1. the digestive system · 2016-09-20 · biology and geology 3. unit 3. nutrition ii. digestive,...

Nutrition II. Digestive, respiratory and urinary systems

© McGraw-Hill Education

Biology and Geology 3. Unit 3. Nutrition II. Digestive, respiratory and urinary systems

3

Worksheet – Student B

1. The digestive system

1. Solve the cryptogram.

2. Identify and correct the false statements.

The digestive processes are: ingestion, digestion and egestion. ___

In ingestion, foods enter the digestive tract through the mouth. ___

In digestion, very large molecules are broken up into simpler molecules. ___

Mechanical digestion takes place in the stomach. ___

The chemical digestion of carbohydrates produces amino acids. ___

Lipids are nutrients made up of polymers formed by a series of fatty acids. ___

Lipases are enzymes in charge of digesting proteins. ___

Nutrients obtained in digestion pass through the digestive tract to reach the

bloodstream by absorption. ___

In egestion, digested substances are released to the outside. ___




3

3. Classify the information in the cloud.

Organs of the digestive system

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Tract Glands

4. Match the information.

Mouth

Pharynx

Epiglottis

Oesophagus

Liver

Stomach

Cardia

Pylorus

Pancreas

Small intestine

Duodenum,

jejunum and ileum

Intestinal villi

Large intestine

Caecum, colon and

rectum

Gland that produces bile, which is stored in the gall bladder.

Upper opening of the stomach.

Sections into which the small intestine is divided.

Pouch where part of the digestion of food occurs as well the

absorption of certain substances.

6 m-long tube located in the abdominal cavity; home to the

intestinal villi.

Sections into which the large intestine is divided.

Lower opening of the stomach.

Opening through which foods enters and reaches the

digestive tract.

Muscular canal whose movements help the food reach the

stomach.

Prevents food from being diverted into the airways.

Tube shared by the digestive and respiratory systems.

Last section of the digestive system; it connects to the

anus.

Gland that produces pancreatic juice, which is released into

the duodenum.

Thanks to these structures, most of the nutrients in the

chyle are absorbed and enter the body.




3

5. Label the picture using the terms below it.

Oesophagus – Stomach – Large intestine – Mouth – Pharynx – Liver – Small intestine – Pancreas




3

6. Working in pairs, fill in the missing information.

7. Fill in the gaps in the text using the terms below it.

The ingestion and digestion processes

The first step of the digestive process is the ______ of food through the ______, where the

following functions are carried out:

______. It is a process by which the salivary ______ produce ______, which contains

amylases. Amylases are ______ that start the chemical digestion of ______ and help form

the ______ together with the action of the ______.

______. It is done by the ______, which crumble the food so that it can be swallowed, in

the process called ______. The deglutition of food comprises an oral transit time, a ______

transit time and an oesophageal transit time.

pharyngeal – chewing – deglutition – ingestion – glands – teeth – tongue – salivation – enzymes – mouth – saliva – carbohydrates - bolus




3

8. Complete the flow chart to represent how food is transformed through digestion.

9. Label the picture with the terms in the cloud.




3

10. Label the pictures using the terms below them.

Human dentition pattern Anatomy of a tooth

Incisors - Soft palate – Upper lip – Uvula – Hard palate Canines – Tongue – Lower lip – Premolars and molars

Crown – Cementum – Blood vessels – Enamel – Pulp Root - Dentin

11. Read the text and circle the correct option.

The absorption and egestion processes

The goal of nutrition/digestion is to obtain nutrients/food which can pass through the walls of

the digestive glands/tract into the lymph/blood, in a process called egestion/absorption.

Most of the nutrients of the chyle/chyme are absorbed in the large/small intestine, especially in

the duodenum/jejunum and the ileum/caecum, which is where there are more folds in the

walls of the intestine. These walls form the intestinal villi, which decrease/increase the surface of

absorption.

The small intestine has a very large network of blood vessels/capillaries that are in charge of

absorbing nutrients. It also has lymphatic vessels/capillaries, which take in glucose/fatty

acids.

12. Listen and fill in the gaps in the text. Absorption of water and ______ is completed in the large intestine. The ______ that are not

absorbed make up ______.

The large intestine contains a ______ of bacteria that live in ______, called intestinal ______.

These bacteria partially ferment dietary ______ from plant foods, producing ______ K and B-12

and foul-smelling ______ in the process.

Faeces are stored in the ______ (the last section of the intestine) until they are ______ to the

outside through the ______ by the process of ______.




3

13. Label the picture with the terms in the cloud.

2. The respiratory system

14. Put the blocks of text in the correct order.

All the cells – to carry out – need oxygen – in our body – respiration – from nutrients – and obtain energy ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

As a result – a gaseous waste product, – cells generate – which needs to be released - of these reactions, – carbon dioxide, - to the outside ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

The respiratory system – the entry – into the body, – it releases – carbon dioxide – allows – of atmospheric oxygen - and at

the same time – to the outside ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ The respiratory system – and the lungs – is made up – of the airways ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ In the lungs – the bronchioles – and the alveoli, – we find – the bronchi – which are the terminal sacs




3


Nasal cavities

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Lungs

Short tube that connects to the trachea.

Cartilaginous tube that is parallel to the oesophagus and

brings air to the lungs.

Two cavities that connect to the nostrils where the air inhaled

is warmed up and moistened.

Two spongy organs protected by the ribs.

Channel shared with the digestive system that carries the air

to the larynx.

Two bifurcations of the trachea that penetrate into the lungs.

16. Label the picture using the terms from the previous activity.




3

17. Fill in the gaps in the text using the terms below it.

Pulmonary ventilation

Pulmonary ventilation consists in the entry of ______ air into the ______ of the lungs and the exit

of this air back to the outside.

The ______ of air into the lungs and the exit of air to the outside are caused by the ______ in

volume that occurs in the lungs. This change in volume is caused by the ______ action of different

muscles:

The ______. It is a muscle located ______ the lungs that separates the ______ cavity from

the abdominal cavity. It alternates between ascending and descending movements to

reduce or expand the volume of the ______.

The intercostal muscles. They are muscles that keep the ribs in ______. They move the ribs

______ when they contract and backwards when they ______, thus changing the volume of

the lungs.

The ______ muscles. They are a group of muscles that take part in ______ exhalation when

they contract.

On average, the ______ volume of air that the lungs can hold is approximately 6 l. At rest, the

volume of air entering and leaving the lungs is 1.5 l (______ volume), but when we are doing

exercise we can move up to 4.5 l. The remaining 1.5 l that cannot be moved is called ______

volume.

movement – total – change – place – relax – atmospheric – diaphragm – inside – under – forwards – thoracic – forced – ribcage – residual – abdominal – coordinated – tidal

18. Answer the multiple choice questions about the text you just read.

In pulmonary ventilation, atmospheric air…

a) Enters the lungs and exits to the outside.

b) Moves between the lungs and the outside due to the change in volume that occurs in the

lungs.

c) a) and b).

The diaphragm completes an ascending movement to…

a) Reduce the volume of the ribcage.

b) Change the volume of the lungs.

c) Expand the volume of the ribcage.

When the intercostal muscles relax, they move the ribs…

a) Backwards.

b) Forwards.

c) None of the above.

The muscles involved in forced exhalation are…

a) The cervical muscles.

b) The abdominal muscles.

c) The intercostal muscles.

The maximum volume of air in the lungs while doing exercise is…

a) 6 l.

b) 1.5 l.

c) 4.5 l.




3

19. Classify the information in the cloud.

PULMONARY VENTILATION

Movement Diaphragm

and intercostal muscles

Volume of the thoracic cavity

Air

Movement Type

20. Listen and fill in the gaps in the text.

Gas exchange

The air that we ______, which is rich in oxygen, travels

through the ______ until it reaches the pulmonary ______.

Gas exchange consists in the passage of ______ from the air

contained in the alveolus into the ______, and the passage

of ____________ from the blood to the air contained in the

alveolus.

Each lung has ______ of alveoli. There are so many that we

have a total ______ area for gas exchange equivalent to the

size of a ______ court.

Pulmonary alveoli are surrounded by many blood ______.

The exchange occurs through a mechanism called simple

______, which takes place through the ______ formed by

the capillary ______ and the membrane of the alveolus. Thus

oxygen, which is more ______ in the air filling the alveolus,

enters the ______, which is in charge of transporting it to all

body ______.

At the same time, carbon dioxide (which is a ______ product

of cellular ______ and has a higher concentration in the

blood) passes into the alveolus, and is then eliminated by

______.

The cells use oxygen (O2) to extract ______ from nutrients.

This process takes place in the ______ and it is carried out

through the following ______ reaction: Glucose + O2 CO2

+ H2O + Energy. This reaction produces a gaseous ______,

carbon dioxide (CO2).




3

21. Label the picture using the terms below it.

Alveolus membrane – Nutrients – Airways – Capillary endothelium – Pulmonary circulation – Pulmonary alveoli – Cells

(mitochondria) – Energy – Second-order circulation

22. Complete the flow charts to represent gas exchange.




3

3. Excretion and the urinary system

23. Put the blocks of text in the correct order.

In the nutrition function, - from the body – of waste substances - as the intake of nutrients – the elimination – is just as

important ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

If the waste substances – poisoning - they could cause – were to accumulate, ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Excretion – waste substances – cell metabolism – consists in – produced by - eliminating

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Waste substances – which transports them - pass into – eliminating them – the blood, - produced by – to the various excretory organs – in charge of – cells ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

The urinary system – one of the systems - excretion – is – in charge of ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

It is made up of - and the urethra - the ureters, - the bladder - the kidneys, ___________________________________________________________________________________________________


Kidneys

Ureters

Bladder

Urethra

Female urethra

Male urethra

An elastic pouch in which urine accumulates.

It expels both urine and semen.

Urine leaves the bladder through it.

Two bean-shaped organs located at the back of the abdomen,

on either side of the vertebral column.

It belongs exclusively to the urinary system.

Urine travels from the kidneys to the bladder through them.

25. Label the picture using the terms from the previous activity.




3

26. Complete the flow chart to represent the processes involved in urine production.

27. Label the picture using the terms in the cloud.

28. Solve the cryptogram.




3


Filtration

Reabsorption

Urine

Bladder

Kidneys

It travels through the renal tubule and the collecting duct,

finally emptying into the renal pelvis.

They filter between 1 and 1.5 l of plasma per minute.

The phase of urine production in which part of the substances

filtered and 99% of the water return to the blood.

Urine passes from the ureters to this organ, where it is stored.

The phase of urine production in which a lot of water and urea

pass from the blood plasma of the glomerulus into Bowman’s

capsule.

30. Working in pairs, fill in the missing information.

4. Diseases of the digestive system 31. Match the terms in the cloud with their definitions.

Digestive diseases Definition

Holes in the teeth that appear due to the action of

acids produced by bacteria in the mouth when they metabolise sugars.

A disorder caused by excessive water absorption in

the large intestine, making it more difficult to expel faeces.

The expulsion of liquid and abundant faeces, causing dehydration. It is due to the ingestion of

spoiled food or to a food intolerance, for example

to or .

A wound in the digestive tract that occurs mainly in

the stomach. These ulcers are caused by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori.

The progressive deterioration of liver tissue. It

causes the liver to malfunction.




3

5. Diseases of the respiratory system 32. Fill in the gaps in the text with the terms below it.

The ______ are very vulnerable to ______ diseases. The most

common ones are these:

______ is an inflammation of the bronchi generated by a

______infection, which causes ______ problems.

Asthma is a ______ of the airways that makes breathing

difficult and causes a ______ of oxygen in tissues. It may

be due to an ______ or a respiratory infection.

The common ______ and the ______ are ______ infections

of the respiratory system. The most common symptoms

are ______, sneezing, ______ production and ______

irritation.

To prevent respiratory diseases, it is necessary to keep a number

of ______ habits, such as:

Avoiding ______ temperature changes.

______ through your nose so that the air is ______ and

moistened.

airways – inhaling – bronchitis – bacterial – viral – infectious – narrowing – breathing – lack – cold – fatigue – allergy – flu – warm - throat – healthy – mucus - sudden

6. Diseases of the urinary system

33. Read the text and circle the correct option.

The malfunctioning of the excretory/respiratory organs causes toxic substances to eliminate/accumulate inside the body.

A renal/digestive colic is caused by the build-up of stomach/kidney stones in the kidneys. This condition is very

painful/painless and may even obstruct the urethra/ureter.

Cystitis is inflammation of the wall of the bladder/urethra or of the respiratory/urinary tract as a result of an infection.

To promote/prevent kidney and urologic diseases, it is unnecessary/necessary to keep a number of healthy habits, such as:

Maintaining a good/bad hygiene of the urinary tract and

skin. Allowing/Avoiding eating too many foods that are

rich/poor in uric acid, such as seafood or game meat. Drinking little/a lot of water. Doctors recommend drinking

a minimum of 1.5 l of liquid per day.

1. the digestive system · 2016-09-20 · biology and geology 3. unit 3. nutrition ii. digestive,...

Documents