0.44-0.79 8.8-15.7

Wood pellet stove 0.78-0.81 15.6-16.2

Note: Average energy in wood, bone-dry basis: 16-25 GJ/bdtonne


Sources: Mabee et al. 2001; Karlsson, Gustavsson 2003.

Power generation unitsCombust wood chips or pellets in a power boilerCan use mill wastes or Can use mill wastes or hogfueleg: Williams Lake Power Facility, BC (65 MW)


Combined Heat and PowerCan deliver both heat and power (electricity)Can be used in District Can be used in District Heating systems– Residential

I d t i l– Industrial– Institutional

Allows optimal energyrecovery from the feedstock


Efficiency of energy recoveryConversion efficiency

(ηe)Avg. energyrecovered

(GJ/bdt wood)( )

Combined Heat & Power (CHP) 0.30 - 0.44 6 - 8.8

Steam-turbine power boiler 0 40 8Steam-turbine power boiler 0.40 8Gasifier/power generator 0.47 9.4CHP with Flue Gas heat 0 70 0 80 14 16recovery 0.70 - 0.80 14 - 16


Sources: Mabee et al. 2001; Karlsson, Gustavsson 2003.

Biorefining Platforms

BIOMASS

ThermochemicalBiologicalTraditional ThermochemicalPlatforms

BiologicalPlatforms

TraditionalPlatforms

BIOENERGY

BIOFUELS

BIOPRODUCTS


BIOFUELS

Pulp and paper ‘refinery’

SULPHITE PULPINGCHEMI-MECHANICAL

(BCTMP) PULPINGWOOD

Impregnation

SULPHITE PULPING (BCTMP) PULPING

Sulphite Liquor Impregnation

KRAFT PULPING

ImpregnationBlack Liquor

Impregnation

Pulping

Washing

RecoveryCycle

P l

Impregnation

Refining

Washing

P lSpent Sulphite

Impregnation

Pulping

Washing

RecoveryCycle

E P lPulp40-55% Yield

Lignosulphonates

Pulp70-85% Yield

Spent SulphiteLiquor

Sil i h i l

Energy Pulp48-60% Yield

Bleaching

Drying

Papermaking

Silvichemicals

Energy

Forest Products Biotechnology at UBCPaper

Biological biorefineryT d ffTrade-off:

feedstock cost vs

process complexityLIGNOCELLULOSESUGAR STARCH

Pretreatment

Fractionation

Pretreatment

Fractionation

Pretreatment

FractionationFractionation Fractionation Fractionation

EnzymaticHydrolysis

EnzymaticHydrolysis

Fermentation

Recovery

Fermentation

Recovery

Fermentation

Recovery


BIOFUELS & BIOPRODUCTS BIOENERGY

BIOPRODUCTS

Thermochemical biorefineryBIOMASS

Fast pyrolysisFast pyrolysis to Bio oilFast pyrolysis

FractionationUpgrade Gasify ReformTurbineBoiler

to Bio-oil

pg y

Synthesis

Methanol, Fi h

ChemicalsHydrogenFischer-

Tropsch, etc.Bio-oilHeat Electricity


BIOENERGY BIOFUELS BIOPRODUCTS

BiorefineryCompanyCompany

Bulk polymers:Polylactide (PLA), 3-hydroxypropionic acid, 1,3-propanediol, etc.

BIOLO

NatureWorks, DuPont, Cargill

GICA

L

Nutraceuticals:xylitol, arabitol, etc.

Codexis

Platform chemicals: DuPontGlycerol, furfural, levulinic acid, succinic acid, etc.

DuPont

Biofuels:ethanol, bio-hydrogen, etc.

THERM

Iogen, AbengoaM

OCH

EM

Biofuels:bio-oil, methanol, ethanol, Fischer-Tropsch, BTL, etc.

Choren

Bioenergy: Williams Lake

MICA

L

gyelectricity, steam, combined heat & power (cogen), district heating, wood pellets, etc.

Williams LakeBioenergy Facility


Efficiency of energy recoveryBiofuelYield

(l/bdt wood)

Avg. energyrecovered

(GJ/bdt wood)(l/bdt wood) (GJ/bdt wood)

Fischer-Tropsch fuels 75 - 201 2.9 - 7.6Syngas-to-ethanol 146 3.1Wood-to-ethanol 124 - 303 2.6 - 6.4

Straw-to-ethanol 109 - 270 2.3 - 5.7

Forest Products Biotechnology at UBCSources: Mabee et al. 2006; Spath Dayton 2003; Wingren et al. 2003;

Tijmensen et al. 2000; NREL 2000; Putsche 1999.

22,000,000W d R id G ti 5 000Eth l P t ti l


11,000,000

0

Wood Residue Generation(Metric tonnes/year)

5,000

100

5

Ethanol Potential(Million Litres/year)

Bioconversion catchmentsHigh yields

SwitchgrassHybrid poplarBlack spruce

Low yields

Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC0 40 80 120

kilometres

y

Bioconversion catchmentsHigh yields

200 M L/a facilities = 1800 3000 d f d kSwitchgrass

Hybrid poplarBlack spruce

~ 1800-3000 tonnes per day feedstock

Low yields


kilometres

y

Thermochemical catchments



kilometres

Thermochemical catchments

1.2 B L/a facilities~ 17,000-20,000 tpd feedstock


17,000 20,000 tpd feedstock


kilometres

Energy cost of transport

1 2

1.4MJ/tonne/km travelled

1

1.2

0.6

0.8

0 2

0.4

0

0.2

Road Rail Ship


Road Rail Ship

Resource-reliant communitiesMajority of resource-reliant communities that have pulp and paper capacity are found in Eastern Canada – most

i hi b 100 k f h G L k b iwithin about 100 km of the Great Lakes basin


Take-home messagesBioenergy technologies are varied and display a range of efficiencies (as measured by heat recovery)

The biorefinery concept can maximize returns and improve the economic performance of bioenergy improve the economic performance of bioenergy technologies

Different technologies operate best at different scales

Opportunities exist around existing infrastructure in the Great Lakes region


Acknowledgements

IEA Bioenergy Task 39 N t l R C dNatural Resources CanadaNSERC

Forest Products Biotechnology Colleagues and collaboratorsg

Questions?


1.2 warren mabee08-06-09 mabee 2008 processing and

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