11c emotion stress and relaxation
TRANSCRIPT
Emotion Stress and Relaxation
What is Emotion?
Stimulus
CognitionAwareness
ConationUrge to take action
AffectFeeling
Response
What kind of an emotion of fear would be left if the feeling neither of quickened heart-beats nor of shallow breathing, neither of trembling lips nor of weakened limbs, neither of goose-
flesh nor of visceral stirrings, were present, it is quite impossible for me to think … I say that for us emotion dissociated from all bodily feeling is inconceivable.”
William James, 1893 (Psychology: p. 379.)
Emotional Arousal and Performance
Model of the basic neural systems control of emotions
Neocorticalprocessing
Subcortical
processing
Skeletomotor and
Autonomic controlPeripheryStimulus
EffectorsFiltering and Evaluation
Cognitive Theory of Emotion <1880
Stimulus
Cognition
Conation/Affect Response
1
2
3
A conscious, emotional event initiates reflexive autonomic responses in the body
Theory of Emotion: James Lange 1884
Stimulus
Cognition
Conation
Affect
Response1
4
2
3
•Emotions Are Cognitive Responses to Information From the Periphery
•Feelings are preceded by certain physiological changes—an increase or decrease in blood pressure, heart rate, and muscular tension.
•“We feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble and not that we cry, strike or tremble because we are sorry, angry or fearful as the case may be.”
Cannon Bard Theory: 1920 Proposed an alternate theroy
StimulusSubconscious
Cognition
Fight or Flight
Response
Affect
1. deafferentation of the viscera (in canines) produced no alteration of emotional behavior.
2. similar visceral changes and autonomic activation seem to occur across a spectrum of both emotional and non-emotional states and are thus “too uniform to offer a satisfactory means of distinguishing emotions… very different in subjective quality.”
3. “in the nerves distributed to the viscera the afferent (sensory) fibers may be only one-tenth as numerous as the efferent.
4. ” In addition, changes in visceral organs were noted to “respond with relative sluggishness” to potential changes in emotional state.
Objection to James Lange theory
Cannon Bard: Sham Rage Animal
The Hypothalamus Coordinates the Peripheral Expression of Emotional States : Stephen Ranson 1932, Walter Hess 1940
Hypothalamic control of ANS
Schachter Singer Cognitive Theory of Emotion (1960)
“the variety of emotion, mood and feeling states are by no means matched by an equal variety of visceral patterns.” This “rather ambiguous situation” led the them to conclude “that cognitive factors may be major determinants of emotional states.”
Arnold Appraisal Theory of Emotion
StimulusSubconscious
AppraisalResponse
AffectConscious
Appraisal
The Search for Cortical Representation of Feeling Has Led to the Limbic System
Papez Circuit
Papez Circuit of Emotional Response
Limbic system expanded
Kluver Bucy Syndrome 1939
Bilateral removal of the temporal
lobes in monkeys—including the
amygdala and the hippocampal
formation, as well as the nonlimbic
temporal cortex
the monkeys, which had been
quite wild before the procedure,
became tame and fearless and their
emotions flattened
Mouthing, Hypersexuality,
compulsive visual attention
Seat of Emotion: Amygdala
Learned Emotional Responses Are Processed in the Amygdala
Auditory emotional conditioning pathway
Model of associative learning in the amygdala
The Amygdala Mediates Both the Autonomic Expression and the Cognitive Experience of Emotion
The Amygdala Is the Part of the Limbic System Most Specifically Involved With Emotional Experience
The Amygdala May Be Involved in Both Pleasurable and Fearful Responses to Stimuli
Two Pathway of Emotion
Emotional Pathway
Listening to Heart
The Frontal, Cingulate, and Parahippocampal Cortices Are Involved in Emotion
Emotional Expressions: Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal Contributions
Nervous system that organize emotional experience and expression
Cortical Lateralization of Emotional Functions
:Plutchik
What is Stress?
•Stress is reaction to something considerd a challenge or a threat.
•Anything that causes a change in your life causes stress
•Stress is a natural way for us to adjust to changes so we can keep in balance
•Change may be real or virtual, good or bad
STRESS EVENT VALUES 1. DEATH OF SPOUSE 100 2. DIVORCE 60 3. MENOPAUSE 60 4. SEPARATION FROM LIVING PARTNER 605. JAIL TERM OR PROBATION 60 6. DEATH OF CLOSE FAMILY MEMBER OTHER THAN SPOUSE 60 7. SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR ILLNESS 45 8. MARRIAGE OR ESTABLISHING LIFE PARTNERSHIP 45 9. FIRED AT WORK 45 10. MARITAL OR RELATIONSHIP RECONCILIATION 40 11. RETIREMENT 40 12. CHANGE IN HEALTH OF IMMEDIATE FAMILY MEMBER 4013. WORK MORE THAN 40 HOURS PER WEEK 35 14. PREGNANCY OR CAUSING PREGNANCY 3515. SEX DIFFICULTIES 3516. GAIN OF NEW FAMILY MEMBER 3517. BUSINESS OR WORK ROLE CHANGE 3518. CHANGE IN FINANCIAL STATE 35
19. DEATH OF A CLOSE FRIEND (not a family member) 3020. CHANGE IN NUMBER OF ARGUMENTS WITH SPOUSE OR LIFE PARTNER 3021. MORTGAGE OR LOAN FOR A MAJOR PURPOSE 25 22. FORECLOSURE OF MORTGAGE OR LOAN 2523. SLEEP LESS THAN 8 HOURS PER NIGHT 25 24. CHANGE IN RESPONSIBILITIES AT WORK 2525. TROUBLE WITH IN-LAWS,OR WITH CHILDREN 2526. OUTSTANDING PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT 2527. SPOUSE BEGINS OR STOPS WORK 2028. BEGIN OR END SCHOOL 2029. CHANGE IN LIVING CONDITIONS (visitors in the home, change in roommates, remodeling house) 20 30. CHANGE IN PERSONAL HABITS (diet, exercise, smoking, etc.) 2031. CHRONIC ALLERGIES 20 32.TROUBLE WITH BOSS 20 33.CHANGE IN WORK HOURS OR CONDITIONS 1532. MOVING TO NEW RESIDENCE 15 35.PRESENTLY IN PRE-MENSTRUAL PERIOD 1533. CHANGE IN SCHOOLS 1534. CHANGE IN RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES 15 35. CHANGE IN SOCIAL ACTIVITIES (more or less than before) 15 36. MINOR FINANCIAL LOAN 10 37. CHANGE IN FREQUENCY OF FAMILY GET-TOGETHERS 10 38. VACATION 10 39. PRESENTLY IN WINTER HOLIDAY SEASON 1040. MINOR VIOLATION OF THE LAW 5
Stress
Physiology of Stress
Acute stress
•Acute stress is the reaction to an immediate threat, commonly known as the fight or flight response. The threat can be any situation that is experienced, even subconsciously or falsely, as a danger.
– noise, – crowding,– isolation,– hunger, – danger, – infection, – imagining a threat or
remembering a dangerous event.
Chronic Stress
on-going highly pressured work,
long-term relationship problems,
loneliness, and
persistent financial worries
Cardio respiratory response
Immune response
Other responses
Heart Disease
Precipitates– Angina
– Heart attack
– Arrhythmias
– Sudden death
Hypertension
Psychological effect
Depression
Anxiety
Sleep disturbance
Forgetfulness
Other effect of Stress
Stroke
Susceptibility to infection
Immune disorders
Cancer
GI Problems
Endocrine problem
Metabolic problem
Who are at risk?
Psychological -Early nurturing, Personality trait
Genetic factor
Immunological
Age – Young and old
Sex - Women
Social – minorities, single
Economical - poor
Education – Less educated
Geographical – Cities
Work Risk Factors
Having no participation in decisions that affect
one's responsibilities.
Unrelenting and unreasonable demands for
performance.
Lack of effective communication and conflict-
resolution methods among workers and
employers.
Lack of job security.
Long hours.
Excessive time spent away from home and
family.
Office politics and conflicts between workers.
Wages not commensurate with levels of
responsibility.
An Absent Relaxation Response
Deficiency of a protein nociceptin in
the brain
Smoking , Alcohol and Stress
Stress like disorders
Anxiety
Depression
Post Traumatic stress disorder
Identify the magnitude of problem
Identify sources of stress, Questioning the Sources of Stress.
how serious a problem stress is for you. Do you feel under constant stress, or is it 'on and off'?
try to decide if you are under more stress now than you were a year or two ago. If you are, have the pressures changed, or just your attitude toward them?
Learn to handle stress
Talking about your problems
Learn to recognize when you are coming under stress
Look at the list of things that cause you stress
When dealing with a major problem, try to break it down into smaller
parts
Schedule your time realistically
Handling stress
Take occasional short breaks from your work
Learn how to relax. One way is to practice doing certain things
slowly
Learn to say no
Develop other interests that will help you forget about your
problems for a while
Consider outside help, such as counseling or group 'clinics
Food and Mood
Exercise
Establish a Support Network
Relaxation Techniques
Deep breathing (Pranayama)
Progressive Muscle relaxation
Meditation
Biofeedback