11. Pragmatics

1

Text Structure

Presupposition

Speech acts

Implicature

2 교재 참조(P. 123~134)

Pragmatics

We define grammatical meaning as the relation between

linguistic forms, and semantic meaning as the relation

between forms and reality, then pragmatic meaning can be

seen as the relation between linguistic forms and the

participants in the communicative act.

Neubert

교재 참조(P. 123)

Presupposition

교재 참조(P. 123)

The King of France is bald

Presupposition

“Virtually everything written about

presupposition is challenged or contradicted

by some authority on the subject.”

Hickey

교재 참조(P. 123)

교재 참조(p. 123) 6

Ex) Have you got any children?

Presupposing

1 There is someone to answer.

2 They understand English

3 The ability of the other person to respond

4 The willingness of the person to respond

5 The willingness to answer questions of a personal

nature

Presupposition

Presupposition

Have you got any children?

YOU English

Sentence

‘linguistic presupposition’

교재 참조(P. 123)

Presupposition

Unwise or unwelcome

교재 참조(P. 124)

‘Nonlinguistic presuppositions’

Presupposition

Personal nature

えん-りょ

교재 참조(P. 124)

‘Nonlinguistic presuppositions’

Presupposition

How often do you take your children to the

zoo?

The person has

children

The habit of taking his

or her children to

places

Taking children to

public places is a thing

that people do

Zoos are a fit place

for young people

linguistic nonlinguistic

교재 참조(P. 124)

교재 참조(p. 124)

Crude distinction between linguistic & nonlinguistic presuppositions

Presupposing

linguistic Ex) The boy’s done it again.

has done it before

nonlinguistic

Ex) We need Mohács.

Not sharing cultural knowledge presupposed by

the author

We need defeat. (hypernymic translation)

vs.

Presupposition

Presupposition

Television

ownership Viewing habits

A force de voir des Budapest

sur nos écrans de télévision

교재 참조(P. 124)

Presupposition

‘dies without a sound’ like Alfred de

Vigny’s wolf

① Who was Alfred de Vigny?

② What exactly was his relationship

with wolves?

교재 참조(P. 125)

wrongly presupposing cultural knowledge for the reader

Presupposition

125쪽 두 번째 문단 읽을 것!

교재 참조(P. 125)

Reiss and Vermeer:

‘Informationsangebot’,

an offer of

information

Newmark

: No!

Presupposition

“the translator must, in any event, possess the

knowledge that the author presupposes their readers

to have”

Durieux

Translators must undertake research to acquire the knowledge

교재 참조(P. 125)

Presupposition

The translator must estimate to what extent the target audience is likely to share the presuppositions

Difficult judgment

Delicate balancing act

교재 참조(P. 125)

Presupposition

Though April showers may come your way,

They bring the flowers That bloom in May

Translator decisions will be governed by

the function of the translation in the

target culture

교재 참조(P. 125)

(A trivial example)

Presupposition Inuit legend

sealskins

‘skins from seals less than a year old’

교재 참조(P. 126)

Inuit족에 대한 편견을 만들지 않기 위한 의도적 ‘왜곡’

(A non-trivial example)

Presupposition

Like a tennis ball (and unlike a wad of gum),

[economic growth] is likely to bounce back from

the full employment ceiling into a recession

French object:

‘ball of wool’

German object:

‘medicine ball’

교재 참조(P. 126)

Presupposition

policy makers in

Washington

die Wirtschaftspolitiker in

Washington (G)

The hero in René

Clair’s film C’est arrivé

demain (F)

교재 참조(P. 126)

Speech acts

교재 참조(P. 126) 21

Speech acts

Impart

information

Perform

act Sentences

교재 참조(P. 127) 22

Austin

Speech acts

• 언표적 행위

• 단순한 발화 행위

Locutionary

act

• 언표내적 행위

• 화자가 발화할 때 내재되는 의도

• (부탁, 질문, 약속, 위협, 선언 등)

Illocutionary

act

• 언표도달적 행위

• 발화로 인해 수행한 행동에서 오는 효과

Perlocutionary

act

교재 참조(P. 127) + 보충자료 23

Speech acts

보충자료 24

locutionary

• ‘그를 향해

(총을) 쏘라’는 말을 하는

행위

illocutionary

• ‘그를 향해

총을 쏘라’고 명령하는

행위

perlocutionary

• 명령을 받은

사람이 총을

쏘도록 명령

받거나 위협을 받은 효과

Speech acts

교재 참조(P. 127) 25

Can you stop singing, Bruce?

Speech acts

교재 참조(P. 127) 26

Can you stop singing, Bruce?

illocutionary

교재 참조(p. 127) 27

2 The illocutionary act

Ex) Can you stop singing, Bruce?

A question A command

Speech acts

Speech acts

교재 참조(P. 127) 28

“ It is possible to use nearly any sentence

type with the effect of nearly any other”.

Sadock & Zwicky

The same

speech act

Performed in many

different ways

Speech acts

1. To elicit a response

2. Depends on Bruce’s personality

& power status

• Shut up or sing more loudly

교재 참조(P. 127) 29

perlocutionary

Speech acts

교재 참조(P. 127) 30

Locutionary

Act

• Focus of linguistic discussion

Illocutionary

Act

• A matter of semantics

Perlocutionary

Act

• Falls outside linguistics

Speech acts

Concept of speech acts

Some sentences

do perform an act

The only means of

performing the act

교재 참조(P. 91) 31

Speech acts

교재 참조(P. 127) + 보충교재 32

Performatives(수행문) 진실 또는 거짓으로 판단되는 것이 아니고 특정 행동을 수행하는 문장

Speech acts

I name this ship the Flying Dutchman

I now pronounce you man and wife

I sentence you to be hanged by the neck until dead

You are fired

교재 참조(P. 127) 33

Speech acts

교재 참조(P. 127) 34

앞의 문장들 모두 수행문으로

사용되지 않는 경우가 있음

특히 Reported speech가 그렇다

So what did you say next, Judge Jeffries? – I told the little swine I sentence…

Speech acts

• The king of

France is bold Truth

condition

• I now pronounce you man and wife

Felicity

condition

교재 참조(P. 128) 35

교재 참조(p. 128) 36

Other speech acts

Statements, questions, promises, warnings,

apologies, etc. Leech

Criticism

‘etc.’ implies a possibly endless list

In cases where there is no explicit performative verb

Speech acts

교재 참조(p. 128) 37

예 I have compiled a bibliography… A representative

, which I should be happy to send… A commissive

“the translator will seek to relay the

illocutionary force of each speech act in turn.”

Hatim & Mason

Speech acts

교재 참조(p. 128) 38

For translators

A literal translation (x) Appropriate form of words needed

More obvious ritualistic performatives

Speech acts

교재 참조(pp. 128-129) 39

Non-ritualistic kind (promising, betting, etc.) Posing no problem

For translators

Palmer “speech acts are probably independent of the actual

language”

Searle “translations of the sentences in question will often

produce sentences with the same indirect illocutionary act”

Hönig

&

Kussmaul

“the illocutionary force of the sentence would not change”

Speech acts

Speech acts

Indirection (avoiding a direct command)

Can you…pretty

please?

Would you mind

dreadfully…?

Could I possibly ask you to…?

교재 참조(P. 129) 40

Different cultures use the same speech acts to different degrees

Speech acts

교재 참조(P. 129) 41

“the standard forms from one language to the next will not always maintain their indirect speech act potential when translated from one language to another”

Searle

Speech acts

교재 참조(P. 129) 42

Why don’t you shut the window?

“Would not be taken to have

the illocutionary force of request”

Can you hand me that book?

“ will sound very odd if uttered as a request”

번역가는 어떤 형태가 화행을 유지하는지 숙지해야!

Speech acts

• Same speech acts • Imperatives

• Modal verbs

• Nouns

• Past participles

교재 참조(P. 129) 43

Snell-Hornby

교재 참조(p. 129) 44

Snell-Hornby

speech acts in public notices in German & English 연구

-> 두 언어의 화행이 같아도 차이점 존재

* 청자가 명시되었는지 여부

* 사용된 문법과 어휘 수단

예) E : 명령형 & 조동사 선호 // G : 명사 & 과거분사 선호

Speech acts

교재 참조(p. 129) 45

화행을 명시하지 않아도 번역물에 화행이 유지되는 경우가 많다고 해서 번역에 아무 문제가 없는 것은 아님!

Making the wrong speech act

예

식인에 대한 철학 텍스트 첫 부분

When recently (illustrative statement)

번역

Not so very long ago (fairy tale)

예 These models concentrate on ... (statement)

These models tend to concentrate on... (judgment)

Speech acts

교재 참조(p. 129) 46

Leuven-Zwart speech act 변환의 효과 지적

예 Isn't life ...?’, she stammered (questioning)

Pero eso no es la vida (stating)

transform the character from feeling "perplexity and confusion"

to being "cool and distant"

판단이 쉽지 않음

Speech acts

47 교재 참조(P. 130)

Conversation is guided by a cooperative principle

based on maxims of the kind children have drummed

into them by parents and teachers:

Implicature

48

Implicature

Can you

tell me

the time?

Yes. Can you

tell me

the time?

Can you

tell me

the time?

교재 참조(P. 130)

이때 대화가 중단되기 보다는 ‘something is being implied’

이 함의를 청자는 해결해야

49

Implicature

Grice

< Cooperative principle (협력의 원리)>

participants expect that each will make a

“conversational contribution such as is required, at

the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted

purpose or direction of the talk exchange.”

대화가 진행되는 각 단계에서 대화의 방향이나 목적에 의해 요구되는 만큼 기여를 하라.!

교재 참조(P. 130)

50

Implicature

교재 참조(P. 130)

교재 참조(p. 130) 51

예

로미오가 줄리엣과 달콤하게 전화하던 중 갑자기 목소리를 높여

Yes, OK, Bob, we'll work on the car tonight - after we've done our

homework, of course

줄리엣 : Has somebody just come into the room?

로미오가 정신이 이상해졌다고 예상하지는 않을 것

Implicature

52

Implicature

4 Maxims

Quantity

Quality

Relation

Manner

Grice

교재 참조(P. 130)

53

The maxim of quantity

Implicature

교재 참조(P. 130), 보충교재

1) 목적에 맞게 필요한 만큼 정보성 있게 말하라

2) 필요이상으로 더 많은 정보를 제공하지 말라

54

The maxim of quality

Implicature

1) 거짓이라 믿는 것을 말하지 말라

2) 적절한 증거 없는 것을 말하지 말라

교재 참조(P. 130), 보충교재

55

The maxim of relation

Implicature

관련 있는 것을 말하라.

교재 참조(P. 130), 보충교재

56

The maxim of manner

Implicature

명백히 말하라 (이중적이고 애매한 말을 피하고 불필요한 말을 줄여 간결하고 순서 있게 말하라)

교재 참조(P. 130), 보충교재

57 교재참조( P130), 보충교재(김종택1982)

Implicature

A: 너 몇 살이니? B: 형이 열 일곱 살이니까 나는 15살이지요.

Quantity

A: 체중이 얼마나 되니? B: 불면 날아갈 정돕니다.

Quality

A: 잘 잤니? B: 방금 일어났습니다.

Relation

A: 점심은 뭘 먹을래? B: 생각해 보고 마음 내키는 대로요.

Manner

Quantity

1. Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the

current purposes of the exchange).

2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is

required.

Quality

1. Do not say what you believe to be false.

2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.

Relation

Be relevant.

Manner: Be perspicuous.

1. Avoid obscurity of expression.

2. Avoid ambiguity.

3. Be brief (Avoid unnecessary prolixity).

4. Be orderly.

59

Grice’s four maxims

Implicature

교재 참조(P. 85)

Translation ‘intercultural cooperation’

Holz-Mänttäri

60

Implicature

Translation = ‘intercultural cooperation’

Holz-Mänttäri

The initial sender of the message (the original author) is in

a cultural difference from what the final receiver of the

message (the target reader) is in, hence how to handle the

cultural gap is a hot topic in translation studies.

Holz & Manttari

교재 참조(P. 130)

61 보충 교재

Implicature

Politeness principle (공손성 원리):

대화 참여자들 사이에서 공손하고 예절 바르게 주고

받는 말의 태도

⇒ 의사소통을 하는 대화 참여자들이 언제나 협력 원리에

의해 효율적인 정보를 전달하는 데만 주력하는 것은

아니다.

62 보충 교재

Implicature

정중어법 : 관습적이며 소극적인 자기방어 상대방에게 정중하지 않은 표현은 최소화하고 정중한

표현은 최대화하라

Leech

• 타인에게 부담 주는 표현은 최소화 하라 Tact maxim

• 자신에게 이로운 표현을 최소화하라 Generosity maxim

• 타인을 비방하는 표현을 최소화하라 Approbation maxim

• 자신을 칭찬하는 표현을 최소화하라 Modesty maxim

• 타인간의 의견 차이를 최소화하라 Agreement maxim

• 자신과 타인간의 반감을 최소화하라 Sympathy maxim

63

Implicature

Violating the quality principle

Cultures

Politeness principle

Offensive material

in translation …

교재 참조(P. 130-131)

64

Implicature

The medieval practice of cutting out the boring bits in

translation might be a combination of politeness and

relevance.

Amos

Politeness principle

Relevance The

medieval practice

교재 참조(P. 131)

65

Implicature

“Where necessary, I express myself in more words, and

where it is obvious that the author’s language is more

copious than need be, then I express the same essence in

shorter form, in order not only to be compared with the

author I have translated but to rise above him in liveliness

of exposition.”

(quoted in Balcerzan 1978:124)

Bogomolets

exception... violation of

quantity & manner

교재 참조(P. 131)

66

Implicature

Paracelsus: 16C physician & theologian

Ehrman

1960년대 번역서에서

언어학 이론 삭제

연관성 격률에 위배

되지 않음

교재 참조(P. 131)

67

Implicature

Maxims…

violation of quantity

violation of quality

violation of relation

violation of manner

교재 참조(P. 131)

68

Implicature

quantity maxim presupposition

relation maxim

violation of manner

I want the pachuco

with the lady.

A cholo did that for

me.

Hasta morir(1994)

The maxim of quantity

교재 참조(P. 131)

69

Implicature

quantity maxim

comprehension

presupposition

gaps in knowledge

situation

position

relation maxim

target audience needs

borrowing

translation technique

manner maxim

clarity

context

Images on screen

ideational

text function

manner maxim

absence of clarity

register

inferiority

교재 참조(P. 131)

70

Implicature

left in dark (perlocutionary act)

Disaster!!

otherness

poetic function

교재 참조(P. 131)

71

Implicature

pachuco

cholo

Sensuous satisfaction!

“instant exotica”

Steiner

“cheap local colour”

Vinay & Darbelnet

교재 참조(P. 132)

72

Implicature

pachuco⇒ (Mexican) gangster

cholo⇒ Mexican-American,

Mexican, half-breed

borrowing Literal translation

교재 참조(P. 132)

73

Implicature

borrowing? literal translation?

A half-breed

did that

I want the

flash guy with

the lady,

like him

El Boy Mauricio

교재 참조(P. 132)

74

Implicature

The maxim of quality

fidelity

Linguistic Translation

교재 참조(P. 132)

75

Implicature

No linguistic expression available in the target language

exegesis gloss

Linguistic expression available in the target language

which

translation?

which

translation?

교재 참조(P. 132)

76

being a good Marxist-Leninist translator “has nothing

to do with an ‘ideological revaluation’ as is often

insinuated from the bourgeois side.”

Modern translation studies are finding examples of all

sides of such interferences with ‘quality’ in the

Gricean sense.

Modern translation

Implicature

Kade

교재 참조(P. 132)

77

Implicature

The maxim of manner (be clear)

‘improve on’ the original

Bogomolets even misprints in the original

should appear

Niclas von Wyle

교재 참조(P. 132)

78

Implicature

교재 참조(P. 133)

Grice 격률의 적용 여부는 번역사의 판단 및 번역

대상 텍스트에 따라 달라진다

79

Implicature

캠코더 사용 설명서에서 발견된 오류

1. There after (Thereafter)

2. you video (your video)

3. The video will build

automatically know where

to go.

4. Puts a set of instructions

in the wrong paragraph

1~3: Acceptable

4: Not Acceptable!

Damage to person and

property

교재 참조(P. 133)

번역사가 ST를 ‘개선’할 권한이 있는가에 대한

논쟁의 답은 없다. 하지만…

80

Implicature

‘improved’ the word ‘German’ to another nationality

‘to improve’ ? ⇒ NO! ⇒ safeguard !

literary texts translation

Translator competence

교재 참조(P. 133)

81

Implicature

I remain entirely at your disposition,

beg to remain your humble servant

대망의 2008년을 맞이하여 귀사의

무궁한 발전과 번영을 축원합니다.

Smarmy rude

register

교재 참조(P. 133)

82

Implicature

Isn’t Jack a real pig? ― The sun’s come out

Implicature ought not to pose problems.

Well-written texts tend to conform to the maxims

※ signal character, experimental novelistic style

textual level

교재 참조(P. 133)

83

Cut out the boring bits in translation the medieval

literary device of catalogue

“Modern readers are often put off by the extent to which older

literature consists of lists; for these now seem dull and empty”

- History of English Literature(1989:3)

Fowler

Implicature

Aelfric

‘boring bits’ into margins and footnotes

Perrot d’Ablancourt

교재 참조(P. 134)

84

Implicature

The maxims of quantity and relation

Omission? Grin and

bear it?

교재 참조(P. 134)

85

Implicature

The maxims of quantity and relation

About what are we talking here?

Signposting

교재 참조(P. 134)

86

Although much research

needs to be done on how

the concepts of politeness,

informativity, relevance,

clarity, truthfulness affect

text production in

different languages and

different cultures…

Implicature

교재 참조(P. 134)