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CHAPTER # 6
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The present research was conducted to document the indigenous knowledge of
ethnoveterinary practices against gastro-intestinal nematodes and scientifically validate some
widely used ethnobotanicals being currently used in the ethno-veterinary medicinal system of
Pakistan, for their anthelmintic activity. For this purpose, documentation of 41 plant species was
done which were used in 49 different traditional recipes representing 39 genera and 27 families
for the treatment of helminthiasis. Most frequently used plants (≥5 times) were Brassica
campestris L. and Mallotus philippinensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. which represented the families
Brassicaceae and Euphorbiaceae respectively. Most frequently used part of the plant was leaves
(n=10) followed in order by seeds (n=9), whole fruit (n=5), aerial parts and whole plant (n=4),
fruit (n=3), bulb (n=2) and bark, rhizome, stem, stem plus root and twigs (n=1). Five recipes out
of forty-nine (10.2%) were containing more than one plant species and rest 44 (89.8%) were
containing single plant species. Out of these 41 plants, a total of 10 plants were selected to be
tested in vitro and in vivo studies. All the plant materials were procured from local market and
fields (Sahiwal, Pakistan), identified and authenticated by a botanist in the Department of
Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The materials were dried in shade,
ground finally in powder in electric grinder, and stored in cellophane bags at 4°C until use. In
vitro screening for anthelmintic activity of crude aqueous methanolic extracts of different plants
was carried out using egg hatch test (EHT) and adult motility assay (AMA). The methanolic
extracts of the plants were used for in vitro studies on Haemonchus contortus. In AMA the
motility/survival of the worms was selected as the criteria for the anthelmintic activity. All
plants demonstrated anthelmintic activity in both the tests EHT and AMA. These plants were;
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Trianthema portulacastrum L., Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl., Tribulus tresstris L., Musa
paradisiaca L., Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth., Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, Bambusa arrundinacea
(Retz.) Willd., Digra muricata L., Mangifera indica L. and Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.
For in vivo studies same 10 plants were used. The experiment was conducted on sheep
naturally infected with mixed gastrointestinal nematode species including Haemonchus contortus,
Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus axei, Strongyloides papillosus and Trichuris ovis.
All the plants were found to possess varying anthelmintic activity. This activity also varied in the
form of plants used, i.e., crude powder and methanol extract. The best in vivo anthelmintic activity
based on EPG reduction was exhibited by CAME of Trianthema portulacastrum L. (70%),
followed by Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. (56%), Tribulus tresstris L. (52%), Musa
paradisiaca L. (51%), Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (47%), Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (46%),
Bambusa arrundinacea (Retz.) Willd. (43%), Digra muricata L. (40%), Mangifera indica L.
(36%) and Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. (35% PT) at dose rate of 8 g kg-1 body weight at day 15 PT.
The results indicate that biochemical contents responsible for anthelmintic activity are present in
plants. There were no observed untoward effects of any plant or the form of drug used.
Conclusions and recommendations
1. These types of surveys provide a baseline data of ethno-anthelmintics which may contribute
to further investigations in relation to a professional ethnoveterinary medicinal approach.
2. The plants considered in this study and used in ethnoveterinary system of Pakistan have a
potential to be used as anthelmintics.
3. Information gained from this study will be made available to all livestock farmers in the
region, through veterinarians, agricultural agents or some other means of dissemination. The
farmers can benefit greatly from seeing the information about the performance of the
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various plants, according to standardized methods of formulation, dosage level and
treatment regimes. However, it is recommended that further research be carried out on large
number of animals, identification of active ingredients of plants with proven anthelmintic
activity, standardization of dose and toxicity studies for drug development. In addition to
this, large number of samples of the same plant from different geographic areas should be
subjected to experimentation keeping in view the possibility of differences in chemical
composition of the same plant having different soil origin.
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