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International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 02 60

116902-7575 IJCEE-IJENS April 2011 IJ ENSI J E N S

LAMPUNG ZEOLITE UTILIZATION AS GAS EMISSION ADSORBANT

ON CHARCOAL MAKING PROCESS

Yayat Iman Supriyatna*, David Candra Birawidha, Slamet Sumardi

Mineral Processing Division Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI)

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

One of climate change cause is factory gas emission that has reached the limit. Therefore

people agreed for Go green concept to be applied in any aspect of life. The purpose of this reseacrh isto use Lampung zeolite as gas emmission adsorbant on charcoal making. This experiment was started

by preparing 80 mesh zeolite as raw material. Zeolite was moulded into pellet by inserting TiO2 on

various concentration (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) and bentonit as adhesive. This zeolite then being

activated by heating on 2000C and placed on adsorber device on the Leucaena glauca making process.

Gas emission resulted from the making process is analyzed before and after the process using gas

analizer (Autochek Smoke Diesel Meter NFR 10-025). This experiment showed that the zeolite whichwas used as gas emission adsobance on charcoal making process can adsorb CO, NOx and CO2.

Zeolite with 10% TiO2 reduce the highest concentration on CO2 gas emission by 28,17% while the

highest NOx gas reducer was reached by Zeolite with TiO2 20%.

Keyword : Adsorber, Gas Analyzer, TiO2, Zeolite

1. INTRODUCTIONEnvironment issues have been main concern

for many countries for the last decade.

Environment impact is one of main concern on

technology devices. Therefore industry race to

develop environment friendly devices (Dr.Fahmi A.).

Manuscript received Maret 28, 2011. This work

was supported in part by Indonesian Institute of

Sciences

Yayat Iman Supriyatna. is with Mineral Processing

Division Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI),

(phone:+62 721 3559800; fax:+62 721 350054; e-mail: yayat_iman @yahoo.com)

David Candra Birawidha is with Mineral

Processing Division Indonesian Institute of

Science (LIPI), (e-mail: [email protected])

Slamet Sumardi is with Mineral Processing

Division Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI),

(e-mail:[email protected])

Technology advancement has make life much

easier and enjoyable, but resulted much

negative impact such as pollution and

inefficiency on unrenewable natural resources.

If technology advances does not concern onnegative impact on life, it would not be an

advances but deterioration.

Environment friendly technology is required

for accountable and continuities life.

Nowadays environment friendly technology is

mainly applied on developed countries

because it is highly cost. Meanwhile,

developing countries is yet unable to apply this

kind of technology. Therefore there is a gap inenvironment preservation between thosecountries. These developing countries should

start concern to apply environment friendly

technology before the environment is

permanently damaged.

One of the air pollution is contributed by

combusting process [1]. Charcoal making

process is also involving combusting which is

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CO2, CO, NOx and SO2. For one stage process,

it is averagely resulting 543-3027 ppm CO2,

143-373 ppm CO, and 0.0054-0.13 ppm NOx

[2]. Based on decree of the state minister of

environmental affairs PP Number 41 1999, gas

ambient limit for CO 30 mg/Nm3, NO2 0.4mg/Nm

3, SO2 0.9 mg/Nm

3. Therefore it is

required special treatment for gas emission so

it would fulfill the gas ambient limit [3].

One of the efforts to reduce gas emission in

charcoal production is by using activated

zeolite as adsorbent [4]. The main concern for

using zeolite as adsorbent is sufficient zeolite

supply in Lampung, affordable price, has

excellent ability as an adsorbent and

economical cost. In this experiment, TiO2 wasadded as a catalyst [3] to accelerated

adsorption process.

The emission data used for this experiment is 8

hours gas emission during charcoal process

which has been carried in Brazil [2]. Using

theoretical theory, zeolite requirement was

calculated for reducing gas emission

concentration [5]. Zeolite effectiveness as an

adsorbent is then analyzed.

2. EXPERIMENT METHOD2.1. Materials and Equipments

Materials used in this experiment were

zeolite, bentonite, TiO2, Leucaena glauca and

water. Equipment used was one carbonization

furnace (charcoal furnace), adsorbent, mixer,

pellet making equipment, thermometer,

balance, pail and oven.

Experiment Procedure

1- Raw Material PreparationFirst stage of the process is preparing

80 mesh zeolite. After zeolite was ready, it

was molded into pellet with TiO2 addition

with various variable (Table 1), water and

bentonite as adhesive. Zeolite picture with

various TiO2 can be seen on Fig. 1. After

pellet was molded, it was activated by heating

in the oven for 2 hours at 200 0C.

2- Equipment InstallationEquipment required for this process is

a series of carbonization furnace with zeolite

container as an adsorbent. Equipment

installation can be seen on Fig. 2.

Fig. 1. Zeolite as a Pellet

Fig. 2. A series of carbonization furnace with

adsorber

3- Data Collecting and AnalyzingData on this experiment is obtained by

5 different composition treatment of

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adsorbance (Table 1). Gas emission resulted

from those treatments is analyzed gas

analyzer. EBT analyzes [6] was carried before

treatment by adsorbent to yield surface area

and pores volume of zeolite pellet.

SampleZeolite

Concentration

TiO2

Concentration

Zeolite

(kg)

TiO2

(kg)

1 100% 0% 50 0

2 95% 5% 47.5 2.5

3 90% 10% 45 5

4 85% 15% 42.5 7.5

5 80% 20% 40 10

Table 1. Adsorbent Composition

3. RESULTSThis experiment was carried as a batch

experiment. We analyzed gas emission

resulted without using zeolite as adsorbent and

using zeolite as adsorbent. Results can be seen

on table 2.

Table 2. Gas Emission Analysis

No Parameter

Analysis Parameter

CO

(%)

CO

Reducing

(%)

NOx (%)

NOx

reducing

(%)

CO2 (%)

CO2

reducing

(%)

Non Adsorbent 6.07 128 19.04

1 Zeolite Adsorbent 4.95 18.45 110 14.06 18.14 4.73

2 Zeolite Adsorbent

+ TiO2 5%4.76 21.58 99 22.65 17.37 8.77

3 Zeolite Adsorbent

+ TiO2 10%4.36 28.17 50 60.93 16.06 15.65

4 Zeolite Adsorbent

+ TiO2 15%4.54 25.21 26 79.69 17.07 10.35

5 Zeolite Adsorbent

+ TiO2 20%5.64 7.08 18 85.94 18.15 4.67

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4. DISCUSSIONFrom table 2, it can be seen there are 3

different gas emissions reducing of CO, CO2,

NOx. Graph for gas emission reducing

percentage is shown on Fig. 3., Fig. 4., and

Fig. 5. The highest CO reducing (28.17 %) is

achieved using sample 3.

Fig. 3. Correlation between adsorbent variables with CO gas emission decreasing

The highest NOx reducing is achieved

using sample 5 which is 85.94 % (Fig. 4).

Sample 3 and 4 significant reducing gas

emission (60.94 % and 76.96 %), even though

it is still lower than sample 5. Fig. 4. shows

TiO2 addition to zeolite has linear correlation

with NOx emission reducing. This is

consistent with the statement Ibosuki (1996),

that the TiO2 catalyst to oxidize NO2 and able

to break down various organic compounds,

including molecules mercaptan, acetaldehyde,

and hydrogen sulfide [3]. Titanium dioxide is

inserted in the zeolite only serve as a catalyst

to accelerate the process of gas absorption of

CO, CO2, NOx by zeolite. The ability of the

catalyst depends on the surface of porous

solids are commonly known as the support of a

catalyst, for example, silica gel and alumina.

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Fig. 4. Correlation between adsorbent variables with NOx emission decreasing

The highest CO2 reducing is achieved

using sample 3 which is 15.65 % (Fig. 5).

TiO2 concentration is not always equivalent to

CO2 emission reducing. Fig. 4. shows that

TiO2 addition higher than 10% will decrease

Zeolite ability as adsorbent

.

Fig. 5. Correlation between adsorbent variables with CO2 emission decreasing

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EBT Analysis result on table 3 shows

that sample 3 (Zeolite adsorbent + TiO2 10%)

resulting 47.34 m2/gr total surface area,

0.1742 cc/gr total pores volume and 60.21 A0

pores distance. Sufficient total pores volume

and relatively small pores distance resulting

higher pore density and allowing higher adsorb

rate. With a total pore volume is large enough

and the distance between the relatively small

pores, the pore density, the better and allows

the process of gas absorption into the larger

pores, characterized by larger pores will be

able to absorb gas molecules of CO, CO2 and

NO2 (Tjokrokusumo, 1998). Adsorption

process is referred to as the process of gas

adsorption by solids [3]. TiO2 concentration is

not always equivalent to the gas emission

concentration reducing. Figure 1 shows that

TiO2 addition higher than 10% will decrease

Zeolite ability as adsorbent. TiO2 act as

catalyst but not as adsorbent [2].

Table 3. EBT Gas Analyzer Result on Zeolite Pellet

Sample Surface Area (m

2

/gr) Pores Total Volume (cc/gr) Average Pores Distance(A

0)

1 49,77 0,1183 47,53

2 48,25 0,1465 75,81

3 47,34 0,1742 60,21

4 44,22 0,1495 54,04

5 41,81 0,1418 67,81

Decrease the concentration of CO,

CO2 and NO2 after passing through a zeolite

media inserted TiO2 occurs because the

structure of zeolite as a medium absorbing

layer has undergone a change. These changes

occur because of the TiO2 molecule inserts

into the structure of the zeolite layer has a

larger molecular size than the size of cations

contained in the structure of the zeolite layer.

It inserts between the layers of TiO2 in

zeolites occurs at the time of stirring with ahomogenizer. Stirring is intended to mean

mixing solids with solids TiO2 zeolite to both

homogeneous. TiO2 molecule that has inserts

will shift the cations exist in the space between

the layers of activated carbon. Cations in

zeolites are generally not strong antarlapis

bound so it is easily shifted by molecular

TiO2.

Once homogenous, the structure of the

zeolite layer was formed after the insert TiO2

molecule is still fragile, so the media needs to

be heated. This heating process in addition to

aiming to stabilize the zeolite layer structure,

also for the removal of water content in

zeolite. Heating was carried out at 200 C for

three hours. Through heating, water molecules

also occupy the space between the layers ofzeolite will be lost. Thus the volume of space

between the layers of zeolite after the insertion

of TiO2 will be greater as a result of its

molecule inserts TiO2 and the disappearance

of water molecules.

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The phenomenon is what causes the

gases CO, CO2 and NO2 can be adsorbed in

greater amounts in zeolite media is inserted

TiO2. Gas CO, CO2 and NO2 which has

become adsorbed will diffuse from the outer

layer to the innermost layer. Both of these

gases will occupy the space between the layers

in the structure of zeolites with larger capacity.

CONCLUSIONS

The process of absorption of the gas

emissions result from the manufacture of

charcoal carbonization furnace is successful

In experiments with zeolite in pellet

form, the operation still going well with the

best of CO gas decreased by 28.17% (sample

3), best NOx gas reductions amounting to

85.94% (sample 5), the best CO2 reduction of15.65 % (sample 3).

Addition of TiO2 which produces the

largest pore volume and decreased levels of

gas emissions on average most of the addition

of 10% (sample 3).

In general, the best sample as the third

adsorbent exhaust gases from the furnace

carbonization results of sample 3 compared

with other samples.

RECOMENDATION

Necessary follow-up experiment with

other forms of adsorbent as an absorber in

addition to form pellets and the optimization

process to produce a better process. Needs to

be thoroughly by calculating the saturated time

to find out the needs of zeolite as an adsorbent

in a larger scale.ACKNOELEDGEMENTS

This work was financially supported

by DIPA Mineral Processing Division. The

authors would like to thank the Indonesian

Institute of Science (LIPI) as an institution

where the authors worked and conducted

research and the officials who are not directly

involved.

REFERENCE

[1] Kris Basuki, dkk., Penurunan

Konsentrasi CO dan NO2 Pada Emisi Gas

Buang Menggunakan Arang Tempurung

Kelapa yang Disisipi TiO2, Prosiding

Seminar Nasional IV SDM Teknologi Nuklir,

Yogyakarta, ISSN :1978-0176, 2008.[2] David M. Pennise,, Kirk R. Smith,

Jacob P. Kithinji, Maria Emilia Rezende,

Emission of Greenhouse Gases and Other

Airbone Pollutants from Charcoal Making in

Kenya and Brazil, Journal of Geophysical

Research, Vol.106 No.D20 pp:143-155,

Brazil, 2001.

[3] Kris Tri Basuki, Penurunan

Konsentrasi CO dan NO2 Pada Emisi Gas

Buang Dengan Menggunakan media

Penyisipan TiO2 Lokal pada Karbon Aktif,

JFN, Vol.1, ISSN 1978-8737, 2007.

[4] Arifin M. dan Harsodo, Zeolit

Alam, Potensi, Teknologi, Kegunaan dan

Prospeknya di Indonesia, Pusat Penelitian dan

Pengembangan Teknologi Mineral, Bandung,

1991.

[5] Herry Rodiana Eddy, Potensi dan

Pemanfaatan Zeolit di Provinsi Jawa Barat dan

Banten, Direktorat Jenderal Geologi dan

Sumber Daya Mineral, Departemen Energi dan

Sumber Daya Mineral. Bandung, 2000.

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[6] Hardjatmo, Karakteristik

Mineralogi dan Sifat Kimia-Fisika Zeolit,

Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Teknologi

Mineral, Bandung,1999.

Yayat was born in Cirebon,April 27th 1985. Graduated from elementaryschool at SDN 2 Beber in 1998, graduated from junior high school SMPN 1 Beber

in 2001, and graduated from high school SMAN 2 Cirebon in 2004. Then pursue

graduate studies at Diponegoro University majoring in chemical engineering and

graduated in 2008.

Worked as a chemistry laboratory assistant in the department of chemical

engineering physics Diponegoro University, Indonesia in 2006-2007. then worked as an assistant to

basic chemical laboratory in chemical engineering, University of Diponegoro, Indonesia during 2007-

2008.

Worked as a food technology engineering staff in LAPTIAP - Agency for the Assessment and

Application of Technology (BPPT), Indonesia in 2009.

Starting January 2010 until now works in Mineral Processing Division Indonesian Institute

of Science (LIPI) as a researcher.

Scientific papers:

Recovery Nikel from Electroplating Waste by Coagulation and Floculation Process, Chemical

Engineering Diponegoro University, March 2008

Pengaruh Penambahan Limbah Plastik sebagai Campuran dalam Pembuatan Briket Batubara,

Seminar Nasional Metalurgi, Oktober 2010.

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