10/29/2003strategic intel page 1 terrorism definitions many ambiguous matter of perception “one...
TRANSCRIPT
10/29/2003 Strategic Intel page 1
Terrorism Definitions
Many Ambiguous Matter of perception
“One man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter.”
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Certain aspects are fundamental Political act
Desire for political change Terrorism is typically non-state in character
(Note the separate but related topic of state terrorism – typically antithetical to the desire for political change.)
States can terrorize, but they are not terrorists. Terrorists do not abide by norms
They target innocents They seek psychological trauma
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Historical Examples Zealots – Sicarri 1st century BCE
Murdered Romans in Broad daylight in Jerusalem.
Hindu Thugee Thugs originally religious sect that strangled &
robbed victims in ritual sacrifice Muslim Assassins
It is a myth that the word assassin comes from the Arabic word haschishin for hashish user.
Assassin comes from Hassassin -- a follower of Hassan – Hassan was Persian not Arabic.
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More history of terrorism French revolution Use of revolutionary tribunals to
prop up the French republic.
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Modern Terrorism 4 Waves
Breakup of empires Decolonization Leftist ant-Western sentiment Religious inspiration
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Decolonization Examples
Algeria South Africa Vietnam Israel
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Ant-Western Wave Grew out of Vietnam Fostered by Soviets, Iran, Libya N
Korea Has returned to Bite them
Afghanistan Chechnya
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Religious Wave - Jihad Iran Afghanistan Not new
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Breakup of Empire Terrorists seek to provoke state to
the point where the reaction leads to popular revolt. Seldom successful – but there are
exceptions Tsarist Russia
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Domestic terrorism Militias Oklahoma Any separatists? Policy terrorists
Abortion Environmental
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War on Terror Targets Policies
Financial State directed International Agreement
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Types Left-wing Right Wing Ethnonationalist/separatists Religious
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Left wing terrorist Driven by liberal or idealist political
concepts Prefer revolutionary anti-
authoritarian anti-materialist agendas
Typically target elites that symbolize authority
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Right wing terrorists Often target race and ethnicity
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Ethnonationalist/separatists Usually have clear territorial
objectives Liberation/separation Popular support usually along
ethnic/racial lines.
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Religious terrorists Believe involved in a struggle of good vs
evil Acting along desires of a diety – audience
thus not necessarily human. Feel unconstrained by law – higher
calling Complete alienation from existing
socio/political order Support may be diffuse
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Basic trends in terrorism Fewer attacks More violent attacks (increasing
lethality)
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Media Impacts Media exposure to violence
influences Opinion Attitude Emotional State!
Women react to anxiety more than men (Men behave instrumentally)
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Terrorism and WMD Biological Agents Chemical Agents Nuclear Materials/Weapons Cyberterrorism
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Biological Weapons - History Poisoning of wells since pre-history Use of dead to poison water during Greeks &
Romans Poisoned arrows/spears/”pungi sticks” Catapulting of plague victims in 1300s by Mongols US Army gave blankets of smallpox victims to
Native Americans US tested anthrax in 1941 on island – declares
uninhabitable in 1988 Japanese tested bioweapons on Chinese prisoners,
possessed anthrax weapons
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Biological Weapons Biotoxins
Botulism clostridium botulinum Used to assassinate Reinhard Heydrich in
Czechoslovakia in WWII Clostridium agents
Tetanus Ricin
From castor bean used to assassinate Georgi Markov (Hungarian
defectors) Found in possession of group in London
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Chemical Weapons - History WWI – Phosgene, Chlorine, Mustard Vietnam – Agent Orange Iraq-Iran – Aum Shinrikyo in Tokyo subway
1995
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Chemical Weapons Nerve Agents
Sarin (Aum Shinrikyo) VX (Iraq)
Cyanide (Jonestown) Vesicants (Blister Agents)
Mustard Gas (WWI) Lewisite (Japan ??)
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Chemical Weapons (cont) Pulmonary Agents
Phosgene (WWI) Chlorine (WWI)
Riot Control Agents CS CN – Mace Pepper Spray
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The Internet as a Vehicle for Political Conflict
Dorothy Denning breaks down political conflict on the Internet as divided into: Activism Hactivism Cyberterrorism
To which we can add: Cybernetic Warfare
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Activism There are several ways that the Internet
facilitates political activism Data Collection
Censorship difficult Publication
Exceptionally cost effective Opportunity for Dialogue Coordination and Communication Lobbying
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Hactivism Hactivism catches the spirit of “non-
violent protest” and Civil disobedience. In general, activism that crosses the
boundary to uninvited intrusion or unwarranted interference The virtual sit-in or Blockade
Denial of service attacks Mafia Boy Code Red
E-mail bombs Web site defacement
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Computer Hacking There are several levels of Computer
Network “crime” that have become commonplace
Hacking Uninvited intrusion of another compute Often seen as benign
Cracking Intentionally circumventing security measures
with the express purpose of obtaining or disseminating information, services, software for the material gain of self or others. (i.e. providing or using software cracks to circumvent license protection)
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Cybernetic Crime Defacement
Altering web site material for personal or political purposes
Cyber-crime Theft or misappropriation of
information for material gain (i.e. theft of credit card info)
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Cybernetic Warfare The New Global Threat Paradigm
Information warfare actions taken to degrade or manipulate an
adversary's information systems while defending one's own.
Cybernetic warfare, a form of information warfare involving operations
to disrupt, deny, corrupt, or destroy information resident in computers and computer networks.
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Cybernetic Warfare Transnational Infrastructure warfare,
attacking a nation's key industries and utilities; telecommunications, energy and power, transportation, governmental operations and services, emergency services, financial, manufacturing, etc.
Asymmetric warfare, attacking an adversary's weaknesses, avoiding
his strengths, while preventing him from doing the same to you, using asymmetric means such as terrorism.
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Cybernetic Warfare Asynchronous warfare,
a pre-selected or delayed attack on an adversary taking advantage of the passage of time to develop a strategic opportunity or exploit a future vulnerability.
Future Warfare Trends "Any sufficiently advanced technology is virtually indistinguishable from magic." Arthur Clarke, The Impact of Technology -- Technowar
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Cybernetic Warfare The rapid pace of military
technology in the areas of will continue. In particular precision weapons, Information, Communications
Major technological breakthroughs in military capability are likely in the next two decades.
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Stegnography What is your quest? Tools