10.27.11 why people cannot ... a paradox in socio-physics & debate on gravitism
TRANSCRIPT
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WHY People Cannot A PARADOX in SOCIO-
PHYSICS and the DEBATE on GRAVITISM
B. Gal-Or with M. C. Fernandez
All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or and M.C. Fernandez
Fig. 1.1: The dark-cold expanding voids shown cause all radiated energy to
be dissipated deep inside them as explained by Fig. 1.2.
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The Prigogine vs. Gal-Or Paradox and Debate
While Prigogine won the Noble Prize in chemistry for his formalism [18], he did
not really tell us how irreversible changes in living and non-living systems emergefrom the reversible mathematical equations of physics. In turn, as we had debated
during the International Conference on Classical and Relativistic Thermodynamics
[18], Gravitism [12-17] is asserted to be superior for it draws the same formalism
[17, Lecture VI] from two reliable and independent sources:
1. The THEORETICAL: Einsteins Field Equations [Gravity Physics] accept no
static cosmological solutions, namely, time itself, the arrow of time and all
irreversibilities in Nature, originate from Einsteins General Relativity.
2. The EMPIRICAL: Measured dynamics of energy-dissipation in expandingvoids between superclusters [Figs. 1.1 and 1.2; References 1 to 11] cause the 2nd
Law of non-living and living Systems Dynamics, as explained by Fig. 1.2.
Fig. 1.2: TheCrisis about the Origin of time, Arrows of Time, EntropyGrowth and all Irreversibilities in Nature, is asserted to be resolved by
comprehending about the interconnections between the measured variables
depicted above and defined below.
Different astronomical scales, in terms of Light Years [ly], are depicted in Figs.
1.1 and 1.2.The 100 million lyscale depicted in Fig. 1.1 is ten times larger than
that in Fig. 1.2. (Light year is the distance electromagnetic waves, including
photons as light, travel during 100 million years at 300,000 km/sec speed.) The
2
SPACE-1
Space-3wrapsstars &
galaxies
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figures 100 million and 10 millionly also mean enormous delay times for light to
reach us.
Fig. 1.3: Our non-expanding neighborhood is home to thousands of galaxies.
It is wrapped around by darkSPACE-3. Located in the Local Group of about
30 galaxies [center], we feel its coldness each night. But there is much more to
say about this information. (Image Source NASA/Wikipedia)
FIRST, each of the shining galaxies shown is thought to contain a super
massive black hole6
at its center, which thus acts as a matter-energy sinkin theimmediate neighborhood around the black hole.
SECONDLY, black holes are not universal sinks. The large amount of
radiation energy poured out from all the shining galaxies shown is evenly
dispersed in all space directions and is always proceeding through Space-3 into
Space-2. Only a very small amount of this radiation energy reaches the galactic
centers that harbor a black hole, or two. Most of it proceeds outside the space
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framed by this picture, reaching Space-2, and from there, being irreversibly
dissipated in expanding Space-1.
THIRDLY, and most important, without Space-1 expansion, the density of
radiation energy in Spaces 1, 2 and 3, would increase with time, eventually
reaching the max temperatures maintained by nuclear fusion
4
in stellar cores,causing not only our roasting on earth and disintegrations of the all structures
but eventual equilibrium throughout all space. So if we owe our life to the rules
of physics, we specifically owe it to Space-1 expansion.
FOURTHLY, space-1 expansion is the most universal time for any observer,
the Master Arrow of Time, the origin of entropy growth on earth, the source
of all observed irreversibilities in Nature and the ground on which
Gravitism stands.
But to comprehend how socio-Gravitism is linked to the entire world outlook ofGravitism one must delay judgment beyond reading Lecture 2. For the moment
let us plunge into more details.
OurLOCAL GROUP contains some 30 galaxies of different size and shape.
Each galaxy contains billions of active stars.
Superclusters Virgo include over 2,500 galaxies and is about 50,000,000 light
years away from us. It stretches about 20,000,000 light years in diameter.
Only Fig. 1.1 -- on a 10 times bigger scale shows our nearby Coma
Superclusters, which contain about 800 major galaxies. Also the nearby
superclusters Hydra are out of the picture.
Further away are superclusters Hercules, which is about 50,000,000 light
years across -- the home of about 5,000,000 galaxies.
OurMilky-Way galaxy is less than a spot in the large-scale portrait of our
visible universe. [Fig. 1.1]. While our galaxy harbors billions of sun-like stars,
it is only 0.1 million light years across. The distance from us to our sun isabout 8 light minutes.
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http://home.honolulu.hawaii.edu/~pine/coma.htmhttp://home.honolulu.hawaii.edu/~pine/coma.htm -
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Fig. 1.4: Portrait of the early universe. Early Small DarkVoids(blue) begin
world differentiation -- the 1st cause of our cold night today (Fig. 1.3). (ImageSource NASA/Wikipedia)
The first-time emerging dark voids shown are the earliest differentiatedcomponents of expanding SPACE-1 that wrap around the yellow-green-red
sources and irreversibly absorbs radiation poured into the voids from the
gravitationally-condensing, and, therefore, heated material emitters.
The universal differentiation is isotropic and homogeneous. To study the
expansion of a single Space-1 cell (adiabatic envelope 7) that wraps
around a typical emitter, is equivalent to the study of the expansion of the
entire universe. The dynamics and thermodynamic changes in such a single
cell then represent those of the entire universe. This is evident from the
isotropic and homogeneous distribution of voids and same max temperatures
of all material emitters -- qualities that have been approximately preserved as
the universe has further expanded into what is shown in Fig. 1.1.
SPACE-I expansion is the earliest most universal clock. We define it the 1st
Cosmological Arrow of Time, or THE MASTER TIME ASYMMETRY of all
processes in the universe, including those of the living systems.
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Lecture1
Synopsis
Starting from this Lecture, we search for the earliest and most remote origins oftime, arrows of time, irreversibilities, entropy growth, life and social dynamics.
Socio-dynamics deals with the origin of the most private and collective traits of
humanity and civilization. Example: Why people dynamics cannot be ruled under
the objective dynamics that control the entire physical universe? Is there a
verifiable, large-scale, physico-chemical cause-and-effect that has given rise to
some destructive forces of humanity? What should be the science that deals with
this fundamental phenomenon during all historical times?
The methodology employed is to detect interconnecting facts that support the
optionalworld outlook provided by Gravitism, using minimal pre-suppositions
and imposed axioms. Though some fragments of these facts are scattered
throughout the literature on specific problems, there is yet no dedicated
professional framework to deal with the subject matter.
The subject matter has never before been presented as a unified field of study,
partially because it covers a relatively new field of integrated studies, andpartially because specialized fragments are scattered throughout the literature on
specific problems. As a result, different socio-proponents have approached this
subject from widely varying and sometimes misleading viewpoints, employing
disjointed concepts to what should be a unified methodology.
Consequently, these Lectures depart from traditional, isolated texts, in
emphasizing the interconnectedness of updated facts in different and apparently
unrelated disciplines. Thus, in trying to develop a new INTEGRATED
METHODOLOGY, we refrain from repeating well-known but isolated analyses,
and, instead, stress the integrated consequences from the point of view of large-
scale physics and bio-chemistry that, combined, are termed Gravitism.
For the sake of unification and simplicity, the physico-chemical supporting facts
are first introduced in as simple a manner as possible, using illustrated graphs,
pictures and drawings that can lead to testable consequences.
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Verified evidence cannot yet be admitted to a number of topics presented here.
Therefore, if scientists are counted as moderate skeptics, as no doubt they
should, they must adopt the practice of suspend judgment. By this we do not
mean radical empiricism, or the denial of any rational addition to sociology. Thus,
we refrain from leaving the study of Gravitism in the various domains of socio-
dynamics to the sole care of disciplinary sociologists.
Gravitism: From Large to Small-Scale Systems Dynamics
Differences begin on the largest and earliest scales of the visible universe, asdemonstrated in Figs. 1.1 and 1.4. We first focus on the shining emitters vis--vis
the dark-cold cosmological Voids that absorb all the outpouring radiation, as
marked in Figs. 1.1 and 1.2.
It is an undisputed evidence that the dark voids not only expand, but their expansion
is accelerated [1-5, 7, 9, 10, 20-52, 55]. This expansion, we assert and discuss
below, not only causes the 2nd Law ofthermodynamics of living systems [12-16],
but via the Einsteinian-Gravity-Based evolution of galaxies, stars, planets and
biophysics, has generated all life and its diversity. [17 and below].
SUPPORTING FACTS:
1) The core pillar of modern astronomy is the HUBBLE LAW. It is based on
verified observations since first discovered it in the 1920s [1-4, 7, 9, 11, 52, 53,
55]1,2. This law is marked in Fig. 1.2 as Uo=Hor, where r is the distance from earth
to CLUSTER I, which represents superclusters or a cluster of galaxies shown in
Fig. 1.1. Here Ho is the Hubble Constant and Uo the recession velocity, namely, how
fast the observed astronomical object is receding away from us, or how fast R(t) is
increasing with time, or how fast SPACE-1 is increasing with time.
2) SPACE -1 wraps all superclusters and clusters of galaxies.3 It contains all
expanding dark voids shown in Fig. 1, but not the emitters, the superclusters,
clusters, galaxies and active stars by the universal process called nuclear fusion4
[17].
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3)SPACE 2 wraps around but does not include the non-expanding clusters, while
SPACE-3 wraps around but does not include the non-expanding earth, solar system,
our galaxy and other galaxies shown in Fig. 1.3
At this point one may wonderhow such remote processes can affect us here-now?
There are two points that are asserted in response:
FIRST, to deny today the central role of astronomy and astrophysics in physics, is
to deny the very methodology of science, and to a priori reject a large portion of itsverified empirical evidence.
SECONDLY, we are linked here-now to what is going on far out there:
COROLLARY: If, by a thought experiment, SPACE-I stops expanding now, the
stellar radiation energy density marked in Fig. 1.2 would gradually rise all over
spaces 3, 2 and 1, eventually causing the entire universe to reach equilibrium
[uniform temperature/energy-density], whereby all processes in the universe stop,including life on earth.
There is another link, envisioned first by Gammow and discovered in 1964:
The Cosmic Blackbody Microwave Background Radiation of the Early
Expanding Universe (discovered in 1964, Fig. 1.4), is the remnant left-over
radiation that has been expanded and cooled by SPACE-1-Expansion during the
13.72 billion sun-earth years since creation. [The so-called Big Bang]. This
radiation engulfs earth, but it has been cooled down from about 4,000-3,000 K.
This radiation constitutes direct proof that SPACE-1 [the Master Black Sink, the
cause of the 2nd law] has been expanding and its lowest level of energy density
engulfs earth, our galaxy and any galaxy in the universe This radiation is
isotropic [the same in all directions] and homogeneous.
We next employ gravity-induced linguistics: Up, Down.
Up-Timing 1: SinceSpace-1 is expanding and its expansion being accelerated,
the universe is cooling down forever. The corollary is that eventually all energy
density gradients depicted in Fig, 1.2 would flat and all processes in the universe
would stop in what is called the cold death of the universe.
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Up-Timing 2: Since SPACE-1-expansion causes the observed large-scale energy-
density gradients in the universe, stellar evolution would stop if SPACE-1
expansion stops, albeit after a long cosmic relaxation time [17].
Downscaling 1: Einsteinian gravity [general relativistic physics] at relatively
small gravitational systems is approximated by Newtonian Physics. According to
both theories all entities above the size of moons are structured according to their
specific gravity, the heaviest components in the core, and the lightest in the outer
layers. We term this phenomenon gravitational asymmetry or gravitational
irreversibility or the most universal natural selectivity [Lecture 2].
Downscaling 2: All cosmological voids are interconnected, namely they expand
via the Hubble rule. E.g., Void Capricornus wraps around Pvo-Indus
Superclusterand is linked with Void Sculptur through the one in between them.
[Fig. 1.1].
Downscaling 3: Supernovae5
and
Black holes6
can only be formed if SPACE-
1-generated gradients exist. SPACE-1 expansion is therefore THE MASTER
BLACK SINK of all energy processes in the universe, including bio-chemical
energy processes. It is thus the sole cause of all irreversibilities in nature, all
time asymmetries 10and the 2nd law of thermodynamics [17].
Downscaling 4: SPACE-3 [Fig. 1.2] wraps non-expanding moons, planets, stars
and galaxies and is integrated within non-expanding SPACE-2, which is
integrated withinexpandingSPACE-1.
Downscaling 5: Adiabatic envelopes7 in homogeneous and isotropic universe are
always located between any pair of superclusters of galaxies.
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We Here-Now vs. the Expanding Universe There-Past
A. The universal maximum speed of light is not violated when sectors of the
universe recede away from us [the Hubble expansion] at speeds higher than the
speed of light.
Thus the expansion of the universe generates an event horizon an
observational limit of the universe; namely, the light from such far away emitters
[located at 16 billion light years or more away from us], is redshifted until the
sources totally disappear from our sights, for ever.
Therefore, we can only observe and study a portion of the universe within our
event horizon, and that portion is shrinking in time.
For example: At a given time in the future, all that one can observe is Fig. 1.1with a much larger scale factor, namely, most of what see now in Fig. 1.1 would
then become unobservable.
B. Einsteins General Relativity (EGR) is expressed by Einsteins field
equations [17]. Without the so-called cosmological constant [20-51] it accepted
no static cosmological solutions.
Thus, according to Einstein, it predicted the expansion of the universe before
Hubble detected it.
From this point of view the new astrophysical school of thermodynamics is not
just empirical and due to the agreement with said Einsteinian view its origin is
theoretical and is rooted in EGR. If one accepts this link, the new thermo is
gravity-based thermo.
C. If one retains the cosmological constant in EGR, which Einstein had rejected
due to the Hubble discovery in the mid 1920s, it explains the role of the
speculated dark energy and matter that fill the universe and also asserted toexplain the cause of its accelerated expansion to a cold death [20-51].
D. These matters bring this Lecture I to a close.
E. String theories, black holes, gravity-based linguistics, Limitations of
Theories, dark matter and dark energy are treated in the next online Lectures.
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FOOTNOTES to Lecture I
1. Einstein General Relativity (EGR) may also be referred to asEinsteins Gravity Physics.
Fundamental physics should the same for all observers, accelerating linearly,
rotating, standing on a small astronomical body, like earth, or on a massive star.
This need provides the basis for using coordinate translators that we call tensors.
EGRis expressed in terms of Einstein local metric tensor and its curved space-time mathematical derivatives [Volume I, Ref. 17].
Distances deduced theoretically can thus be determined locally between twoinfinitesimally close points in curved space-time. It is, therefore, an unresolved
issue to determine within the framework of each model, how to evaluate large
distances between two distant points.
The issue should not be confused with the fact that SPACE-1 [the Master Black
Sink] size increases with time. Yet, in debating the validity of each proposed
model, one must specify the space-time-curvature -- the curve-path-of-light that
connects two such cosmic-apart points. Unfortunately, for the theoretician who
wishes to gain support for his own specific model, that determination depends onHIS OWNselected cosmological model.
In the Commoving Distance Model, for instance, commoving distances cannot
be fixed. In practice, the distance of distant objects are best measured by their
luminosity -- which is reduced by the square power of the distance to the
radiation source [17] and by the redshifts of their incoming electromagnetic
radiation.
2. The Expanding Universe and Hubble law.
Hubbles astronomical observations prove that all clusters and super-clusters of
galaxies [Fig. 1.1] are moving away from each other with speeds that are
proportional to their distance from each other and , therefore, also from earth.
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Observations, including the 1964 discovery of the microwave black body
radiation, prove that the expansion of SPACE-1 is the same in all directions(isotropic and homogeneous).
Isotropic distribution across the sky of distant gamma-ray bursts and of
supernovae also support this general conclusion.
Our Net Motion in Space is about 400 km/sec. But this motion is not easy to
comprehend. The direction of the earths net motion lies in the same plane as its
orbit around the sun and at angle of 61 degrees tilted upward [northward] from
the plane of the disk-like Milky Way. We travel around the sun at about 30
km/sec.
These speeds should not be confused with the recession speed of clusters and
super-clusters of galaxies away from each other. [R(t) Fig. 1.2]. This is theHubble expansion. Our galaxyis deviating from this uniform expansion motion
by about 600 km/sec.
3. Superclusters of galaxies, galaxies and our Milky Way
The shapes of superclusters vary considerably; from that of Virgo, Coma and
Hercules to long filaments. [Figs. 1.1
and 1.3]. 9,11
Our Milky-Way Galaxy 8 contains
billions of gravity-compacted stars and
other entities. Most stars are formed in
the dilute regions of the rotating inter-
stellar SPACE-3.
Our galaxy is almost 100,000 light-
years in diameter at its disk-like
longest spiral arms. It is in the form of
an almost flat spiral disk with anaverage thickness of about 1,000 light-
years away from it center
Fig. 1.5: The Fog visible around this galaxy is composed of millions of
stars like our sun a reminder of the scales we discuss [12-18].
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All Superclusters are receding away from us -- and from each other -- at great
speeds -- the further away they are, the greater is the observed speed. This fact is
termed the EXPANDING UNIVERSE. The receding superclusters follow the
observationally-based Hubble Law [R(t) in Fig. 1.2].
Spaces 3, 2 and 1 contain the cosmic black-body remnant radiation, stellarphotons, neutrinos, antineutrinos, gas, dust, etc. Intra-galactic gas may emit X-
rays and other types of radiation.
Andromeda (M31) is a member of our Local Group of galaxies. It is
characterized by a spiral structure similar to ours, and is located about 2,200,000
light-years away. Andromedaand our galaxy are the largest in our Local Group,
which is about 10,000,000 light-years in its largest spatial diameter, namely, the
size of our local group is about 100 times the size of our galaxy. Our local
group includes M31 (Andromeda), M49, M58, M59, M60, M61, M84, M86, M87
and M89.
Radiation pressure on any test-surface facing the lowest radiation-energy density
value in the universe [adiabatic envelopes in mid cold Voids of SPACE-1, are
less than that exerted by radiation impinging on that test surface from the other
side, namely, from the one facing the source of radiation. (This is the familiar
phenomenon behind SOLAR SAILS in space research.)
The result is the universal driving force for energy transport from all hot radiation
sources to cold SPACE-1, whereby the energy-density gradients inside adiabatic
envelopes constitute the driving force of all irreversible processes in K for all theenergy outpouring into it from all shining sources.
SPACE-1 expansion is the prime mover of all irreversible processes in nature.
Nature, and of the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
Conclusion: With or without localized black holes, only expanding, cold,
SPACE-1 [the Master Black Sink] provides us, with the universal,
UNSATURABLE SINK, the cause of the 2nd Law.
4. Nuclear Fusion is caused by the force-pressure of gravity in the core ofactive stars. It transforms (fuses) hydrogen plasma into heavier elements, like
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, phosphor, iron. Fusion is the most
important process in the universe.
All active stars generate in their interiors all the basic chemical elements beyond
hydrogen and helium; namely, all the heavier basic elements of matter that we
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observe on earth and in our body and brain.
According to both Einsteinian and Newtonian physics, the bigger the mass of a
star, the higher are its core pressures and temperatures and faster are the nuclear
fusion processes in its interior [17].
How do we know that?On both fusion and fission scientists know much. Fusion is also the driver of
hydrogen-bomb explosions, (not fission as in atomic reactors and in regular
atomic weapons).
When a certain amount of iron is formed in the interiors of active stars,
endothermic reaction replaces the exothermic one. (The exothermic reaction
generates energy in the stars, while the endothermic one consumes it.)
All active stars produce energy through such nuclear fusion.
5. Supernovae, Maximum Temperatures, Redshifts & Measuring
Astronomical Distances.
All active (shining) stars generate the heavier chemical elements at the high
temperatures-pressures that gravity induces in their interiors. But the massive
stars arrive to that End-of-life Stage earlier than smaller stars do. That End-
of-life Stage may, however, be the Beginning-of-life-Process in case the
supernova debris (ashes) gradually form orbiting planets around stars, as is the
case that we assert was the beginning of our solar system.
Supernovae are gravity-induced phenomena that astronomers observe in galaxies
when a massive star ends its life by internal collapse-implosion. The collapse
begins when the fusion process that produces energy, ends.
Supernovae are not only the originators of all chemistry beyond hydrogen and
helium [by nuclear fusion.], but serve in astronomy as reliable distance
yardsticks [candles] on which much of astronomy rests. The reason for this
selection is explained below.
A supernova explosion throws into Space 3 its interiors in the form of glowing
debris and gases that, initially, are much brighter than any other star in its home
galaxy. Hence, certain types of supernovae serve in astronomy as the max-cosmic
temperature standard for calibrating distances to far-away galaxies via the
absolute luminosity (brightness) method discussed in CPP Volume I [17].
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Supernovas extremely bright glow has been studied since 1054, starting from the
Crab Nebula. At its center there is a neutron star spewing energy and
elementary particles into Space 3, from which they proceed to Space 2 and,
eventually, to Space 1.
That end is reached when a threshold amount ofiron is formed in the interiorof a massive star. [CPP, Vol. I]. At that stage all net energy generation inside the
star stops and the process reverses into an endothermic one during which energy
is consumed.
THE COLLAPSE: At this stage the core pressure falls and the doomed star
cannot support the gravity-induced weight of its upper layers. This leads to a
gigantic collapse-implosion of the entire star structure.
A few general-relativistic deterministic options then emerge, depending on the
mass and details of the doomed massive star:
(i) if the mass of the star is about 1.4 times that of the sun, the star slowly decaysinto a white dwarf,
(ii) if its mass is larger, the formation of an extremely packed neutron star or a
black hole is the end result (in which no atomic nuclei structure survives),
(iii) a gigantic supernova explosion follows the collapse-implosion by bouncing
back from a central dense body [neutron star].
Type Ia supernovae harbor consistent brightness (absolute luminosity) because
their progenitor is accreting mass from a nearby star, always imploding into the
central neutron star at exactly the same mass -- the Chandrasekhar Mass Limit.[CPP, Volume I].
The Canada-France-Hawaii TelescopeLegacy Survey Supernova Program is
designed to measure several hundred high-redshifted supernovae.
Massive stars: Due to their high, gravity-induced, inner-core pressures-
temperatures, massive stars are much faster than smaller stars, like the sun, to
exhaust their hydrogen-helium fuel by nuclear fusion.
The resulting higher pressures-temperatures in massive stars cause faster releasesof fusion energy in the interiors of these stars. From there the energy reaches the
outer layers of the star and eventually leaves the star and spreads out in Spaces 3,
2 and, eventually, 1.
6. Black holes are postulated astronomical local objects that are spreadthroughout galaxies and superclusters of galaxies that are wrapped around by
non-expanding SPACE-3, or may exist within Spaces 2 and 1.
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Black holes come into being by gravity and the expansion of unsaturable
SPACE-1 [the Master Black Sink]. They act as additional unsaturable sinks to
that caused by the expansion of SPACE-1. Like stars and galaxies, black holes
cannot be formed without SPACE-1-expansion.
Astrophysicists expect to detect black holes ranging between roughly the mass of
a few suns to ten billion times greater. Such super-massive ones are postulated to
be in the center of some extremely bright galaxies, including the Milky Way
and quasars.
Black holes are LOCAL, general relativistic cosmological sinks for all matter-
energy arriving and falling into them. They are postulated to be highly
concentrated, local gravity-sinks where the gravity field is so strong that nothing,
not even light, can escape from them. General
relativistic cosmology predicts them as one-way sinks in space-time. Some are
assumed to be in the center of some galaxies. They may be associated with whatis observed and termed quasars.
Within a black hole all atomic and sub-atomic structures had already been
crushed to become only geometrically-curved space-time. This is due to the
extremely strong gravitational field within the black hole. The cause of that total
break down of all structures is only gravity.
Quasars and black holes.
Quasars are assumed to be super massive forms of black holes . Hundreds have
been detected by NASA's Spitzer space telescope, which measures infrared
light, and by Chandra, which measures X-ray emissions. These quasars are in
young (far-away) galaxies that are surrounded by relatively high-density gas that
emits X-rays as it is being sucked into and accelerated towards a one-way sink of
a massive black hole.
Quasars and black holes form local sinks, in addition to the universal-
unsaturable sink generated by SPACE-1-expansion.
Most quasars recede from us at speeds of over150,000 km per second. They are
among the brightest objects in the universe, with the average quasar being
100,000 times brighter than the Andromeda galaxy. Their gigantic energy
output is probably powered by super massive black holes swallowing nearby
stars.
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Their X-rays emissions are detectable even when they cannot be detected. It is
speculated that about 9 to 10 billion years ago, when the age of the universe was
between 2.5 to 1.5 billion years, many "super massive" black holes had been
formed inside large galaxies during their initial stages.
7. Adiabatic Envelopes and the Origin of Time-Asymmetries andIrreversibilities in Nature.
An adiabatic wall, or surface, is a physical wall or an imaginary surface
through which no NET energy flow takes place. In Fig. 1.2 we mark only
three points on such imaginary surfaces, namely, where there is No net
energy flow across them. These surfaces wrap around superclusters of
galaxies in 3 dimensions. No net energy flow means that radiation [and matterparticles] somewhat similar to the ones detected within our solar wind do
not cross such adiabatic surfaces.
The maximum temperature attainable in each galaxy is about the same. It is
roughly the same as that generated initially by supernovae and is attributed to:
(i) the maximum temperature in stellar cores during fusion in all active
stars,
(ii) The maximum temperature during supernovae explosions.
(iii) The maximum detectable temperatures attainable by at the external
surfaces of quasars or galactic centers that harbor gigantic black holes.
8. The Solar System is composed of our sun, the orbiting planets, moons,asteroids, comets, rocks, gases and dust, all bounded together by the
COMBINED attractive gravitational field of the sun, our galaxy, our local
group of galaxies, our super-clusters of galaxies [Fig. 1.3] and the gravitational
field of all the masses in the rest of the universe.
The sun, like all active stars, is a self-gravitating massive sphere of sub-atomic
particles in a state of hot plasmathat is pressed-heated by the attractive force of
gravity.
It accounts for about 99% of the solar systemtotal mass.
Its diameter is about 1.392 million km and is slightly larger than of an average
star in our Milky Waygalaxy.
About 74% of the suns mass is hydrogen, with about 25% helium.
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Gravity-captured debris from previous generations of earlier gas or
stars/supernovae, had started to condense and fall into or orbit the sun, gradually
structuring the currently observed solar planets.
During more than half of its present age, the universe did not harbor our solar
system.
The Solar System extends far beyond the farthest planets, asteroids, comets,
rocks and dust in our community. It is located inside non-expanding Space 3
that wraps our entire galaxy and is spatially interconnected with Spaces 2 and 1.
The Solar Systems outer boundary is where the solar windclashes with other
active-stars-winds emerging from nearby stars. It may form there a gigantic
shock wave called heliosphere. The non-flat, clashing surface, is twisted and
different in temperatures and composition as affected by winds emerging from
close, or far-away stars.
No Net Suns Energy Remains in Earth: This is the verified result of
complicated thermal cycles in our atmosphere and on earths surface. [Our
atmosphere comprises the following gravity-induced layers: Homosphere from
sea level to 80km (Troposphere up to about 13km; Ozone layerabout 13-43km;
Stratosphere 13-50km; Mesosphere 50-80km); Thermosphere 80-175 km
(dilute Nitrogen 80-15km, Oxygen 105-128km, Helium 128-150km, Hydrogen150-175km)].
Much work has been done concerning methods to reduce man-induced carbon
emissions, e.g., by deleting from or injecting into it what can economically
decrease its absorption and/or increase its reflectivity. These may change the
atmospheric net heat balance.
On ATTRIBUTING CURRENT CLIMATE CHANGE to acts of humanity:
1. The monotonic increase in (automatically) measured global temperatures
does not show the 11-YEARS SOLAR CYCLE during which the sun
luminosity changes. These changes are the results of complicated sun-interior
convection currents, granulation, magnetic field lines between changing sunspot
pairs, huge solar flares, etc.
2. Such short-time cycles may correspond to the unexplained Little Ice
Age that chilled Northern Europe during the late 17 th century, suggesting a
causal link between solar total luminosity activity and climate change on earth.
3. There have been 17 or 19 ice ages: From about 3,000,000 years ago until
the last one, which gradually ended from about12,000 to 8000 years ago. These
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ages have strongly affected ecological systems on earth, and each lasted about
50,000 to 100,000 years and each had lowered the surface of the oceans, resulting
in climate-induced changes in life and all ecological systems.
The incoming sun energy [Cf, Solar Wind] is partially reflected [and scattered]
from the upper layers of our atmosphere [about 30%] back to non-expandingSpace-3, and, eventually, to expanding SPACE-1.
Most incoming short-wave energy [about 64%] is reflected back to Spaces 3, 2
and eventually absorbed in the deepest-coldest VOIDS/SPACE-1 [THE
MASTER BLACK SINK] as long-wave radiation that results from the suns
energy undergoing complex processes in the earths atmosphere and on the earth
surface. Thus, all incoming suns energy (plus about 6% of heat from the earths
interior], is proceeding further into the depths of Spaces 3, 2 and 1.
Unlike planets, all active stars generate and spread out radiation energy-matter
that is generated in their very hot interiors by fusion. The sun, for instance, emitsthis energy-matter as solar wind, which spreads in all directions and is
eventually dissipated in SPACE-1.
On its way to SPACE-1, the solar wind engulfs earth and the other solar
planets. No equivalent amount of this incoming radiation energy remains with
this and the other planets, as many wrongly assume. Part of it is reflected
immediately by our upper atmosphere to outer, cold-dark spaces 3, 2 and,
eventually, to Space-1.
The rest of the solar wind enters our atmosphere, and following complicatedthermal-ecological-hydrological cycles it dissipates irreversibly in outer cold-
dark Space 1.
The outgoing energy includes additional, small amount of energy from the earths
interior.
On its way to SPACE-1 the solar wind first undergoes through a huge shock
wave that is generated at the solar system outer boundary. It is there where it
clashes with opposing solar winds from nearby stars.
Together with similar solar winds generated by billions of stars in our galaxy,
this radiation reaches SPACE 1 -- the unsaturable, limitless, universal sinkof
all radiation energies pouring into it from all stellar and galactic sources [12-18].
That one-way, irreversible energy dissipation in SPACE-1 -- the Master Black
Sink -- is driven by the radiation energy gradients formed between Spaces 3 to 2,
and between Space 2 and 1.
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About 2 billion years post genesis, most gravity-induced, proto-massive-entities
have already been condensed by gravity so as to ignite nuclear fusion inside their
cores and radiate the produced energy from their outer surfaces.
Figs. 1 and 3 provide proof of an isotropic and homogeneous universe in terms
of large-scale distribution of cold voids, hot matter-structures-emitters and their
maximum temperature. There are no net energy flows across adiabatic envelopes
in SPACE-1.
Matter (gas, plasma) has been aggregated by the force of gravity to form self-
gravitating entities -- the early massive stars -- possibly include some
quasars.
9. Galactic Centers. The center of our galaxy is called Sagittarius A. It is a
very compact source ofradio waves that originate fromgas and dustheated tomillions of degrees K as they are postulated to fall into the galactic center,
which is further postulated to contain a super-massive black hole.
Galactic centers of other galaxies are postulated to contain such a super massive
black hole. They may contain huge amounts of matter [mass], each in the range
ofhundreds of thousands to tens of billions of the mass of the entire solar system.
10. Symmetry-Asymmetry & Super symmetries. Various branches of super
symmetries are postulated in string theories. For instance, some theorists
introduce to theoretical physics a kind of primitive symmetry: If the universe iseternal into the future it must be eternal into the past, or prior to creation [the
big-bang], there must have been a symmetric contraction into an all-containing black hole.. As the density had increased during that pre-creation
contraction, gigantic black holes are claimed to be formed, and, at the instant of
maximum contraction, they had switched to expansion, and only one of them has
turned into our expanding universe.
Upcoming tests at CERN or by the Planck Satellite or by the ground-based
LIGO and VIRGO observatories, may reveal slight variations in gravitational
radiation that are claimed to be associated with such postulated effects, say, on
the polarization of the cosmic black body radiation.
11. Merging-Colliding Galaxies
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The fog shown in these colliding galaxies is composed of millions of stars.
Our galaxy is predicted by some models to collide with the Andromeda galaxy in
about 5 billion years.
The rate of galactic collisions was much higher in the past, mainly because the
galaxies were closer to each other.
Andromedas system consists of Cassiopeia Dwarf, Pegasus dSph, M32, M110,
NGC 147, NGC195, AND I-V, etc. The Triangulum Galaxy, the 3rd largest galaxy
in our local group, also includes thePisces Dwarfas a satellite.
Our satellite galaxies consist of theLarge and Small Magellanic Clouds, Ursa
Minor Dwarf, Darco Dwarf, Sculptor Dwarf, Canis Major Dwarf, FornaxDwarf, Carina Dwarf, Sextans Dwarf, Tucana Dwarf, Leo I, Leo II, Leo A, Sag
DEG, etc.
Lecture2
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Many aspects of animals social organization and evolution can be
predicted on the basis of gravity-induced environmental variables.
Since biogeochemical evolution causes key natural resources to be
distributed non-uniformly in the spatial and temporal coordinates of the
biosphere, resource monopolizationdevelops in all levels of socio-
biological systems.
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Socio-Gravitism
Gravity Selection as a key Component of Natural Selection
The first local "aggregates" of matter in the solar system have already containedatoms and simple molecules, and it was gravity that stratified these compounds in
horizontal layers according to theirspecific gravity.
The atmosphere and geological strata are ordered-selected by the specificgravity of their chemical components. It was gravity that put the early
components of living systems at one and the same strata.
Gravity Selection is therefore a key component ofNatural selection.
Gravity is also the universal builder of structures, including all chemistry in the
cores of gravitationally pressed-heated stars [See fusion in Lecture I], geological
strata, earth morphology the entire evolution of life, village/city structures,
transportation systems, linguistic hierarchy, recorded symbols, letters, grammar
vs. time, structure of sentences, pages, books, shelves, houses.
1. Gravity-Induced Orientation, Order, Linguistics
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Assertion 1
The origin of temporal behavior in
animals can be traced back in time andout to external physical influences.
Even innate patterns" are frequently
associated with simple orientation
movement in the field of gravitation,
i.e., as "up-ward-downward"
balancing of the biological body vis--
vis the gravity pointer. Gravity
periodicities around the sun emerge as
prime sources of order via time and
the arrow of time.
Assertion 2
Plants know to grow vertically
upward when they start growing in
total darkness as seeds inserted deep
into the ground; -- even when they
grow on a steep mountain slope.
As most high-growing trees they align
their growth under the control of thegravity vector.
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Using gravity pointers up, down,
left, right, we generate signs and
record numbers and letters for a
later use and for other to read.
Animals are no exception. Each is'conscious' of the commonly-
shared "up-down" surroundings,
and about "weight" and
acceleration. Plants also harbor
innate sensors that guide them in
which direction to grow even on a
mountain slope.
Additional examples range from gyroscope inertial changes and gravity-induced changes involving the fluid in the vertebrate inner ear to a crystallizing
suspension of organic spheres in water.
3. Gravity-Induced Plant Growth and Animal Behavior
The sensing devices whichplants and animals use for"gravity perception" ("gravityreceptors", "g-perception", "bio-
accelerometers", "gravity-induced
biological clocks", etc.) are not
yet well understood, even though a
voluminous literature has been
published on this subject. But
what we already know justifiesthe central role we claim gravity
plays in living systems and
society.
If a growing higher plant is displaced with respect to the "upright" position,some tens of minutes later it will adapt its growth in such a way as to restore its
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original orientation in coincidence with the gravity vector. (If it is displaced only
briefly and then restored to its original orientation well before the growth
response can set in, it still responds to that displacement.)
Gravity-induced orientation-adaptation of an organism may occur when an
organism orients itself by a gravity-induced gradient of density differences orhydrostatic pressure.
Small organisms (including all bacteria) may have no means for sensing gravity,
but they are affected by it.
Animals low on the evolutionary scale characteristically exhibit innate patternsthat depend little on learning, and have a lesser adaptability to changes in the
environment.
Consequently, their dependence on heredity-geophysical-gravitational origins is
high in proportion to animals that are high on the evolutionary scale. While
the latter show some signs of innate patterns, they harbor a greater capacity to
produce a much more flexible mechanism to respond to a variety of other
external changes that stimulate them. The evolutionary origin of the so-called
"innate ideas" may, therefore, be external rather than internal.
Each of the billions of cells in our body contains specific organelles and nuclei,which are heavier than the rest of the cell.
These are key instruments in our lives, in our orientation, balancing, walking,
reading, etc.
Plants and animals always obey the gravity-induced commanding-guiding
force, for a reason. They try to maximize sun input and minimize shadows from
other trees.
We form no exception. Even with closed eyes. we always feel and obey the
ever-present gravity force. We and all animals detect it to orient ourselves
anyplace on earth, and balance our motion.
4. Gravity-Induced Property, Domains, Wars
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Gravity-induced changes developterritoriality in a given spatial region or in agiven assembly of individuals, especially when key resources are not sufficiently
abundant and stable through long periods of historical times.
Inequality in human society begins with land demarcation and property, private
and tribal, stated owned or company run. Envy then drives competition, company
ads, TV and academic rating, political candidates, religious rivalry and key
human traits, sometimes stronger than as death.
One species, or one sex, may control a larger quantity of resources, say, scarce
water ponds, than the other, until a small percentage of the populationmonopolizes key resources.
We observe this phenomenon in both the animal and human domains of socio-
biology.
In humans these gravity-induced territoriality is often developed into nationality,
strategy and wars.
Other possible links between human evolution and gravity-induced changes inthe environment are illuminated by empirical results that emerge from studies in
geology, mt-DNA-based anthropology and archaeology.
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Assertion 3
When a limited terrestrial space is divided into lots in a community, it
carries economic and social standing, or "lebensraums" involving "well-
defined territories" and "Gravity-inducedNatural Selection"; from
animals' mating systems to animals' monopolies on water resources; fromnatural food administration to the control of key strategic ridges; from
controlling fossil fuel resources to disputes over territories.
In fact, as discussed below, much of the currently known socio-biological
evolution, and much of human history may be reassessed along these lines.
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Assertion 4
Even the computer page is ordered by up,bottom,laft, right margins, footnotes, first
and last pages. And it takes time to read
them and to comprehend them; the time
that always advances from past to future;
the time that we term Linguistic-Musical
Arrow of Time.
Similarly, gravity-induced ordering of
shelves, files, documents and books in a
library introduces order into our life.
Such gravity-induced order dominates not
only composition-order-asymmetry of
everyday life, but our brain-mind
perception and arrow of time [17].
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5. Gravity-Induced Law, Seconds, Minutes, Days, Year
Whole cultures, civilizationsand religions have been
constructed on gravity-inducedhuman orientability, concepts,
spirituality, art, music, home
structure, village structure,
wells, canals, boats, trade,
agriculture, and even law
enforcement by hanging [17].
History testifies that such
gravity-induced cultural phenomena may proceed
beyond grammar and social
order far into the spiritual and
hierarchical domains: High
priest, low deck, high
commissioner, and highness, heaven, lofty, go to the bottom of the subject, etc.
Letter orientation, from cuneiform writing to later written languages, includespast-present-future linguistic laws [modern grammar].
Gravity pointers, when combined with Mitochondrial-DNA [mtDNA], are keytools in archaeology, anthropology and geology: Human trash is ordered by
gravity and useful in such studies.
Such a gravity-induced science is translated into gravity-rooted history,
chronology, natural Selection-Orientation, biological clocks, etc.
6. Gravity-Induced Perception and Aggregated Brain Entities'
We train our brain-mind to appreciate only gravity-induced, configuration-order-orientation and reject chaos and disorder. In short, we reject what does not
well align with gravity-induced posture, standing and sitting modes.
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Our brain-mind searches for what is 'right' via gravitationally induced
symmetries and asymmetry standards.
Each picture we observe, each letter-symbol, word and sentence that we read, or
hear, forms in our brain-mind a specific aggregated, configuration-boundary,
gravity-oriented asymmetry in three-dimensional reality, or its equivalents inexamining a two-dimensional page-space, or a computer display page-space.
The three-dimensional configuration is than completed in our mind.
Each letter-symbol, each word and each sentence generates an aggregated,configuration-boundary-asymmetry in our brain-mind, where it had been
irreversibly recorded and compared with what has been forced on our brain-mind
by previous forces of our education; -- the STANDARDS at home, school, social
group, tribe, nation, religion or a specific branch of civilization.
Time reversal of musical notes destroys our pleasure. One cannot enjoy it if it is
played in reverse. The structure and modulation of voice and the sentences a
human mind seeks to identify with are similarly affected.
Even a minor deviation from one's pre-trained language, intonation, accent,symmetry and asymmetry -- in face, body and walking way -- destroys our
gravity-induced, inner motivations for what is 'right', young, healthy, and what isnot.
In observing a person our mind generates a gravitationally induced structuralasymmetry that is compared with the stored standard
Any picture is gravitationally oriented in our brain-mind: up/down or
horizontal/left/right. Thus, inversion of a picture, or reversing the direction of
symbols, words and a meaningful text, destroys the meaning.
It takes us some time 'to read' a text, and more to 'comprehend' its meaning vis--
vis our pre-conceptions and standards.
We maintain that this process generates an irreversible 'Structural Space-Time
Arrow' in our brain-mind, in terms of 'Space-Aggregated-Asymmetric-Picture',
which points from gravity-induced form-orientation-configuration, or, 'head' and
'lower figure', to 'beginning' and 'end'.
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7. Biological Clocks and Gravitation
The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced back in time and outto external physical influences.
Gravity and geophysical periodicities emerge as prime sources of order and
information in all non-living and living systems.
Animals low on the evolutionary scale depend little on learning, and have a lesser
adaptability to changes in the environment. Consequently, their dependence on
heredity-geophysical-gravitational origins is high in proportion to animals high
on the evolutionary scale.
8. Vertigo, Loss of Coordination-Balancing & Gravity
Vertigo is a loss of coordination, balancing and orientation vis--vis space andthe gravity-induced horizon. We shall employ this well-known phenomenon to
explain how gravity-detectors in our ear operate to help our thinking.
Biological structures in the inner ear include semicircular canals and a fluid
that moves, by gravity force, with respect to the gravity vector and activates asystem that transmits linear and rotational motions vis--vis the gravity vector to
the vestibular nerve, which carries these signals through the brainstem to our
brain cerebellum, which, in turn, uses them to control our balancing, orientation,
coordination and movement.
The vestibular system in our ears comprises two semi-circular canals, which are
used to indicate our rotational movements, and otoliths, which indicate linear
translations.
The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures thatcontrol our eye movements, and to the Cerebellum-muscles system that keeps us
upright and helps maintain clear vision-orientation vs. the gravity vector.
9. Biological Cells, Reproduction, Immunity System & Gravity
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Gravity causes changes in cell division, metabolism and the immunitysystem. Reproduction is also impaired and the immune cells cannot differentiate
into mature cells in low or zero gravity conditions attainable in space crafts.
The size of a biological cell depends on the local gravity vector its size
increases in larger local gravitational field-force values.
Bone cells must attach themselves to something and will die if they cannot.
Without the gravity force-field they float around and perish.
Protoplasmic motion, cytoplasmic viscosity and specific gravity of cellcomponents -- relative to the ground-plasma are also vital components.
Moreover, when animals evolve on land, outside the oceans, they developstronger skeletons to cope with larger gravity forces vis--vis the reduced one
due to buoyancy in the waters.
Earlier lifeforms in the oceans were smaller and had a jellyfish-like
configuration.
Without strong skeletons land animals could not come into being.
10. Animals and Gravity-Induced Effects
Each of the billions of cells in our body contains specific organelles and nuclei,which are heavier than the rest of the cell. These are key instruments in our
lives, orientation, balancing, walking, reading, etc.
Plants and animals always obey the gravity-induced commanding-guidingforce, for a reason.
They try to maximize sun input and minimize shadows from other trees.
We form no exception.
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Even with closed eyes, we always feel and obey the ever-present gravity
force, and detect it to orient ourselves anyplace on earth, and balance our
motion.
Gravimorphism, gravitropism and tropism are directional movements of aplant with respect to a directional stimulus. One such tropism is gravimorphism --
the growth or movement of a plant with respect to gravity. Plant roots grow in the
direction of gravity while shoots and stems grow against it.
Blood circulation and its pressure are also affected by gravity.
Space travel may involve living in zero or low gravity values (hypo gravity).
During post-stall supermaneuverability attainable by future [jet-steered orthrust-vectored] fighter aircraft, the gravity-acceleration forces on both aircraft
and pilot are critical.
RECAP:Gravity generates structures and controls all geological layers and global
phenomena ranging from mountain crests, gravity-induced tectonic folds, valleys,
beaches, oceans and lagoons, to springs, wells, swamps, glaciers and rivers, and
the bio-systems connected with them.
Without gravity-induced orientation-order and grammar we are lost in any given
written language. Gravity-induced grammar prevents us from vertical reversals.
Similarly, horizontal reversals prevent us, say, from reversals ofWto M.
There are more complicated gravity-induced grammar rules. They range from
preventing reversal of past into future, and vice versa, to use gravity-inducedstructures as reference: A mountain crest, valley, beach line, river bed, sky, earth,
ocean, etc.
Gravity-sensing cells function as detectors of the direction of gravity. The fluid-
particles systems inside cells initiate inner convective currents that cease under
zero gravity. Thus, the absence of gravity affects the contacts of cells via their
membrane potential and their cytoskeletons.
11. Gravity-Induced Village and City Structures
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Gravity generates structures andcontrols all geological layers and
global phenomena ranging from
mountain crests, tectonic folds and
uplifts, valleys, village and citystructures, transportation systems,
oceans and lagoons, to springs, wells,
swamps, glaciers and rivers, as well
as the ecological-systems connected
with them.
12. Gravity and Global Warming
Gravity affects global warming and all ecological systems.[See Solar System in Lecture I].
13. Gravity and Health
The evolution and everyday functioning of our bones, legs, hips, joints,
cartilages, ligaments, femurs, tibia, pelvis and muscles, has been "in response" to
the force and direction of gravity.
Moreover, gravity plays a key factor in heart failure associated with swollen legs,
in flooded lungs, walking, sleeping needs etc.
Nevertheless, the cardinal role gravity plays in the treatment of gravity-induceddisorders in biological systems, human perception, health and longevity, has been
largely overlooked by health providers and researchers, partly because the key
role of gravity as the universal generator of all bio-structures, socio-biology and
physiological forms has not yet been well investigated.
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