1. TECHNICAL PAPER PRESENTATIONON TOPIC : EMBEDDED SYSTEMS SUB : AUTOMATION OF CARSAUTHORS: J.VINAY KUMAR @yahoo.co.in K.SESHASAI RAM k.seshasairam@gmail.com BRANCH : E.C.E YEAR : III/IV B-Tech BHIMAVARAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Page 1 of 12

2. ABSTRACT: these devices is through a systemcalled EMBEDDED SYSTEM. Imagine you control allIts applications provide marvelousthe systems around just by a simpleopportunities for ingenious use ofgesture and the things respond tocomputer technology. Almost allyou as if it was some magic. Thisevery system introduced into thecould be possible with embeddedmarket is an example of Embeddedsystems.System. An embedded device finds The term embeddedapplications in all segments ofsystems is quite a complex one.industrialandcommercialSimply put, it is a combination ofmarketplace.Homeappliances,hardware andsoftware thatmobile phones, Personal Digitalperforms the component of a largerAssistants (PDA),cars,tinysystem. A few years ago embeddedmicrochips and avionics are alltechnology existed in stand-aloneusing embedded technology.devices such as vending machines The current topicand copiers that did their jobs withAutomation of car that we arelittle regards for what went ongoing to present is one of the finearound them. But as technologyexamples of Embedded System.advance to connect devices to theinternet and to each other, thepotential of embedded technologyIs autonomous car ahas increased. Home appliances,myth or reality?mobile phones, cars, tiny microThere are manychips, avionics etc.., are all usingparadigm shifts taking place due toembedded technology.informationexplosion andthe As you go about theconcept of autonomous vehicle isaffair of living, you put your lifeone shift. Thecar,which issafe and luxurious with all theembedded, can simulate the humanavailable resources .Now days wedriver completely and direct theall are entrenched with computersvehicle on the road. Autonomousand almost all depended on them.vehicle has been the dream ofDevices with intelligence rule thescientists for long. Now their dreamworld. Imbibing intelligence toPage 2 of 12 3. has come true as with drastic with EMBEDDED SYSTEM aschanges in technical brilliance and pioneer.developments in different fieldscommunications,Introduction:telecommunications,industrialThe term embeddedcontrol and entertainment sectors.system is quite a complex one.New innovative applications inSimply it is a combination ofthese as well as other areas such ashardware and software that formshome networkingand carthe component of a larger system;infotainment will roll out in the nearthis in turn is programmed tofeature.perform a range ofdedicatedfunctions usually with a minimalThe fine art ofoperator intervention. In embeddedautomation:systems the hardware is normallyJust imagine. We loadunique to a given application;the code of our destination in thecomputer chips are embedded intodashboard computer and turn the carthe control electronics to manageon, while we remain seated carefreethe products functionality.on the rear seats. Then its all the jobEmbedded systems areof the unknown to drive it on therapidly becoming a catalyst forroads, bridges, thought the bazaars,change incomputing datapast the crossings to the destination, Page 3 of 12 4. without getting challenged evenheightenedsecurity. Unlikeonce for traffic rule violations.personal identificationnumbers,A fully computerized passwords and keys, each personscar capable of doing almost everyunique fingerprints cantbething a car lover would want to. duplicated, lost or forgotten.Seems like fantasy but a day is notDescription:far when almost all automobiles will As stated above that ainteractwithcomputer on vehicle can run by itself with out thedashboards. From ordering pizza to intervention of human beings by thebookingticketsat the nearest embedded intelligence in it. For thistheatre, things would be as easy as purpose Global Positioning Systemgiving orders to your servant. As a (G.P.S) using satellites can providematter of fact, vehicles all over the positioning information and provesworld are now fitted with intelligent to be a versatile all-time. For stilldevices that make the vehicles to higher accuracy widearearespond to various factors be it differential GPS is used, whichclimatecontrol, sudden offers a robust system that readilyaccelerations or braking or even deals with selective availabilityself-repair of modules. errors and satellite clock errors.There are trends where An error level ofthe finger print technologies are also decimeter/centimeter is guaranteedhave been introduced which gives by WADGPS. Which satisfies thethe following reliabilities You could ground vehicle control algorithm?one day be able to enter and start Human intervention is completelyyour car with the touch of a finger. eliminated by using of reliableAnd that same touch, with your sensors and actuators. Making thefingerprint acting as a key, would overall performance of transportingtrigger a check of the mirrors, system both congestion-free andsteering wheel, radio and collision incorporate the concept oftemperature to ensure that theyre WADGPS theyre free, besidesthe way you like them.The making it cost effective.convenienceof fingerprintThe models for GPSrecognition technology comes with also include aiding sensors, e.g.Page 4 of 12 5. dead reckoning, radar and camera.additional vision sensors, routeA computer is simply required to guidance and map-matchingfeed destination into a dashboardalgorithms for making the drivingcomputer. Highly sensitive tasks fully automatic.actuators simulate a human driverThe remarkable advancesincompletely and direct the vehicle on microelectronics and datathe road. The vehicle transmitterprocessing technology have madebroadcasts its position and velocity possible the miniaturizationofto other immediate participants forsensorsthe integration andcollision-avoidanceandlane combination of data from a numberchanging manoeuvres. Forward and of sensors. Television cameras,reverse motions and u-turns arecharge coupled device (CCD) typeprecisely achieved as per routesensors, laser radar and infraredguidancerequirements.sensors ma be used.Furthermore, an accurate steeringcontrol is obtained using Pulse CodeModulationtechnique andacceleration/braking controlissuccessfullyimplementedusinglearning adaptive system. The simplest form ofvehicle navigationemploys aheading sensor, velocity sensor anda processor. Typically a navigationsystem requires an input of initialposition and it self-initializes theheading sensor with respect tonorth. The processor then integratesthe velocity sensor outputtodetermine distance traveled andresolves the heading sensor data tocalculate a new position. ThisreckoningnavigationrequiresPage 5 of 12 6. The reliability, minimize criteria such as time ofefficiency and cost effectiveness of travel, fuel consumption, exposureanautonomous vehicle dependto pollution/danger, etc. howevermainly on how judiciously itsbasic driving functions consists ofnavigation sensors, perception unitlane-keeping,safedistanceandcomputercontrolisincorporated and how well theirperformance meetstodaystransportation needs. Quite of tena human driver is forced tomaintain attention for long periodsoftime andcommittounpredictable contingencies on thefree ways together with trafficjams. All this leads to fatigue andmaintenance, timely lane changinghypovigiliance at the wheel andand overtaking. The key to all theseconsequently tomorefrequentdriving tasks is collision avoidance.collisions and congestion. The Master ControlThe drivers activity is Station(MCS)receivestheinfluenced by several factors that positioning information from thedepend ondriver itself and issatellite by employing WADGPSenvironment such as traffic density, concept. The MCS is linked to GPStraffic status, time of travel andweather. Thus the driving activitydealswithacombineddrivervehicle-environment system shownin figureThe vehicle is requiredtoblend itsenvironmentalperceptioncapabilities withitsintelligent controls in order to affectoptimal path-planning strategies thatnot only avoid obstacles but also Page 6 of 12 7. instrumented position locationsystems (PLS) installed on theautonomous vehicles through adata link sub system (DLS). TheDLS can either use VHF or UHFor L-band, incorporating timedivision multiple access protocolto handle on the roads. A blockforward error correction code isemployed to protect and maintainthe message integrity. The vehicle routeguidance systems gave maturity tothe point of practical usefulness aswell as cost effectiveness. Such asystem is responsible for selectingThe desired destinationoptimal routes in a given roadand starting position of the vehiclenetwork and for providing digitizedtogether with the time of travel,directions to a human driver and ormanifest an optimal route on thean autonomoussystem,road network. Once the vehicleemphasizing the path of leastcommences he journey the sensorsresistance with consumption ofcontinuously keep track of theminimum fuel orminimumdirection and displacement of theexposure topollution /dangervehicle initial calibration is a littlecriteriacrucial for dead reckoning Figure below shows a series ofperformance; how ever a feed backinterconnected functionalcalibration indicated infig 2subsystems of hardware by softwaresuggested to obtaindistancecomponentsaccuracy better than 99.9 percent. The new generationmicroprocessors promises furtherincrease in system capabilities whilesimultaneously shrinking both Page 7 of 12 8. volume and power consumption of acceleration/brakes and steeringthe autonomous vehicle embedded controls. The internal platform andsystem. The digital road maps,rategyroand accelerometeravailableon CD-ROMshavepackage keeps the vehicles centralsubstantially increased safety of processing unit (CPU) wellautomobiles. These maps along withinformed about the incrementalGPS navigation provide a feasible changes in the vehicles parameters.solution to autonomous vehicleThe wheel odometers provide thesystem.The expert systemvehicle traveling distancesbytechnologies are integrated withmultiplying the numberofdigital maps along with the CCD electronically generated pulses by acamera images, magnetic compass,constant, depending upon wheelsand the GPS system, for obtaining a perimeterrealtimeintelligent decisionAs the actual tyre size is influencedsupport navigation package. The by vehicles speed, tyre pressureintegrationof GPS and playloadand atmosphericcommunication suggests an efficient conditions, appropriate correctionstransportation system for increasingaremaidby the CPU.Thethe road traffic safety smoothatmosphericdata systemkeepsdriving without traffic jams and acontinuous recordof outsidecomfortable driving environment.atmospheric temperature, pressureFurther morethe autonomousand differential pressure.vehicle relies on such intelligentsystem integration that leads tocomplete collision free in time ofreal time situation.The vehicletransmitting system continuouslyprovidesinformation about itspositionand velocity to itsparticipants. A safe distance withrespectto itsimmediatesurroundings is maintained byPage 8 of 12 9. The information propulsion (options for switchingconcerning deviation from the roadoverto electric deviceswithcenter is obtained by magnetic as intelligent brakes and acceleration)well as optical sensors, and fed to And computer for optimal routethe CPU. The GPS receiver updates selection,map matchingandthe vehicles position and velocity to collision-avoidance. The reducedcentimeter/decimeterlevels as cost of GPS augmented vehiclesrequiredfor the lateralor using the off-the-shelf equipmentlongitudinal control actions. The wouldlead to an intelligentautonomousvehicleembedded transportationsystem withsoftware mission finally yields the substantial share of electronicallyestimates for throttle and headingcontrolled next generation vehicles.angle increments for a safe and It is hoped that hybrid electricaccident free Manoeuvre.The vehicles shall be readily accepted byfollowing figure gives an indicationour information-based society.of all the technologies used in a carhybrid automobile is envisaged atthe juncture, which has heat engine Page 9 of 12 10. Advantagesandtraction control to air bags and fuel-air mixture control, thecomforts:intelligence takes overI.T III.Ahe adoptive cruise controlfew advanced car prototypesACC technology used in the with embedded systems havecars from automobile makersbeen tried and tested wherekeeps advancing to new levelseven if a smart thief hasof safety. In microwave radarmanaged to break in throughunit thereisa laserthe car, the car doesnt start uptransceiver, fixed Son the even if it does the computer Ifront of the car to determinethe car would lock the steeringthe distance and relative speedwheel and cutoff the fuelof any vehicle in its path,injection supply in thewhich keeps safe distances mean time a signal is set to thefrom other vehicles on the nearest police station and thebusy roads. The driver can set owner informing them aboutthe speed of his car and the the thief.distance between his and otherIV. Scars. When traffic slows downome designs now include so-vehicle speed is altered using called "pre-safe" systems,moderate braking to maintain whichsensepossiblea constant distance betweencollisions in advance based onhis and other cars.emergency braking, skidding,II. Iandsuddenevasiven advanced systems just in the maneuvers. They will preparecase the driver over speeds or a car by automatically movingsuddenly falls over and guides the front seat either backwardthe car to a safe halt. And if or forward for the safestyou have programmed it right,distance from the instrumentthe GPS in the car would takepanel, adjusting the seat beltyou to your destination .so, for the correct tension, andright from brakes to automatic even closing the sunroof in Page 10 of 12 11. case of a potential rollover.Mistral software, which was The idea is to "cradle" the developed in India, has text-to- cars occupants for maximum speech and speechrecognition safety. technologies to give the carIndianeffortsinoccupants the ultimate comfort. So whenever there is a call on yourembeddedsystem mobile. You need not get jump atdevelopment: the very onset of the call. Relax the computer in the cars dashboardOur India too entered into would do the job for you.the field of embedded systems and GPS navigation guides you throughhad great developments in this field. the traffic. The GPS interface in theit got marvelous results in the field car pinpoints your exact location onof Telematics which is a part of a map. In case the GPS signal canttechnology usedin cars. The be received due to high density ofdescription about it was discussed tall buildings or other magneticTotal telematics experience interface, the dead reckoning is what they are looking for simply technique, which works for shortputtelematics isthevehicles durations guides you effectively.capability to communicate with the The system is also loaded withoutside world and or the vehicle GSM/CDMA protocol standardsoperator. It is a combination of further modified on the CANBUStelecommunication and computing standardtgive uninterruptedImagine when you are busy information.negotiatingthroughrushhourAnother device called thetraffic, you get a call on your array microphone cuts off themobile. You know the call is from surrounding noise and allows theyour office but cant attend to it. speaker to communicate effectively.How nice it would have The person at the other end hearsbeen if somebody would answer the voice of the speaker without anyyour phone call and at the same out side interference.timeguide you systematicallythrough the traffic?Conclusion:Page 11 of 12 12. With the heights of thetechnology autonomous car is nomore a myth. Its a eality!We would like to present that theremust be further developments in thistechnology to make autonomous carmore common all over the world.This can be happened by makingthe autonomous easy to operate forthe user and the designers shouldconcentratemorein producingautonomous cars, which should notcost a lot, they should in the vicinityof customers budget. With this typeof vehicles there will be greatadvantages in the coming feature.Due to speed control technique,accident free driving is possible andfuel savage is also made possible bythe technique, which will make thecar to travel through shortest path.In the near future, autonomous carbecome more common all over theworld.Indianeffortsin theembedded technology can assurethat these autonomous cars willbecome cheaper and may evolvewith many more advantages. So thatwe could find ourselves using theseautonomous cars in the near feature.Page 12 of 12