AUTOM ATIC KILOWATT-HO R 1\1 ~TER READOUT

SlAW TING \ 'EN

"nivcrsiti Malaysia Sarawak

2003

TJ 151 5562 2003

Borang Penyera han Tesis Universiti JVlalaysia Sarawak

RU a

BORAN _, PENC ESAHAN STATU TESIS

Judu i: Au tomalic Kilowatt-Hour Meter Readout

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"­

AUTOMATJC I(lLOWATT-HOUR METER READOUT

SIA W TING WEN

Tes is ini dikelllllkakan kepada Fakulti Kejllrllteraan , Uni ve rsiti Malaysia Saril wilk

sebilgil i memenllhi sebahagiall daripada syarat penga ugerahan Sarjana Muda dengan

Keplljian (Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kompllter)

2003

This project report attached here to entitled "KILOWATT-HOUR METER

READOUT", prepared and submitted by Siaw Ting Wen as a partial fulfillm ent of the

requirement ror the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Electronics and

CO l11puter) is hereby read and approved by:

Mr. Mohd . Sa ufee Muhaml11ad Date

( Supervisor)

11

DE D[CAT£OJ

For my most beloved parents.

your support and care will always be in my heart

III

Acknowledgemen t

First and foremost, the author would likc to tbank God whom be reserve the

hi gh est of all praise for all his blessings. Without His abundant love, mercy, guidance

and comfort, he will have a hard time for the various difficulties he encountered du ring

the preparation of this project.

Next, the author would like to thank his family, especially his parents, for the

love and support. Meanwhile, he also likes to express his sincere and deepest g ratitude

to bis supervisor Mr. Mohd. Saufee Muhammad. for all his time and guidance for tile

author's thesis. He awes much to his valuable guidance, encouragement and advice

through his project.

Besides, the author also likes to thank Faculty of Engineering for providing the

place and equipment that he need for the project especially during the testing time.

Special thanks must be addressed to the lecturers especially Mr. Martin Anyi and Me

Wan Azlan Wan Zainal Abidin for providing some useful information, advicc and help.

Author also wish (0 (hank his friends and course mate Loh Chee Wyai, Chia

Yong Seng, Allan, Ting Sie King and Ting Tiew Ong who have been offering sincere

help, advice and guidance. Also many thanks are addressed (0 his friends who have

been showing much love and concern throughout the project,

Last but not least, author would like to take this opportunity to convey my

gratitude to everybody else l ilal has contributed directly or indirectly duri ng the thesis

preparation.

IV

Abstra ct

Kilowatt-hour meter is a very common device that exists in most of the building

in our society today. Through kilowatt-hour meter, the electrici ty suppl ier will be ab le

to measure the amount of power usage ill a particul ar period of ti me, by refening to the

meter readout in the respecti ve meter location. Th is task can be hass le sometimes when

the kil owatt-me ter is placed in the bui lding and access to the buildi ng is unavailable.

Th is project is to design a system to capture the kilowatt-meler readout

automa ti ca ll y and that the data can be stored in the computer. The data re trieva l can be

done through the compu ter or through the local Pub lic System Telephone Network

(PSTN).

This paper co vers the fu ndamentals and characteri sti c of the ava ilab le computer

ports, especia tl y the se ria l po rt s which is used in thi s project. The app li ed programm ing

techniq ue fo r this project, which includes Graphica l User [ nl~ rfa ce (GU\) , Mi crosoft

Comm Control 6.0 (MsCom m) and Te lephony Applica tion Programming Interface

(TAP]) also covered. It also includes the process that are involved in designing the

project which consists of interface circuit designing, programmi ng, test ing and

imp lementati on. Result gai ned are compiled together to all ow (h e beller understand ing

the rela ti onship between the kilowatt-hour meter, computer and the TAP !.

v

Abstra k

Meter kilowatt-jam adalah peralatan yang sangat biasa dan bolch didapari di

ke banyakkan bangunan di kalangan masyarakat hari ini. Melalui meter kilowatt-jam,

pembekal elektrik dapat rnengukur jurnlah kuasa clektrik yang telah digunakan dalam

suatu jall~kdmasa dengan merujuk kepada bacaan meter di lokasi rnasing-rnasing.

Kadang-kala kerja ini boleh menjadi agak sukar jika meter kilowatt-jam terletak di

dalam bangunan dan bangunan tersebut tidak boleh dimasukki.

Projek ini ialah untuk mereka suatu sistem untuk mengambil bacaan meter

kilowatt-jam secara automatik dan data tersebut boleh di simpan di da lam komp Li lcr.

Bacaan meter kilowdll -jam tersebut boleh di dapati melalui computer arau rnel alui

"Public System Telephone Network" (PSTN).

Kertas kerja ini merangkurni asas-asas dan ciri-ciri "computer ports"

terutamanya "serial ports" yang menghubungi komputer dengan meter kilowatt-jam.

Teknik pernporograman yang digunakan dalam projek ini juga rnerangk urni "Graphical

User Interface" (GUI), "Microsoft Comm Control 60" dan "Telephony Application

Programming Interface" (TAP!). Kertas kerja ini juga rnelibatkan pcrekaan litar

antaramuka, pemprograman, pengujian dan penggunaan. Keputusan yang diperolehi

dikumpul dan diatur supaya mcmberikan pernahaman yang lebih berkcsan mengcnai

hubungan di antara meter kilowatt-jam, kornputer dan TAP!.

VI

Table of Contents

Dedicariol1 III

A ckllolViedgemellf IV

AbSlracl v

Absfrak VI

Table of COil tell ts VI]

Ust ofFigu res XI

Lisl of Tables XIII

List of Listings X IV

Lisl ifAbbreviarioll s xv

CHAPTER J INTROD UCTION

I . I Project Background

1.2 Objectives 2

1.3 Thesis Outline 4

CHAPT ER 2 LIT ERATU RE REVIEW 5

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Types of Ki lowatt-hour Mete rs 5

2.2.1 ME lzr Kilowa tt-hour Meter 5 2.2.1.1 Features 6

2.2 .2 Carrel Precision Kilowatt-hour Meter 7 2.2 .2. 1 Basic Specifica ti ons 7

2.23 Sin gle Phase Electromechanica l Kilowatt-hour Meter (DD28) 8 2,2.4 Conclusion 10

VII

II2.3 Basic Stamp (BS) MicrocontrolJer

2.3. 1 Basic Stamp Microcontroller Background II 2.3.2 Architectu re ofa Basic Sta mp II

2.3.3 Basic Stamp Hardware Overview 12 2.3.4 Comparison Conclusion 13 2.3.5 Basic Stamp 2 Serial Port Programming 13

142.4 Serial Communica ti on

2.4.1 Serial Communication Concept 15 2.4. 1.1 Synchronous 15

2.4.1 .2 Asynchronous 16

2.4.1.3 Bit Rate 17

2.4.2 Types of Serial Communication Interface 17 2.4.2.1 RS232 17

2.4.2.2 . ~RS422 ' 0

2.4.2.3 Universa l Serial Bus (USB) 20

2.5 Parallel Communication 21

2.5.1 In troduc ti on 21 2.5.2 Hardware Properties 21 2.5.3 Parallel Port Modes 22 2.5.4 Types ofCol1ll1lunicat ion Chosen In Tbis Project 23

2. 6 Rev iew Types of So ftware Being Used 23

2.6. 1 Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 24 2.6. 1.1 Microsoft Comm Con trol (MsComm) 24

2.6. 1 2 OnC0I11111 Communication 25

2.6.2 Microsoft T API 28 2.6 .2.1 Device Classes 30

2.6. 2.2 Add ress Assignments 31

2.6.2.3 Media Access 31

2.6.3 Modems and T API 32 2.6.3.1 Basic Data Modems 32

332.6 .3 .2 Data Modems wi th Voice

332.6.3 .3 Telephony Cards

2.6.4 Microsoft Visual Basic 6,0 TAPI Application 34 2,6.4.1 Making a Ca ll 34

372.6.4 .2 Answering a Ca ll

VIII

2.7 Sensors

2.7.1 Light Dependent Res istor (LDR) 2.7.2 Phototransistors 2.7.3 Photodiode

CIIAPTER 3 I'ROJECT DESIGN AND ANALY. IS

3. 1 In troduction

3.2 Hardware Design

3.2. 1 Sensor 3.2.1.1 Sensor Transmitter Circuit

3.2 . 1.2 Sensor Input Ampl ifier

3.2 .2 Power Supply 3.2.3 Seri al Communica tion

3J So ftware Design

3.3. 1 PBASrC Source Code 3.3.2 Visual Bas ic Source Code

3.3.2 . 1

3.3.2.2

3.3.2.3

3.3.24

MainOutput FOIm

About Fo rm

History Form

TAPI

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4. 1 Result s

4.2 Hardware Testing and Troubleshooting - Interface A

4 .2 .1 The 5V Rcgul ator Circuit 4.2.2 Sensor Receiver Circuit 4.2.3 Serial Output to the PC

4.3 Software Debugging and Troubleshooting

4.3. I MsCornrn 4. 3.2 Seven Digit Display 4.3.3 TAP I (Interface B) 4.3 4 Database Storage

38

38 38 39

40

40

42

42 42

42

43 -14

45

45 47 S I

53

53

S5

S8

58

S8

58 59 60

60

61 61 62 64

IX

CHAPTER 5 ONCLllSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 68

5. I Co nclu sions 68

5.2 Recommendations 69

5.2. 1 Customi ze the Database Storage 69 5.2.2 Moni to!" More Than One Kilowatt-hour Me ter 70 5.2.3 Monitor Power Consumpti on for Singl e Device 70

APPE;\fDI X A I\ IS VB 6.0 SOURCE CODE 71

APPENDIX B BS2 SO URCE CODE 85

REFERENC ES 86

x

List of Figures

Figure 1.1.1 Electricity Distributions 2

Figure 2.2.1 ME I zr kilowatt-hour meter 6

Figure 2.2.2 Cancl Prccision kilowatt-hour meter 7

Figure 2.2.3 D28 kilowatt-hour J11cter 8

Figure 2.2.4 FraJ11e and brake magnet 9

Figure 2.2.5 Register 10

Figure 2.3.I(a) BS I I I

Figure 2.3. 1 (b) BS2 Jl

Figure 2.3.2(a) BS I Archi tec ture 12

Figure 2.3.2(b) BS2 Architec ture !2

Figure 2.3.3 Co nnecti on BS2 pins to serial port !4

Figure 2.4. 1 Synchronous Data Format 15

Figure 2.4.2 Asynchronous Serial Data Frame 16

Figure 2.4.3 RS232 Connectors 18

Figure 2.4.4 RS232 Pin Configura tion 19

Figure 2.4.5 USB Symbol 20

Figure 2.4.6 USB Con nectors 2 1

Figure 2.5. 1 Printer Interface to PC Interface 21

Figure 2.6. 1 MsComl11 co ntrol used for seri al progra mming 25

Figure 2.6.2 Co nnect ion of Windows TAP] 29

Figure 2.6.3 The TAP! architecture , shows that multiple service providers ca n

interact with the sa me application 30

Figure 2.64 Voic e-da to modem support for TAPl services 33

Figu re 2.6.5 Telephony cards ca n support all levels ofTAPI servi ces 34

X l

38

Figure 2.7.2 Phototransislor application

figu re 2.7. 1 LOR

39

Fi gure 2.7.3 Dimension of photod iode 39

Figure 3.1.1 Project Block Diagram 40

Figure 3.1.2 The components in HPMO 41

Figure 3.2. 1 Sensor Transmitter Circuit 42

Figure 3.2 .3 Block diagram of the sensor input amplifier 43

Figure 3.24 A 5Y regulator circuit 44

Figure 3.2.5 Programm ing the BS2 Microcontroller 44

Figure 3.2.6 Serial pOlt connect ion for da ta acquisi ti on 45

Figure 3.3 .1 BS programm ing terminal 46

Figure 3.3.2 Sensor Circuit is connected to BS2 I/O Pi n 9 46

Figure 3.3.3 Flow chart for mi crocontroller program 47

Figure 3.3 4 FiowchaI1 ofHPMD program (Part I) 49

Figure 3.3.5 Flowchart of HPM D program (Part2 - TAP!) 50

Figure 3.3.6 List of fOlm s applied in the project 51

Figure 3.3 .7 Main Form 52

Figure 3.3 .8 About form 53

Figure 3.3.9 History Form 54

Figure 4.2.1 LOR input and BS2 I/O pin in put signal. 60

Figure 4 .2.2 The BS2 Output Data to PC 60

Figure 4.3 .1 Accumulated data from BS2 microcont ro ller output 6 1

Figure 4.3.2 TAPI interface 63

Figure 4.3 .3 Database storage 65

X LI

Li t of Tables

Table 2.2. 1 MElzr features 6

Table 2.2.1 0028 Kilowatt-hour meter technical specification 10

Table 2.3.1 Compari so n of BS I and BS2 13

Tab le 2.3.2 Co nn ection of BS pin and seria l pOli 13

Tab le 2.4. 1 Parity Types 17

Table 2.4.2 RS422 Technical Data 19

Table 2.4.3 US B Technical Da ta 20

Table 2.5. 1 Para ll el Pin Defi ni tion 22

Table 2.6. 1 Handshaking events and desc ripti ons 27

Tab le 3.3. 1 Wave fil e pla ying me thod 56

Tab le 4.2. 1 In put vo ltage and outp ut vo ltage for Regul ator 78M05 59

Tab le 4.3. I Some examp les of tested crit ical va lues 62

Table 4.3 .2 TAP l troubl eshooting 64

Table 4.33 Databa se storage in Ms Access fo nnat 67

X III

Li t of Listi ngs

Listing 2.6.1 Declarat ions required accessing an external TAPl.dl1 funct ion 35

Lis tin g 2.6.2 Code to ca ll a number prov id ed on tbe co mmand lin e 35

Listing 3.3. 1 Increment and storing the captured data 55

Listing 3.3.2 Co nvert the data va ri ab le into string and store in da tabase 55

Li sti ng 3.3.3 Playing th e la st wave file and drop the call 57

Li st ing 4.3.1 Back String Adjustment 66

Li sting 4.3.2 Front Stri ng Adjustment 66

X IV

List of Abbreviations

API

BIOS

BS

CTI

0028

DSR

ICP

EEPROM

EPP

GU I

HPMD

ISDN

Kbps

kWh

LED

LOR

LSB

MCI

Ms

MsComm

MWh

PC

PSTN

RAD

App lication Programmer Interface

Basic Input Output System

Basic Stamp

Computer Telephony Integra tion

Single Phase Elec tromechanical Ki lowatt-hour meter

Data Signal Ready

Extended Capabi li ty Port

Elec trica l Erasab le Programmable Read Onl y Memory

En hanced Paral le l Port

Graphi c User Interface

House Power Monitoring Devi ce

Integrated Serv ice Digital Ne twork

ki lobytc per second

kilowatt-hour

Li ght Emittin g Diode

Light Dependent Resistor

Least Signiticant Bit

Med ia Co ntrol Interface

Mic rosoft

Microsoft Comm Contro l

mega wa tt -hour

Personal computer

Pub lic System Telephone Network

Rapid Appli cation Development

xv

RTS

SESCo

SPP

TAP!

UART

USB

VB 6.0

WOSA

Request to send

Sarawak Electricity Supply Cooperati on

Standard Parallel Port

Telephony Appli ca ti on Programming Interface

Uni ve rsa l Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter

Uni versa l Seria l Bus

Visual Basic 6.0

Window Open Service Architecture

XV I

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Projec t Ilackground

Electrica l power that is generated from steam turbine or water dam is being

step up to hi gher power by transfollner for transmiss ion. Upon reaching the

consumer areas, the power is brough t down from the hi gh vol tage transmission

towers to substation transformers. Substation transformers lower down the vo ltage

for local di stribution via power poles . The power pole line can come all the way to

consumer's ho use or be converted to an underground di stribution system for the fin al

distribu tion to the con su mer's house.

An other trans former steps the voltage down to the two 240V c;'·cLlits, plus a

neutral wire, to consumer 's house. Figure 1.1 .1 shows the vo ltage supplies to

co nsum er

The power meter or kilowatt-hour meter is much like the wa ter meter in .Iine

with the water supply to th e consumer' s house. The power me ter is in li ne with the

power feed hom the neares t transformer and is read by the power meler read er. The

meter meas ures the total current pass ing through the meter and converts to power (in

kilowatt) in the duration of 1 hour. One kil owatt-hour (1 kWh) is equivalent to the use

or 1000 wa tts of e lectricity (ten 100-wat t bulbs) that operates fo r one hour. One

kil owatt-hour is call ed "one lill it ".

The normal practice is that the electri city power supplier (in Sarawak ca lled

Sarawak Electric ity Supp ly Coopera tion, SESCo) empl oyee will come once a month

to read each kilowat t-hour meter in order to es timate total power consumed by each

house. This task is very troublesome and is prone to error as the worker might miss

out some houses, exposed to the attack of danger of residence guard dog for

example, or en'or in reading the meter.

Substation Tlanst~~n"(ler

~.

I Distnoution Lilli, ~1

,

~ ,.(l ,­ r--- / ~

~ llkV:~-

! / /,// ./~

> I~ I

TliLILSfolI(cef I'

.I" .j .- './ -"," 1 .[/-­ I I/ ( './ //Ivletef

.I I ' , J 11 //

'I

/ / /

2401,1

TI,,-ILSfOl1tcef

24011

FIgure I 1.1 Electricity Distributions

1.2 Objectives

The main objective of this project is to design a mechanism that will be able

to automatically capture kilowatt-hour meter readout via a personal computer (PC)

through the phone line from the central office at any particular instant of time. The

reading of the meter are then stored in a PC and the different between two successive

2

meter readout for an interval time can be computed for manipul ati on. Retrieving of

the meter reading data can also be done through the Pc. With thi s idea , meter reading

task wi ll much more simpler and efficient , where total power used by one parti cul ar

rcsidence can be known accurately at any instant of time.

The first stage is to develop the student's know ledge and understanding of the

characteri s tic of a kilowatt-hour meter, PC interfac ing, Basic Stamp 2 (BS2)

microcont roller 's properti es function s and PC programmi ng. The properties of the

se ri al communica ti on will be revised too.

The second stage of the project IS to build student skill in des ign ing,

developing, constructing and implementing the hard ware - that is to capture the

meter reading output and store the reading in the PC automatica ll y, and retrieve the

data from the PC itself or through a phone call (advance stage) so that the captured

data can be co mpute for billing or monitoring purposes.

Technica lly, objectives of this project in order of prefe rence as di scussed and

agreed wi th the supervisor, are:

I. To study the function ofkil owatl-hour meter and detelmine how its work.

2. To study the different types of PC seri al communi ca tion.

3. To study the va rious kind of programming so ft ware that ca n be used to

capture the meter readout through the most suitab le PC serial

communica tion method .

4. To man ipulate the captured data, compute the units and costs usage.

3

1.3 Thesis O utline

Th is document is organ ized systematically to portray the develop ment stages

that conc luded the whole project. The repor1 can be divided into two stages. Fi rst

s tage includes the Chapter 1 and 2 and th e second stage covers Chapter 3, 4 and 5.

Chapter 1 includes introduction to the project an d the obj ective . In Chapte r 2 ,

the focus is more on s tudies and research that has been ca rried out on th e basic

fundamental and characteri stic of PC serial interfacing and programming software.

Chapte r 2 also cove rs types of kilowatt-hour mete r being used in the market as we ll

as the properties of Basic Stamp (BS) micro con troller.

In Chapter 3, the discussion focuses on th e idea of how the hardware and

software can be designed. Eve!)' block of the projec t design is ex plained th oroughly

in the respective sub chapters.

Chapter 4 concentrate 011 the rea li zation of the entire project design (hardware

and software) where the tes ting and troubleshoo ting is carried out to detec t any

potenti a l fault s in th e design. Discuss ions on mod ificat ions and improvement of the

des ign are a lso included. Procedures involved in the implementation of th e hardware

and software is explained comprehens ive ly.

Finally, Chapter 5 concludes the achievement of tbe project as a whole. In

addit ion , some recommendations on improvemen ts that can be made to the project in

partic ular are a lso inc luded.

4

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

2. 1 Introduction

General ly, thi s contains the definition, the concept and some of the technical

data of each componen t and tools for capturing and processing the data (in kilowatt

per hour). It includes types of kilowatt-hour meters, the data communication

protocols and database app lications.

2.2 Types .,r Ki lowatt-hour Meters

There are 3 types of kilowatt-hour meIer being studied in this project ME lzr

kilowatt-bour meter, Carrel Precision kilowatt-hour meter and single phase

elec tromechanical ki lowatt-hour meter (0028) . ME I zr and Call'el Precision is

digi tal kilowatt-hour meter 0028 is analog kilowatt-hour meter.

2.2.1 MElzr Kilowatt-hour Meter

MElzr kilowatt-hour meter, class 2, wilh digital display, is de;l ..cned for sub­

di stri bution metering. ME lzr measures acti ve electrical power consu n ·~t;on , on one

pbase (single-phase ME). Figure 2.2 .1 shows the ME l zr. ME I zr is equi pped with a

total meter, a yellow metering indicator ligbt (flashing) and with additional functions

a ll owing:

j. Remote transfer to an impulse counter or a programmable logic con troll er

2 Cabling enor indica tion .

5

- i -; r s6sf­

J

Figure 2.2.1 ME I zr kilowatt-hour mete r

ME 1 zr aJlow monitoring of the consumption of electrical install ati on.

J. A range of 8 products for all network types: single-phase, three-phase, three-

phase + neutral.

2. Complies with standard fEC 1036 (with sealable enclosure).

3. Compact dimensions:

I. 4 modu les of9 mm: lP+N (MEl),

II. 8 modules of 9 mm : 3P and 3P+N (ME3IME4).

2.2.1.1 Features

Table 2.2.1 shows MEl zr features

Frequency 50/60 Hz

Consumption 2.5YA

Capacity 999,99MWh

Display In kWh or megawa tt-hour (MWh) with 5

significant digits

insulation voltage 4 kY, 50 Hz

Metering indicator light 1000 flashes per kWh

Table 2.2.1 MElzr features

6