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Issues facing Australias

Health Care SystemChapter 10Pg 328

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Consists of services and activities run andcontrolled by the government and those runby the private sector

The federal and state governments have thelargest role in the health system in terms offunding and delivering health services

10.1 Elements ofAustralias health care

system

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Australias universal health-insurancescheme

Established in 1984

It gives all Australian citizens and permanentresidents and people from countries with areciprocal agreement (NZ, UK, Ireland,Sweden, Netherlands, Finland, Italy, Malta,Norway) access to health care that issubsidised by the government

Medicare

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Range of health services including: Doctors consultations including specialists Tests and examinations by doctors X-rays and pathology tests Eye tests performed by optometrists Free treatment as a patient in public hospitals Subsidised treatment as a patient in private

hospitals

Medicare: what does itcover?

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Covers most necessary hospital and doctorsfees

Not covered by Medicare: Dental examinations Home nursing treatment Ambulance services Physiotherapy Occupational therapy Speech therapy Eye therapy Chiropractic services Podiatry

Acupuncture

Medicare: whats NOTcovered

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Medicare levy: 1.5% tax placed on taxableincome of taxpayers

Medicare Surcharge: an additional tax if youearn over $70,000 (indiv) or $140,000(families) and dont have private healthinsurance

Medicare: how is it funded

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Federal governments subsidy scheme foressential medicines

Jan 1st, 2009 the co-payment for most PBS-subsidised medication was $32.90 or $5.30for concession card holders

The government pays the remaining costIf not covered by PBS, patients must pay full

price

Pharmaceutical BenefitsScheme

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Form of insurance where a member pays apremium to the insurance company inaddition to the Medicare levy

The insurance company agrees to pay forsome or all health-related costs incurred bythe member that are not covered byMedicare

Private Health Insurance

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Funded by government, private sector andindividual payments

See fig 10.5 pg 330Public hospitals and medical services such as

doctors consultations are the two largestitems of health system expenditure

Funding the health system

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EffectivenessAppropriatenessEfficiency

ResponsivenessAccessibilitySafetyContinuity

CapabilitySustainabilitySee pg 332for more details

Values of Australiashealth system

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Qs 1-9 pg 333

Test your knowledge

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Health care system has to evolve to addressissues

Many different issues

. ssues ac ngAustralias health system:

human rights and ethicalissues Part 1

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Human rights are about respecting the valueand dignity that every human beingpossesses and deserves

Ethics are judgements and behaviours basedon what people think is good and right

People often disagree

Human rights and ethics

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After World War II, the global communitybecame concerned with human rights

In 1946, The United Nations (UN) drafted aset of human rights that is now known as theUniversal declaration of human rights

Countries had different views based onsociety and culture

Universal declaration ofhuman rights (1948)

H i ht d thi l

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Long waiting lists for medical procedures inpublic hospitals

Long waiting times for treatment inemergency departments

Geographical access to medical services(rural and remote areas)

Declining number of bulk billing doctors

Financial access to medicines and healthservices for people living in financialdisadvantage e.g. pensioners

Waiting times for ambulance response

Access for people with disabilities such as

Human rights and ethicalissues: access to medical

services

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Voluntary euthanasia: when the person whois killed has requested to be killed

Assisted suicide: when a terminally ill personis helped to kill themselves, e.g. a doctorsprescribes medication but the patientadministers it

Illegal in Australia

Issues include: Should people suffering be able to end their live

painlessly? Is taking a life wrong, no matter the

circumstances?

Human rights and ethicalissues: euthanasia

10 3 I f i

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10.3 Issues facingAustralias health system:

human rights and ethicalissues Part 2

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Stem cells are generalised cells within thebody that do not yet have a specialisedfunction

They have potential to become many celltypes

Two types: embryonic and adultEmbryonic can only be harvested from

embryos usually leftover ones from fertilityclinicsEmbryonic stem cells can be extracted

without killing embryo however most are still

destroyed after use

Human rights and ethicalissues: stem cell research

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Involves creating an embryo using thegenetic information of the patient to betreated

Benefits are the possibility of creatingreplacement cells and organs that areperfectly matched to the patient

Issues are technique involves creating anembryo for the sole purpose of research

Devalues human life?

Human rights and ethicalissues: therapeutic cloning

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In Victoria, pregnancies can be terminatedup to 24 weeks

After 24 weeks, a doctor must agree that thewomans health is at risk

Medicare covers part of the cost of abortionIssues:

a woman's right to choose Ending a human life

Human rights and ethicalissues: abortion

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Qs 1-3 pg 335Qs 1-5 pg 337

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