By: Hannah Miller

10.1

Meiosis

10.2

Dihybrid Crosses

10.2

Gene Linkage

10.3

Polygenic Inheritan

ce

Potpourri Meiosis

$200

$300

$400

$500

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$100

$200

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$500

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$100

$200

$300

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$500

$100

$200

$300

$400

$100

10.1

Meiosis

10.2

Dihybrid Crosses

10.2

Gene Linkage

10.3

Polygenic Inheritan

ce

Potpourri Meiosis

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$100

$200

$300

$400

WHAT IS MEIOSIS? WHAT IS MEIOSIS?

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MEIOSIS IS A MEIOSIS IS A STEPSTEP

BY STEP BY STEP PROCESS BYPROCESS BY

WHICH A WHICH A DIPLOID CELL DIPLOID CELL

PRODUCES FOUR PRODUCES FOUR HAPLOID HAPLOID

DAUGHTER DAUGHTER CELLS.CELLS.

WHAT ARE HOMOLOGOUS WHAT ARE HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES?CHROMOSOMES?

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HOMOLOGOUS HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES CHROMOSOMES

ARE ARE CHROMOSOMES CHROMOSOMES THAT CARRY THE THAT CARRY THE SAME GENES AND SAME GENES AND ARE SIMILAR SIZE ARE SIMILAR SIZE

AND SHAPEAND SHAPE

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OUTLINE THE FORMATION OUTLINE THE FORMATION OF CHIASMATA IN THE OF CHIASMATA IN THE PROCESS OF CROSSING PROCESS OF CROSSING

OVEROVERAFTER THE PATERNAL & MATERNAL AFTER THE PATERNAL & MATERNAL

CHROMATIDS INTERTWINE & BREAK CHROMATIDS INTERTWINE & BREAK AT EXACTLY THE SAME POSITION, & THE AT EXACTLY THE SAME POSITION, & THE

TWO SEGMENTS CONNECT TO THE TWO SEGMENTS CONNECT TO THE CORRESPONDING POSTION ON THE OTHER CORRESPONDING POSTION ON THE OTHER CHROMATID, THE PLACE WHERE THE TWO CHROMATID, THE PLACE WHERE THE TWO

CONNECT TO EACHOTHER IS CALLED A CONNECT TO EACHOTHER IS CALLED A CHIASTMA (PLURAL CHIASMATA) CHIASTMA (PLURAL CHIASMATA)

STATE MENDEL’S LAW STATE MENDEL’S LAW OF INDEPENDENT OF INDEPENDENT

ASSORTMENTASSORTMENT

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WHEN GAMETES ARE WHEN GAMETES ARE FORMED, THE FORMED, THE

SEPARATION OF ONE SEPARATION OF ONE PAIR OF ALLELES PAIR OF ALLELES

BETWEEN THE BETWEEN THE DAUGHTER CELLS IS DAUGHTER CELLS IS

INDEPENDENT OF INDEPENDENT OF THE SERPARATION THE SERPARATION OF ANOTHER PAIR OF ANOTHER PAIR

OF ALLELESOF ALLELES

EXPLAIN HOW MEIOSIS EXPLAIN HOW MEIOSIS RESULTS IN EFFECTIVELY RESULTS IN EFFECTIVELY

INFINITE GENETIC VARIETY IN INFINITE GENETIC VARIETY IN GAMETESGAMETES

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THROUGH CROSSING THROUGH CROSSING OVER IN PROPHASE I OVER IN PROPHASE I

AND RANDOM AND RANDOM ORIENTATION IN ORIENTATION IN METAPHASE I.METAPHASE I.

WHAT DOES THE WHAT DOES THE GENOTYPE XGENOTYPE XHHXXh h

INDICATE?INDICATE?

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A HETEROZYGOUS FEMALEA HETEROZYGOUS FEMALE

DISTINGUISH BETWEEN DISTINGUISH BETWEEN AUTOSOMESAUTOSOMES AND AND SEX SEX

CHROMOSOMESCHROMOSOMES

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THE THE SEX CHROMOSOMESSEX CHROMOSOMES ARE THE X & Y ARE THE X & Y CHROMOSOMES, AND THEY ARE THE ONES THAT CHROMOSOMES, AND THEY ARE THE ONES THAT

DETERMINE WHAT SEX YOU ARE.DETERMINE WHAT SEX YOU ARE.ANY CHROMOSOME THAT IS NOT A SEX ANY CHROMOSOME THAT IS NOT A SEX

CHROMOSOME IS AN CHROMOSOME IS AN AUTOSOMEAUTOSOME..PEOPLE HAVE PEOPLE HAVE 22 PAIRS OF AUTOSOMAL 22 PAIRS OF AUTOSOMAL CHROMOSOMESCHROMOSOMES AND AND ONE PAIR OF SEX ONE PAIR OF SEX

CHROMOSOMESCHROMOSOMES. .

EXPLAIN HOW CROSSING OVER EXPLAIN HOW CROSSING OVER BETWEEN NON-SISTER BETWEEN NON-SISTER

CHROMATIDS OF A CHROMATIDS OF A HOMOLOGOUS PAIR IN HOMOLOGOUS PAIR IN

PROPHASE I CAN RESULT IN AN PROPHASE I CAN RESULT IN AN EXCHANGE OF ALLELES EXCHANGE OF ALLELES

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A MATERNAL CHROMOSOME CAN A MATERNAL CHROMOSOME CAN END UP WITH A SEGMENT OF END UP WITH A SEGMENT OF GENETIC MATERIAL FROM A GENETIC MATERIAL FROM A

PATERNAL CHROMOSOME AND PATERNAL CHROMOSOME AND VICE VERSA.VICE VERSA.

DURING ANY SINGLE CROSSING DURING ANY SINGLE CROSSING OVER EVENT, HUNDREDS OR OVER EVENT, HUNDREDS OR

THOUSANDS OF GENES CAN BE THOUSANDS OF GENES CAN BE TRADED IN THIS WAY.TRADED IN THIS WAY.

IN GARDEN PEAS, THE PAIRS OF ALLELES CODING FOR SEED SHAPE AND

SEED COLOR ARE UNLINKED. THE ALLELE FOR SMOOTH SEEDS (S) IS DOMINANT OVER THE ALLELE FOR

WRINKLED SEEDS (s). THE ALLELE FOR YELLOW SEEDS (Y) IS DOMINANT OVER

THE ALLELE FOR GREEN SEEDS (y). IF A PLANT OF GENOTYPE Ssyy IS

CROSSED WITH A PLANT OF GENOTYPE ssYy, WHICH OFFSPRING ARE

RECOMBINANTS?

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SsYy & ssyySsYy & ssyy

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN NUMBER OF POSSIBLE OFFSPRING NUMBER OF POSSIBLE OFFSPRING FOR MONOHYBRID CROSSES AND FOR MONOHYBRID CROSSES AND

DIHYBRID CROSSES?DIHYBRID CROSSES?

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MONOHYBRID CROSSES: DIHYBRID MONOHYBRID CROSSES: DIHYBRID CROSSES:CROSSES:

2 x 2 = 4 x 4 2 x 2 = 4 x 4 = =

4 POSSIBLE OFFSPRING4 POSSIBLE OFFSPRING 16 POSSIBLE 16 POSSIBLE OFFSPRINGOFFSPRING

DEFINE LINKAGE GROUPDEFINE LINKAGE GROUP

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ANY TWO GENES WHICH ARE FOUND ON THE ANY TWO GENES WHICH ARE FOUND ON THE SAME CHROMOSOME ARE SAID TO BE LINKED SAME CHROMOSOME ARE SAID TO BE LINKED

TO EACHOTHER. A GROUP OF GENES TO EACHOTHER. A GROUP OF GENES INHERITED TOGETHER BECAUSE THE ARE INHERITED TOGETHER BECAUSE THE ARE FOUND ON THE SAME CHROMOSOME ARE FOUND ON THE SAME CHROMOSOME ARE

CONSIDERED TO BE MEMBERS OF A LINKAGE CONSIDERED TO BE MEMBERS OF A LINKAGE GROUP.GROUP.

WHAT IS THE LOCUS WHAT IS THE LOCUS OF A GENE?OF A GENE?

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THE POSITION OF A GENE ON THE POSITION OF A GENE ON A CHROMOSOME.A CHROMOSOME.

WHAT CONSTITUTES A WHAT CONSTITUTES A LINKAGE GROUP?LINKAGE GROUP?

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GENES CARRIED ON GENES CARRIED ON THE SAME THE SAME

CHROMOSOME.CHROMOSOME.

TWO GENES A & B ARE LINKED TOGETHER TWO GENES A & B ARE LINKED TOGETHER AS SHOWN BELOW.AS SHOWN BELOW.

IF THE GENES ARE FAR ENOUGH APART IF THE GENES ARE FAR ENOUGH APART SUCH THAT CROSSING OVER BETWEEN THE SUCH THAT CROSSING OVER BETWEEN THE ALLELES OCCURS OCASSIONALLY, WHICH ALLELES OCCURS OCASSIONALLY, WHICH STATEMENT IS TRUE OF THE GAMETES?STATEMENT IS TRUE OF THE GAMETES?

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A.A.ALL OF THE GAMETES WILL BE Ab & aB.ALL OF THE GAMETES WILL BE Ab & aB.B.B.THERE WILL BE 25% Ab, 25% aB, 25% ab, & 25% AB.THERE WILL BE 25% Ab, 25% aB, 25% ab, & 25% AB.C.C.THERE WILL BE EQUAL NUMBERS OF Ab & ab GAMETES.THERE WILL BE EQUAL NUMBERS OF Ab & ab GAMETES.D.D.THE NUMBER OF Ab GAMETES WILL BE GREATER THAN THE NUMBER OF Ab GAMETES WILL BE GREATER THAN

THE NUMBER OF ab GAMETESTHE NUMBER OF ab GAMETES

A.A.ALL OF THE GAMETES WILL BE Ab & aB.ALL OF THE GAMETES WILL BE Ab & aB.B.B.THERE WILL BE 25% Ab, 25% aB, 25% ab, & 25% AB.THERE WILL BE 25% Ab, 25% aB, 25% ab, & 25% AB.C.C.THERE WILL BE EQUAL NUMBERS OF Ab & ab GAMETES.THERE WILL BE EQUAL NUMBERS OF Ab & ab GAMETES.D.D.THE NUMBER OF Ab GAMETES WILL BE GREATER THAN THE NUMBER OF Ab GAMETES WILL BE GREATER THAN

THE NUMBER OF ab GAMETESTHE NUMBER OF ab GAMETES

A PARENT OF AN UNKOWN A PARENT OF AN UNKOWN GENOTYPE IS MATED IN A GENOTYPE IS MATED IN A TEST CROSS. HALF OF THE TEST CROSS. HALF OF THE

OFFSPRING HAVE THE SAME OFFSPRING HAVE THE SAME PHENOTYPE AS THE PHENOTYPE AS THE

PARENT. WHAT CAN BE PARENT. WHAT CAN BE CONCLUDED FROM THIS CONCLUDED FROM THIS

RESULT?RESULT?

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THAT THE PARENT IS HETEROZYGOUSTHAT THE PARENT IS HETEROZYGOUS FOR THE TRAITFOR THE TRAIT

DEFINE POLYGENETIC DEFINE POLYGENETIC INHERITANCEINHERITANCE

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TWO OR MORE GENES INFLUENCING TWO OR MORE GENES INFLUENCING THE EXPRESSION OF ONE TRAIT.THE EXPRESSION OF ONE TRAIT.

DISTINGUISH BETWEEN DISTINGUISH BETWEEN CONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS AND AND

DISCONTINUOUSDISCONTINUOUS VARIATION?VARIATION?

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WHENWHEN AN ARRAY OF POSSIBLE PHENOTYPES AN ARRAY OF POSSIBLE PHENOTYPES CAN BE PRODUCED, IT IS CALLED CAN BE PRODUCED, IT IS CALLED

CONTINUOUS VARIATION CONTINUOUS VARIATION (SUCH AS HEIGHT). (SUCH AS HEIGHT). WHEN VARIATION IS NOT CONTINOUS IT IS WHEN VARIATION IS NOT CONTINOUS IT IS

REFERRED TO AS REFERRED TO AS DISCONTINUOUS DISCONTINUOUS

VARIATIONVARIATION (SUCH AS BLOODTYPE). (SUCH AS BLOODTYPE).

TRUE OR FALSE:TRUE OR FALSE:

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TRUETRUE (FOR EXAMPLE HUMAN SKIN COLOR)(FOR EXAMPLE HUMAN SKIN COLOR)

POLYGENETIC INHERITANCE POLYGENETIC INHERITANCE CAN CONTRIBUTE TO CAN CONTRIBUTE TO

CONTINUOUS VARIATIONCONTINUOUS VARIATION

DOES SKIN COLOR DOES SKIN COLOR SHOW CONTINOUS SHOW CONTINOUS

VARIATION?VARIATION?

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YES.YES. THE SKIN COLOR IS DUE TO THE SKIN COLOR IS DUE TO THE AMOUNT OF MELININ IN THE AMOUNT OF MELININ IN THE PERSONS SKIN, WHICH THE PERSONS SKIN, WHICH

IS AN EXAMPLE OF IS AN EXAMPLE OF CONTINOUS VARIATION.CONTINOUS VARIATION.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE EXAMPLES OF ARE EXAMPLES OF

CONTINOUS VARIATION:CONTINOUS VARIATION:

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A.A. BODY MASSBODY MASS

B.B. SHOE SIZESHOE SIZE

C.C. ABILITY TO ROLL TONGUEABILITY TO ROLL TONGUE

D.D. LEFT-HANDEDNESSLEFT-HANDEDNESS

E.E. FINGER SPANFINGER SPAN

F.F. PRESENCE OF HAIR BETWEEN PRESENCE OF HAIR BETWEEN KNUCKLES OF FINGERSKNUCKLES OF FINGERS

A.A. BODY MASSBODY MASS

B.B. SHOE SIZESHOE SIZE

C.C. ABILITY TO ROLL TONGUEABILITY TO ROLL TONGUE

D.D. LEFT-HANDEDNESSLEFT-HANDEDNESS

E.E. FINGER SPANFINGER SPAN

F.F. PRESENCE OF HAIR BETWEEN PRESENCE OF HAIR BETWEEN KNUCKLES OF FINGERSKNUCKLES OF FINGERS

A WOMAN HAS A A WOMAN HAS A HETEROZYGOUS GENOTYPE FOR HETEROZYGOUS GENOTYPE FOR

BLOOD GROUP B. SHE IS BLOOD GROUP B. SHE IS EXPECTING A BABY WITH A MAN EXPECTING A BABY WITH A MAN WHO IS HOMOZYGOUS GROUP A WHO IS HOMOZYGOUS GROUP A WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE BLOOD WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE BLOOD

GROUPS FOR THE BABY?GROUPS FOR THE BABY?

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A & A & ABAB

HOW DOES THE X CHROMOSOME HOW DOES THE X CHROMOSOME DIFFER FROM THE Y DIFFER FROM THE Y

CHROMOSOME IN HUMANS?CHROMOSOME IN HUMANS?

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SOME GENES ON SOME GENES ON THETHE

X CHROMOSOME X CHROMOSOME ARE ABSENT FROM ARE ABSENT FROM

THE Y THE Y CHROMOSOMECHROMOSOME

A GENE HAS THREE A GENE HAS THREE ALLELES. HOW MANY ALLELES. HOW MANY

DIFFERENT GENOTYPES DIFFERENT GENOTYPES CAN BE FOUND FOR CAN BE FOUND FOR

THIS GENE?THIS GENE?

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IF THE HAPLOID NUMBER OF AN IF THE HAPLOID NUMBER OF AN ORGANISM IS 8, HOW MANY ORGANISM IS 8, HOW MANY

DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF GAMETES ARE POSSIBLE, NOT GAMETES ARE POSSIBLE, NOT CONSIDERING THE EFFECTS OF CONSIDERING THE EFFECTS OF

CROSSING OVER?CROSSING OVER?

256256

WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR A TRAIT TO BE “SEX A TRAIT TO BE “SEX

LINKED”?LINKED”?

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THAT THE TRAIT OR GENE THAT THE TRAIT OR GENE MUST HAVE ITS LOCUS ON A MUST HAVE ITS LOCUS ON A

SEX CHROMOSOME. WHERE A SEX CHROMOSOME. WHERE A GENE IS LOCATED GENE IS LOCATED

DETERMINES WHETHER OR DETERMINES WHETHER OR NOT THE TRAIT IT CONTROLS NOT THE TRAIT IT CONTROLS IS MORE COMMON IN MALES IS MORE COMMON IN MALES

OR FEMALES.OR FEMALES.

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WHICH PHASE OF MEIOSIS IS WHICH PHASE OF MEIOSIS IS SHOWN BELOW?SHOWN BELOW?

METAPHASEMETAPHASE

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TRUE OR FALSE:TRUE OR FALSE:SOME CELLS SKIP THE SOME CELLS SKIP THE

PHASE TELOPHASE I, AND PHASE TELOPHASE I, AND JUST START MEIOSIS II.JUST START MEIOSIS II.

TRUETRUE

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WHICH PHASE OF MEIOSIS IS SHOWN BELOW?

ANAPHASEANAPHASE

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WHAT PROCESS IS WHAT PROCESS IS OCCURRING IN THE OCCURRING IN THE DIAGRAM BELOW?DIAGRAM BELOW?

INTERPHASEINTERPHASE

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DESCRIBE THE DESCRIBE THE BEHAVIOR OF THE BEHAVIOR OF THE CHROMOSOMES IN CHROMOSOMES IN EACH PHASE OF EACH PHASE OF

MEIOSISMEIOSIS