11 management of solid wastes - eeaa.gov.eg · 2007-04-02 · 151 introduction sound solid waste...

151

Introduction

Sound solid waste management needs to be dealt with from the perspective of multi-sided, multi-component and closely-linked integrated system, with each link being subsequent to the link before and mean-while forming the basis for the link after. In all cases, it is essential in each stage to employ suitable and adequate means matching with prevailing circumstances, available resources and existing determi-nants. This is embodied in the adoption of best options consistent with technical stan-dards, environmental safety, and social concord as well as with least possible costs, highest possible resource recovery, adher-ence to legislation and statutes together with marked flexibility and good under-standing of the birth-to-death life cycle.

Solid Waste Situation in Egypt

The aggregate quantity of generated solid wastes in Egypt is measured by 65-70 mil-lion tons annually according to 2005 esti-mates. Table (11-1) shows sources and types of waste including the solid, indus-trial and agricultural, the sludge ensuing from wastewater treatment processes, hos-pital waste and construction and demolition debris besides wastes from cleaning of ca-nals and drains. It includes as well solid municipal waste (garbage) and household waste (accounting for 60%), and waste from shops, commercial markets, service institutions such as schools, educational institutes, utilities, hospitals, administrative buildings, streets, gardens, markets, hotels and recreational houses not to mention waste of some small factories and camps.

11 Management of Solid Wastes

Management of Solid Wastes

152

Table (11-1) Sources and Types of Solid Waste

Source Standard Sources of Waste Types of Solid Waste

Residential Single and multi-family residences

Food, paper, carton, plastic, weaving and leather waste, as well as gardens, wood, glass, minerals and ashes waste and special kind of waste (relating

for example to large-sized varieties, consumer

electronics, white goods, batteries, oils, and car tires) as well as hazardous household

waste.

Industrial Heavy and light industries,

construction locations and non-hazardous energy stations.

Waste of cleaning, packaging material, and food,

construction and demolition debris, and special non-

hazardous waste

Commercial Shops, hotels, restaurants, markets, administrative buildings and others

Paper, carton, plastic, wood, food, minerals and special

wastes

Institutional Schools, prisons, and government centers

Same type of industrial and commercial waste

Construction and Demolition

New construction sites, road reparations, renovation works and

demolition operations.

Wood, iron and steel, dust and others

Localities’ Services

Cleaning of streets, cultivation, gardens, beaches and other

recreational areas, water treatment stations and liquefied wastes

Street wastes, remains of plant and tree pruning, public waste

from gardens, beaches and other recreational places besides sewerage sludge.

Treatment

Heavy and light industries, oil refineries, energy stations and

extraction of non-hazardous minerals and their treatment

Industrial treatment, scrap, non-conforming products, and non-hazardous mines waste.

153


Solid Waste Problem in Egypt: The solid waste problem in Egypt can summed up in the fact that existing sys-tems neither meet the needs of the society nor provide appropriate service to all its classes due to overarching inadequacy as regards different components, resources, capabilities and potential of the entire sys-tem alongside lack of favorable general atmosphere. This has been reflected in widespread garbage pile-ups in several places which form hotbeds of pollution, foresee numerous health-detrimental and environmental risks in applying certain means of handling, transfer and disposal. Table (11-2) shows quantities of accumu-lations at the level of the Arab Republic of Egypt in accordance with 2005 estimates.

Figure (11-1) Impact of the Solid Waste Problem on Environment

Solid Waste Problem ImpactsSolid Waste Problem Impacts

Solid Waste Accumulation ImpactSolid Waste Accumulation Impact Other ImpactsOther Impacts Economic ImpactsEconomic Impacts

Multiple Health Multiple Health Changed quality Changed quality Of EnvironmentOf Environment

IntesIntes OthOthResResSoilSoil AirAir WaterWater

** Increased potential accidents espe-Increased potential accidents espe-cially firescially fires

** Sanitary drainage network blockageSanitary drainage network blockage ** Intercepted Irrigation network inter-Intercepted Irrigation network inter-

ceptionception

** Increased waste ratesIncreased waste rates ** Affected tourismAffected tourism ** Downgraded placesDowngraded places ** Lost job opportunitiesLost job opportunities

Figure (11-1) shows environmental and y implications of the solid waste problem

Gover-norate

Accumula-tions m3

Gover-norate

Accumula-tions m3

Alexandria 334,830 Kafr El Sheikh

227,000

Beheira 600,000 Demiatta 100,000

Monofia 280,000 Gharbia 1,500,000

Sharqia 510,000 Daqahlia 1,300000

Mersa Matrouh

146,429 North Sinai 140,000

Port Said 359,040 South Sinai 512,000

Ismailia 350,000 Suez 1,168550

Fayoum 292,500 Red Sea 11,885000

Menya 951,000 Beni Suef 150,000

Sohag 281,845 Assiut 250,000

Luxor 107,022 Qena 258,480

Aswan 385,240

Aggregate accumulations upon their removal from Cairo, Guiza, and

Qalubia and the deletion of 14 million m3

22,098,936

Table (11-2) Amount of accumulated waste in some governorates according to 2005 estimates


154

Causes of the Problem

1. Absence of the institutional infrastruc-ture capable of planning, regulating, and implementing the integrated system

2. Low-level efficiency of covering col-lection and transport services that was reduced to less than 30% in some small cities and a maximum of around 50% in some regions of metropolitan cities, and was almost non-existent in informal and rural areas.

3. Operational problems, deficiency of maintenance capabilities and inadequa-cies in workshops and garages.

4. Meager qualified and trained technical cadres for management and operation processes and their low-level remunera-tions and wages which discourage req-uisite expansions to operate further in this field and rather nurture disinterest in it.

5. Massive shortfall in finance provided from all sources plus absence of respec-tive budgets.

6. Lack of sufficient controlled public landfills that conform to environmental conditions besides absence of sanitary dumpsites for safe disposal of solid waste remains.

7. Default on effectuating laws to achieve acceptable levels of the integrated sys-tem.

8. Low-level public awareness regarding the solid waste issue thus negatively impacting on attitudes and resulting in the masses’ indifference about substan-tial involvement in the resolution of the problem in question.

Table (11-3) shows different quantities of solid waste varieties which garbage and agricultural trash account for almost 55% of the total of such wastes.

Table (11-4) shows percentages of contents of municipal solid waste in Egypt in com-pliance with 2005 estimates

Table (11-3) Different quantities of waste varieties in accordance with 2005 estimates

Type of Waste Annual Estimated Quantity

Municipal (Garbage) 15-16 million tons

Industrial 4.5-5 million tons

Agricultural 25-30 million tons

Sludge 1.5-2 million tons

Waste from cleaning of drains and waterways

20 million tons

Hospitals 0.1-0.12 million tons Construction and demolition debris

3-4 million tons

Table (11-4) Percentages of contents of municipal solid waste in Egypt in accordance with 2005

estimates

Type of Waste Percentage (%)

Organic 50-60

Paper and Carton 10-25

Plastic 3-12

Glass 1-5

Minerals 1.5-7

Rags 1.2-7

Other Materials 11-30

(Relative density 0.3 ton/m3., humidity 30-40%)

155


State Efforts To Counter Chal-lenges Posed To Solid Waste Man-agement 5

1-Removal of Historic Accumula-tions

The government represented by the Minis-try of State for Environmental Affairs had envisaged an integrated plan for the re-moval of historic accumulations from Greater Cairo (Cairo-Giza-Qalyobia) where the quantity of historic accumula-tions inside Greater Cairo amounted to al-most 14 million m3 Figure (11-2) shows accumulated quantities in each of the three governorates. Phased removal of accumu-lations had begun in September 2004 in cooperation with the Military Forces Na-tional Service Agency.

During 2005, about 7.75 million m3. of historic ac-cumulations had been removed from within Greater Cairo governorates:

a. Approximately 2.5 million m3. of ac-cumulations were transferred to sani-tary dumpsites within each Greater Cairo-located governorate (Al Wafaa Wa Al Ammal Dumpsite in Cairo, Shobrament Dumpsite in Giza and Abu Zabaal Dumpsite in Qalyubia).

b. Around 8 million cubic meters of ac-cumulations (mostly demolition and construction debris) had been leveled and covered.

c. Establishment of gardens in Cairo and Giza over an area of around 20.000 meter squares.

d. Leveling operations, fire-extinctions and clean soil coverage for an area of approximately 185,000 meters plus a sand barrier that is 2.5 meter high and 5 km in perimeter that encircles the Rubeiki landfill in the 10th of Rama-dan City had been carried out.

Tables (11-5, 11-6, 11-7, 11-8) illustrates stages of handling historic accumulations

Figure (11-2) Greater Cairo Accumulations in million m3

0

2

4

6

8

10

Cairo Guiza Qalyubya


156

Stages of Accumulation Removals

Quantities removed were estimated at approxi-mately 600,000 m3. Demolition and construction debris being the remainder of the gross quantity in these sites had been leveled.

Quantities removed are estimated at approximately 500,000 m3. Demolition and construction debris, being the remainder of the gross quantity in these sites, had been leveled.

Picture (11-1) Ard El Lewa – Guiza Governorate

Before After

Picture (11-2) Musturod Landfill - Qalyubia

Before After

Governorate Site Quantity of accumula-tions (m3)

Cairo Ezbet El Zabaleen in Katamia

250,000

Informal landfill in Katamia

(Degla Valley– Wadi Degla)

250,000

Al Dakhet Al Aley Street in Nasr City

(Madinet Nasr)

250,000

Sand Stone 50,000

Ezbet El Haganah 30,000

Leveling works 30,000 m2 –

Rubeiki landfill

Total 830,000 m3

Guiza Kafr El Gabal nearby Kafr El

Gabal compound and Gamal Abdul

Nasser Street

50,000

Abu Rawash 250,000

Teraat El Zomor 250,000

Teraat Abdul Al Street

20,000

Total 570,000 m3

Gross Quantity 1,400,000 m3

Table (11-6) – Second Stage

Governorate Site Accumulation Quantity (m3)

Cairo Al Gabal Al Ahmer

2,500,000

Ezbet Al Walda 150,000

Leveling works 55000 m2 in

Rubeiki Landfill

Total 2,650,000 m3

Guiza Beshtil 100,000

Ard El Lewa 50,000

Al Barageel 50,000

Embaba Airport 150,000

Ring Road Tunnels 150,000

Total 500,000 m3

Qalyubia Musturod Landfill 250,000

Total 250,000 m3

Gross Quantity

3,400,000 m3

Table (11-5) First Stage

157


Quantities removed are estimated at approximately 500,000 m3. Demolition and construction debris, being the remainder of the gross quantity in these sites, had been leveled.

Picture (11-3) Ezbet Al Hagana – Cairo

Before After

Picture (11-4) Boulak District – Giza Governorate

After Before

After Before

Picture (11-5) Salah Eddin Schools – Cairo Governorat

Table (11-7) Third Stage

Gover-norate Site

Accumu-lation

Quantity (m3)

Cairo Part of Al Khosous Drain of Tawfykia Lake

in regions of Arab Al Tawayla, Arab El

Hesn, El Messala, and El Metaraya

500,000

Corniche el Nil in Tora in front of Suzan Muba-

rak Schools

50,000

Leveling works 50,000 m2 in Rubeiki Landfill

Total 550,000 m3

Giza Region on the two sides of the Ring Road in Saft

El Laban

50,000

Ring Road Tunnels from Maryoutia to Al Waraq

500,000

Al Moatamadia region- Ezbet El Zabaleen –

Ring Road

150,000

Total 725,000 m3

Qalyubia Al Khosous Drain- Al Khanka Precinct

(Markaz) and Sekat El Ahlia Street in Abu Zaa-

bal region

650,000

Qaha landfill 50,000

Al Zaytoun and Tanan landfill in Qalyub

25,000

Total 725,000 m3



158

Quantities removed are estimated at approximately 400,000 m3. Demolition and construction debris- accounting for the gross quantity remainder in these sites- had been leveled .

500.000 m3 had been removed while the rest had been leveled

Table (11-7) Third Stage

Governorate Site Accumula-tion Quan-

tity (m3)

Cairo Part of Al Khosous Drain of Tawfykia Lake in regions of Arab Al Tawayla,

Arab El Hesn, El Mes-sala, and El Metaraya

500,000

Corniche el Nil in Tora in front of Suzan

Mubarak Schools

50,000

Leveling works 50,000 m2 in Rubeiki

Landfill

Total 550,000 m3

Guiza Region on the two sides of the Ring Road

in Saft El Laban

50,000

Ring Road Tunnels from Maryoutia to Al

Waraq

500,000

Al Moatamadia re-gion- Ezbet El Zaba-

leen – Ring Road

250,000

Total 72,000 m3

Qalyubia Al Khosous Drain- Al Khanka Precinct

(Markaz) and Sekat El Ahlia Street in Abu

Zaabal region

650,000

Qaha landfill 50,000

Al Zaytoun and Tanan landfill in Qalyub

25,000

Total 725,000 m3


After

Picture (11-6) Tawfikya – Cairo Governorate

Before

After Before

Picture (11-7) Ring Road Tunnels – Guiza

Governorate Site Accumulation Quantity

(m3) Cairo Part of Al Khousous

Drain of Tawfikya Lake in regions of

Arab Tawayla, Arab El Hesn, Al Massala

and Al Matarya

450,000

Batn El Bakara, Ezbet Kheir Allah

in Misr El Qadeema (Old Egypt)

100,000

Leveling works 50,000 m2 in

Rubeiki Landfill

Total 550,000 m3 Al Khousous Drain

in El Khanka Pre-cinct (Markaz)

300,000

Musturod Landfill, Tokh Landfill

100,000

Total 400,000 m3 Gross Quantity 950,000 m3

Table (11-8) Completion of Third Stage

159


Development of Informal Areas

After Before

Picture (11-8) Al Khousous Extension- Qalyubia Governorate

Picture (11-9) Al Khousous Extension – Qalyubia Governorate

After Before

Before

Picture (11-10) Ezbet Kheir Allah – Cairo Governorate

After

Description of Works Quantity

Transporting wastes to con-trolled dumpsites 40.000 m3

Leveling of demolition and construction debris and

providing clean soil cover-age

18.500 m2

Mastic works on pavements 2.000 m2

Bordure-paints works 1500 m/t

Works related to plant-beds and arborization 15

Table (11-9) Development of Informal Areas – Al Maasara region (August 2005)

Before After

Picture (11-11) Teraat El Khashab – Al Maasara

Picture (11-12) Al Rashah Street – Al Maasara

After Before


160

Second: Upgrading the Efficiency of Collection and Transport Op-erations

To avoid recurrence of accumulations, gov-ernorates of Guiza, Qalyubia, Daqahlia and Gharbia are supported by equipment speci-fied in Table (11-10).

3-Garbage Recycling and Produc-

tion of Organic Compost (Composting)

Aerobic composting in windrows with re-cyclables recovery is considered one of the appropriate technologies consistent with Egyptian circumstances, types of wastes and their organic content. Thus it was rec-ommendable to have it included in the en-vironmental action plan for 1992, and ac-cordingly a well studied plan had been de-veloped in collaboration with the Ministry of Local Development and the Ministry of Military Production represented in military factories set to furnish production lines of garbage and waste recycling for the pro-duction of organic compost and the recov-ery of other waste components such as

plastic, glass, paper, etc. Therefore, 66 fac-tories had been developed and established up till 2005 to transfer garbage into organic compost. Table (11-11) indicates garbage recycling and organic compost production plants. It can be observed that out of 66 factories, 13 factories are not in operation and 17 not fully operated.

Table (11-10) Equipment-Supported Gover-norates

Governorate

Total Gharbia Daqahlia Qalyubia Giza

13 2 2 6 3 Vehicle 20 Tons

22 — — 15 7 Trailers

5 — — — 5 Dump-

ing Trucks

9 — — — 9 Pick-up Trucks

2 — — 1 1 Bull-dozers

161


Table (11-11) Statement on the Current Situation of all Factories – Statement on Garbage Recycling in Governorates

Gover-norate Number

Management

Remarks Government Private

Cairo 15 -- 13 2

10 plants are privately- operated in Katamya and 15 May City. 3 more factories are oper-ated in Katamya through the private sector.

Work in 2 factories in Salam City is sus-pended due to their deteriorated technical

condition.

Giza 4 2 2 --

2 factories are operated by the private sector in Shobrament while 2 factories in Abu

Rawash are government- operated.

Qalyubia -- -- -- -- ----------- Alexan-

dria 3 -- 3 -- Private Sector-operated

Al Be-heira 3 1 -- 2

The two Damanhour and Kafr El Dawar plants are suspended. Edko Factory is func-tional with a one-year guarantee period and

run by the government sector.

Matrouh 1 -- -- 1 Suspended for the factory’s degraded techni-cal condition

Monofia 1 1 -- --

The factory is located in the City of Menouf and is operated within the jurisdiction of the

government sector

Gharbia 3 1 2 --

2 factories are operated in Dafra Village-Tanta by the private sector and one factory in Al Mahala El Kobra through the government

sector

Kafr El Sheikh 3 1 1 1

Kafr El Sheikh factory is dysfunctional, Beila Factory is privately operated while Sidi Salem Factory is run by the government sector with

a one-year guarantee period.

Demiatta 3 2 -- 1

Demiatta Factory is government-operated with a one-year guarantee period, however not fully operated. Ras El Bar Factory is not

operational.

Daqahlia 7 6 -- 1

Two Mansoura-based factories are not fully operational, and so is one factory in Beshla

Village – Meet Ghamr Precinct, another one in Belqas City and 2 factories in Aga Precinct.

All these factories are administered through the government sector while one factory in Al

Mataria City is already dysfunctional.

North Sinai 1 -- -- 1 The factory is located in Al Arish City and not

operational

Dysfunc-tional

Factories


162

Governorate Number Management Dysfunctional

Factories Remarks

Government Private South Sinai 1 -- -- 1 The factory is located in Sharm El

Sheikh City. It was set ablaze but no prosecution decree has been

issued in this regard. The Ministry of Military Production was as-

signed by the governorate to con-duct a study to rehabilitate the

given factory, however the case is as is, awaiting investigation find-

ings. Port Said 1 -- 1 -- It is fully operated as part of pri-

vate sector activity. Ismailia 2 2 -- -- One factory not fully operational

and another dysfunctional. These factories are located on the Is-

mailia-Suez desert road. Suez 1 --- 1 -- Private sector-driven fully opera-

tional factory. Sharqia 3 1 1 1 Al Zakazik Factory is not fully

operational, Abu Kbeer Factory is run by the private sector however not fully operational, and Belbis

Factory is dysfunctional. Beni Suef 2 2 -- -- New Beni Suef and Samsta facto-

ries are government sector-operated however not fully opera-

tional. Menya 2 1 -- 1 Malawi Factory is government-

run however not fully operational. New Menya City Factory is not in

operation. Fayoum 1 -- -- 1 Fayyoum-located factory is dys-

functional. Assuit 1 1 -- -- Government-operated factory is

not fully functional. New Valley 1 1 -- -- Factory is located in Gharga City.

It is run by the government sector however not fully operational.

Sohag 1 1 -- -- Factory is not fully operational.

Qena 2 2 -- -- Qena City Factory is government-operated however not fully opera-tional. Nagaa Hamadi Factory is

functional with a one-year guaran-tee period.


163


Problems Related to Garbage-Recycling Factories and the Pro-duction of Organic Compost Can be Attributed to the Following Reasons:

1. Absence of sound management to oper-ate factories with high efficiency

2. Lack of trained labor 3. Periodic dysfunctions and shortage of

spare parts 4. Unstable electric currents in most plants 5. Low quality of organic compost produc-

tion of many factories due to multiple impurities such as glass

Final Disposal Sites There are three types of solid waste final disposal sites in Egypt: 1-Open Informal and Public Landfills

These are the locations for open and unsys-tematic disposal of wastes. They provide an environmentally unsound method that leads to spread of fires, reproduction of in-sects and rodents and contamination of ground water. It also impairs the health of dealers with land filling whether garbage

collectors (Zabaleen) or pickers. Further environmental conditions in dumpsites of local units and in cities are unfavorably met. 2-Government Public Landfills

These are more controlled places for waste disposal where vehicles are allowed in and out and wastes are promptly covered with sand and dust by placing them in layers well pressed and properly covered in at least 15 cm dust thickness. 3-Sanitary Dumpsites

These are land sites designated to health and environmentally safe waste disposal. They are designed and managed in compli-ance with engineering rules where wastes are spread in layers and adequately pressed and covered with inert substance for wastes to remain safely buried between layers of earth alongside due precautions whether by safe recovery or discharge of resulting gases or sound discharge or treatment of leachate so as to ward off pollution of wa-ter sources.


Governorate Number Management Dysfunctional Factories Remarks

Government Private Aswan 2 -- 2 -- Aswan and Idfu Factories

were delivered to the Care Service Company to be operated under its super-vision however still not set in operation.

Red Sea 1 -- 1 -- Hurghada Factory is run by the private sector but not yet fully operational.

Luxor 1 -- 1 -- Its Factory is privately operated.

Total 66 25 28 13


164

Table (11-12) shows standards applied in determining sanitary dumpsites.

52 sanitary dumpsites within the Repub-lic’s governorates had been identified as indicated in the following diagram Figure (11-3). A digital map had also been deliv-ered showing selected waste sanitary dumpsites for each governorate. Exclusion of agricul-

tural lands Remoteness from lakes’

beaches > 3km. Exclusion of tourist

areas Remoteness from

ground water wells > 1km.

Remoteness from resi-dential areas >1.5 km.

Remoteness from val-leys’ network > 1km.

Remoteness from sides of main roads > 1km.

Remoteness from ports and airports > 6kms.

Remoteness from sides of sub-roads > 250m.

Remoteness from bor-ders of natural reserva-

tions > 5kms. Remoteness from water-

way banks > 2kms. Remoteness from natu-

ral schisms > 1km. Remoteness from Nile River banks > 5kms.

Remoteness from hu-mid lands > 1km.

Remoteness from Coast-line > 3kms.

Table (11-12) Standards Taken into Considera-tion on Identifying Appropriate Places That Can

Be Utilized as Sanitary Dumpsites

Map (11-1) Selected Sanitary Dumpsites for Cairo Governorate

6

1 1 1

2

1

2

1

2 2

3

1 1

5

4

1

7

4

1

4

2

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Assi

utLu

xor

Ism

ailia

Red

Sea

Beh

eira

Gui

zaD

aqah

liaS

uez

Sha

rqia

Fay

yium

Cai

roQ

alyu

bia

Mon

ofia

Men

yaB

eni S

uef

Por

t S

aid

Sou

th S

inai

Qen

aK

afr

El S

heik

hM

arsa

Soha

g

No.

of D

umps

ites

Figure (11-3) Sanitary Dumpsites Within the Re-public’s Governorates

165


Agricultural Waste Based on Table (11-3), the quantity of agricultural waste is estimated at approximately 25-30 million tons annually as shown in Figure (11-4). Benefiting from such wastes in Egypt can be illustrated as follows:

Areas of Benefiting from Agricultural Waste in Egypt

25-30 Million Tons Annually

Others Organic Compost Food Production • Rice Straw Media Cultivation • Mushroom Production

Energy Production • Biogas • Thermal Gas

Unconventional animal feed • Urea Treatment • Ammonia Injection

Figure (11-4) Quantity of Agricultural Waste for 2005

0.51.2 1.5 1.4

4.5

3.2 3

6.9

5.03

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

tebe

ensh

e3ee

r3r

oosh

bang

arba

kaya

faw

akeh

hata

b ko

tn

hata

b do

ra

3oro

osh

khod

raw

at

Ric

e St

raw

tebn

kam

h

mas

asa

kasb

wastes types

mill

ion

ton


166

Among the most crucial problems in con-nection with agricultural waste is burning, particularly as regards rice straw which eventually yields massive and harmful air pollution. Figure (11-5) shows rice-cultivated areas in 2005 while Table (11-13) shows resulting straw quantities for the same year.

Table (11-14) indicates the distribution of quantities handled in each rice-producing governorate.

Stages of Recycling (Rice Straw)

Minced or non-pressed Straw Pressed Straw

Unconventional animal feed

Assembling Centers

Organic Compost

Mushroom Production

Biogas

Plants Unconventional animal feed

Rice Straw me-dia Cultivation

Thermal Gas Production

Organic Compost Ammonia

Injection

Total cultivated area 1.4 million tons

Total resulting straw quan-tity

3 million tons

Quantity pressed 1,106,012 tons

Quantity ground 1, 073, 645 tons

Quantity stored 689,558 tons

Fertilizer pile-ups 94202 tons

Ammonia pile-ups 1200 tons

Urea pile-ups 6690 tons

Table (11-13) Current Situation of Straw Quanti-ties Ensuing from Rice Straw Cultivation (2005)

Figure (11-5) Statement of Rice-Cultivated Areas in Governorates for 2005

17.566

271.237

437.539

161.731

255.098195.758

64.77720.241

050

100150200250300350400450500

Qal

yubi

a

Shar

qia

Daq

ahlia

Gha

rbia

Kaf

r El

She

ikh

Beh

eira

Dam

ietta

fayy

ium

1000

fedd

ans

167


Problems of Agricultural Waste T

able

(11-

14) R

epor

t on

Rec

yclin

g R

ice

Stra

w in

200

5

Pile

-ups

Sub

stan

tiate

d

Ure

a A

mm

onia

Fe

rtili

zers

Q

uant

ity

Stor

ed

(in to

ns)

Gro

und

tons

)

Qua

ntity

(in

Pres

sed

tons

)

Qua

n-tit

y

(in

No

of

Wor

k

shop

s

Har

-ve

st

(%)

Are

as

harv

este

d (in

fed-

dans

)

Are

as

culti

vate

d (in

fed-

dans

)

Gov

er-

nora

te

ton

no

ton

no

ton

no

434

398

80

9 27

67

432

2281

12

497

101

1254

9 19

15

379

100%

17

566

17

566

Qal

yubi

a

490

707

105

11

1344

9 15

37

2576

6 26

751

- 22

6573

68

10

1693

10

0%

2712

37

2712

37

Shar

qia

2111

10

90

180

22

1506

9 32

33

2405

4 39

5110

-

4346

80

3874

16

94

100%

43

7539

43

7539

D

aqah

lia

738

736

480

55

7532

84

1 23

6046

10

6830

-

1280

40

1594

26

99

100%

16

1731

16

1731

G

harb

ya

498

466

105

19

1458

5 87

7 19

5213

14

0500

-

1478

60

6390

14

09

100%

25

5098

25

5098

K

afr E

l Sh

eikh

862

862

115

15

2225

2 54

60

1076

47

1324

12

- 12

8016

21

2 50

98

100%

19

5758

19

5758

B

ehei

ra

1466

15

03

95

14

1690

8 19

08

9347

9 68

90

- 10

310

406

765

100%

64

777

64

777

Dem

iatta

9100

65

40

4

1640

12

6 50

72

1565

5 -

1798

5 -

135

100%

20

241

20

241

Fayy

oum

6690

58

27

1200

14

9

9420

2

1441

4

6895

58

1073

645

-

1106

013

21

201

13

872

10

0%

1423

947

14

2394

7

Tota

ll

Sour

ce: M

inis

try

of A

gric

ultu

re a

nd L

and

Rec

lam

atio

n –

Agr

icul

tura

l Ext

ensio

n C

entr

al D

epar

tmen

t


168

Map

(11-

2) A

gric

ultu

ral W

aste

at t

he P

reci

nct L

evel

(Ric

e St

raw

) Sha

rqyi

a G

over

nora

te

169


Problems of Agricultural Waste Recycling

1. Urging farmer to speedily dispose of ag-ricultural waste to vacate and prepare lands for the cultivation of winter crops.

2. Lack of (compressors- grinders -tractors) in sufficient quantities during short time periods to handle agricultural waste in terms of compression, grinding and transport to areas for utilization.

3. Limited involvement of the private sec-tor and investors in agricultural waste recycling operations given high invest-ment cost of such processes.

4. Dispersed agricultural land possessions hinder the process of handling agricul-tural waste regarding compression.

Efforts of the Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs in Han-dling Agricultural Waste during 2005

1. Training good farmers who are well versed in agricultural waste and uncon-ventional animal feed recycling and their rehabilitation as a source of infor-mation and experience to forge as a model for other farmers to emulate. This can be achieved in cooperation with the Ministry of Agriculture.

2. Organizing extension classes for agricul-tural guides and small farmers concern-ing the transfer of agricultural wastes into organic compost or untraditional special animal feed.

3. Urea pile-ups had been substantiated.

4. Ammonia pile-ups had been substanti-ated.

5. Following up on processes of pressing, grinding and storing rice straw as well

as on the production of organic compost. In this respect.

a) The Armed Forces National Service Agency (Queen Service Corporation) took part in the processes of collecting, pressing, and transporting rice straw in the Sharqiya Governorate through 4 Precincts (Markaz): namely Belbis- Mashtoul El Souk-Menya El Qamh- Abu Hamad) and provided support in the form of supplying 140 rice straw automated compressors and 60 tractors.

b) Upgrading the operational efficiency of

294 rice straw compressors through the Automated Agriculture Sector at the Ministry of Agriculture and their distri-bution among Delta Governorates dur-ing the rice straw harvest season.

Picture (11-13) Rice Straw Pressing Operations

Picture (11-14) Rice Straw Press-ing Operations


170

c) Operating (2) rice straw-made organic compost plants by the Arab Industriali-zation Authority in the Sharqyia Gov-ernorate in the two sites of (Al Qareen and Al Khattara) with an absorption capacity amounting to 150,000 tons of rice-straw/ factory for the production of 70,000 tons of organic compost for

each factory.

6. Supporting the establishment of (10) mushroom production sites in the Dak-halia Governorate.

7. Helping dedicated civil associations set up agricultural waste recycling centers besides the provision of technical assis-tance to this end.

8. Disseminating environmental awareness among farmers to the effect of prevent-ing the burning of rice straw and rather availing of it as a profitable income.

Future Plan 2007-2012

1. Evaluate village waste management al-ternatives

2. Take stock of the Egyptian experience in composting

3. Boost the establishment of integrated waste management systems applicable in urban regions in governorates.

4. Build standard sanitary dumpsites.

5. Implement pilot projects for solid waste management in villages.

6. Promote agricultural waste management projects and ensure their economic util-ity

7. Step up collection and transport opera-tions in governorates of priority

8. Establish stationing and moving inter-mediate facilities in some governments

9. Complete the implementation of the plan of removing historic accumulations from Greater Cairo

10.Dispose of remaining informal landfills within Greater Cairo districts

11.Expand waste recycling projects to maximize their benefit

12.Raise environmental awareness by way of holding training courses for environ-ment officials in different governorates and at the civil society level.

Picture (11-15) Rice Straw Pressing Operations

Picture (11-16) Organic Compost Factory

171


References

(1) National Strategy for Integrated Management of Municipal Solid Waste 2000

(2) Baseline Document of Solid Waste System in Egypt 2001

11 management of solid wastes - eeaa.gov.eg · 2007-04-02 · 151 introduction sound solid waste...

Documents