1. sedimentary facies
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1. Sedimentary facies
2. Facies associations
3. Sedimentary structures
4. Biotic assemblages
Sedimentary depositional Environments
Sedimentary deposits have a set of associated conditions.
To recognize a depositional environments We can use a combination of:
De
po
siti
on
al
Envi
ron
me
nt
![Page 2: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Sandy river channel
Floodplain
Modern depositional Environments
Meanders
Floodplain
![Page 3: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Niger Delta, Nigeria
Suface of 70.000 Km2
Modern depositional Environments
Indus Delta, Pakistan
![Page 4: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Modern depositional Environments
Aeolian dunes, Namibia desert
Beach dunes, California
![Page 5: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Modern depositional Environments
Perito Moreno Glacier, Argentina
Crusoe Glacier, Swiss
Glacier Front
Cirque glaciers
![Page 6: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Modern depositional Environments
Lagoon
Bora Bora, French Polynesia
Patch Reef
Great barrier Reef, Australia
Lagoon
Channel
![Page 7: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Modern depositional Environments
Lagoon
Patch ReefTurbidity flow
Turbidity flow
![Page 8: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Modern depositional Environments
La Playa. Death Valley, California
Uyuni salt lake. Bolivia
Sabkha (coastal salt flat), Abu Dhabi, UAE
![Page 9: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Sedimentary depositional Environments
Defining a sedimentary rock we will be able to recognize the palaeoenvironment of formation, learning from the modern
depositional environments.
“Present is key to understand the past”
Charles Lyell, 1830
Uniformitarianism Theory
![Page 10: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Modern and
ancient sand
dunes
“Present is key to understand the past” By examining the characteristics of various environments on Earth today we can interpret
the environments in which ancient sediments were deposited.
Modern and
ancient coral reef
Modern and ancient
evaporitic deposits
![Page 11: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
…..not only on our Planet
Layers of sedimentary rocks on Mars suggest that it may have hosted numerous lakes and shallow seas.
![Page 12: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
We can use a combination of:
1. Sedimentary facies
2. Facies associations
3. Sedimentary structures
4. Biotic assemblages
Sedimentary depositional Environments
How can we recognize a depositional environments looking at a sedimentary rock?
Depositional Environment
![Page 13: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Sedimentary Facies
To define a sedimentary facies we include information about:
Grain sizes and typesSedimentary structures ColorBiota
-Used to interpret rock record through identification of ancient depositional environments-The term is used at different scales (basin, outcrop, sample, thin section)
The sum of the characteristics of a sedimentary unit resulting from some particular set of physical, chemical and biological parameters that work to produce a unit with specific
textural, structural, and compositional properties (after Boggs, 2001)
![Page 14: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Not all the aspects of the rock are necessarily indicated in the facies name and different characteristics can be emphasized, depending on
what must be highlighted to better characterize the rock
The full range of the characteristics of a rock are given in the facies description
that would form part of any study of sedimentary rocks(facies analysis).
Sedimentary Facies
![Page 15: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Sedimentary Facies
Example:
cross-bedded quartzose brownish medium sandstone
•cross-bedded brownish sandstone
•brownish medium sandstone
•cross-bedded quartzose sandstone
•quartzose medium sandstone
Or…if we wish to give more importance to specific features:
![Page 16: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Sedimentary Facies
• Lithofacies: the description is confined to the physical and chemical characteristics of a rock.
• Biofacies: the description is focused on the fauna and flora content of a rock.
•Ichnofacies: the description is focused on the presence of the trace fossils (record of biological activity) in the rock.
A single rock unit may be described in terms of:
Example:
A rock unit might have as lithofacies a “grey bioclastic packstone”, a biofacies of “echinoid and crinoids” and with a ‘Thalassinoides’ ichnofacies.
The sum of these and other characteristics would constitute the sedimentary facies, first fundamental feature to individuate a depositional palaeoenvironment.
A sedimentary facies association refers to two or more facies which belong to the same depositional palaeo-/environment and which in turn are determined
by the same combination of processes which occur(ed) there (Collinson, 1969; Reading & Levell, 1996).
![Page 17: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Sedimentary Structures
Wave Ripples: e.g. shoreface environment
Fenestral fabric: tidal carbonate environment
Mud cracks: sub-aerial environment
Cross-bedding: e.g.eolian environment
![Page 18: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Biogenic features
5 μm
Rudists (molluscs)
S. dinarica (Green algae)
Bioturbation
Calcareous nannoplankton
![Page 19: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Sedimentary Structures, biota and depositional environments
Larger foraminiferaPlank. foraminifera
Immenhauser, 2005
![Page 20: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Walther’s law of faciesin a conformable succession the only facies that can occur together in
vertical succession are those that are observed side by side in nature
i.e. a vertical change of facies implies a corresponding lateral shift of
facies within a relatively conformable succession of genetically related
strata Johannes Walther (1860–1937)
Lateral and Vertical facies succession
![Page 21: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Continental
Fluvial
•Alluvial
•Braided system
•Meandering system
Desert
Lacustrine
Glacial
Marginal-marine
Delta
•Delta plain
•Delta front
•Prodelta
Beach/barrier island
Estuarine/lagoonal
Tidal flat
Marine
Neritic
•Continental shelf
•Organic reef
Oceanic
•Continental slope
•Deep ocean floor
Depositional environments
![Page 22: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Modern Environments• Plan view, some cross-sections
• Geomorphology
• Sedimentological process of erosion, transport and deposition
• Climatic setting (rainfall, T range, …)
Fossil record
• Cross sections, rare plan views (3D seismic)
• Sedimentary structures to reconstructs sedimentological process
![Page 23: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
1. Fluvial
a. Alluvial fan
b. Braided stream
c. Meandering stream
2. Desert
3. Lacustrine
4. Glacial
5. Delta
a. Plain
b. Front
c. Prodelta
Depositional environments-continental
![Page 24: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The fluvial environment
![Page 25: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Fluvial Environment
Three main geomorphological zones
• Erosional zone
• Transfer zone
• Depositional zone
Are not always all present!
![Page 26: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The fluvial environment
• Rivers are main arteries of sediment transport of clastic detritus and supply almost all clastic deposits to oceans (exc. glaciers, wind, coastal erosion)
• Rivers also act as depositional systems
• Best know depositional environments because it is easy to study modern river processes and relate them to the stratigraphic record
![Page 27: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Hay, 1998
Global sediments transfer into the oceans
From catchment area to depositional environments
![Page 28: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Some definitions
• FLUVIAL: anything associated with rivers
• CHANNELS: depressions or scours in land surface which contain the flow in a river system
• FLOODS occur when water is supplied into a river at a higher rate than can be carried within the channel
• OVERBANK or FLOODPLAIN: area of land between or beyond channels which receives water only when the river is in flood
• ALLUVIAL: more general term for land surface processes that involve the flow of water (e.g. alluvial fans)
• ALLUVIAL PLAIN: low-relief continental area where sediment is accumulating, which may include the floodplains of individual rivers.
![Page 29: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Catchment area (drainage basin)
Area that supplies water to a river system through superficial and groundwater run-off, and soils (acting as a sponge).
Main controls on water supply•Size of the drainage basin•Climate
![Page 30: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
River discharge (D)
A: cross-sectional area occupied by the flow (m2 or ft2).V: average flow velocity (m/s or ft/s).
D=AVD = (1.2 x 59) x 1.5D = 106.2 ft3/s
Normal conditions Floods conditions
D = (3.1 x 82) x 3.1D = 788.02 ft3/s
The volume of water flowing in a river in a time period
![Page 31: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Perennial fluvial systems
Ephemeral fluvial systems
•Large drainage basin
•Regular rainfall
•Poor to moderate discharge variation
•Small drainage basin
•Seasonal rainfall
•High discharge variation
![Page 32: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Fluvial Deposits
![Page 33: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Flow within a river channel
The river segments of downstream erosion and/or deposition within a channel are given by the position of the thalweg
Due to friction with the bottom of the channel, the banks and air above, the highest power of the flow is in the deepest part of the channel.
The streamline of the deepest part of the channel is called thalweg.
![Page 34: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Types of rivers
Uncommon
floodplain
floodplain
floodplain
floodplain
floodplain
Lateral bars
Mid-channel bars
![Page 35: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
From the point of view of sedimentary geology,
meandering and braided rivers are the most
important because these are the types that are
most frequently recognized in the geological record
Types of rivers
![Page 36: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Stream Load
Sediment in water moves as suspended load or bed load
![Page 37: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Bedload rivers = BraidedRivers with a high proportion of sediment carried by rolling and saltation along the channel floor
are referred to as Bedload rivers.
The braided form is given by the sand or gravel that get deposited along the channel as bars and split the flow in two directions
![Page 38: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Fluvial –Braided Stream
Relatively steep slope, rivers have
several channels separated by banks
Yield: sand (normal), gravel (flood)
Gravel river bars morphology is
modified during flooding events
![Page 39: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Morphology of a Braided stream
Scoured channel-base
![Page 40: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Morphology of a Braided stream
The bars in a channel vary in shape and size:
•Longitudinal : elongate along the axis of the channel.•Transverse: wider than they are long.•Linguoid: with their apex pointing downstream.
Bars may consist of sand, gravel or a mixture of both ranges of clast size (compound bars).
![Page 41: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Bar migrationBars are not stationary for a prolonged period, they migrate.
![Page 42: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Mid-channel gravel bars
![Page 43: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Mid-channel sand bars
![Page 44: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Cross-bedded bar deposit
![Page 45: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Braided stream cross-bedding
![Page 46: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Depositional architecture of a braided river
Lateral migration of the channels leads to abandonment of bars and creates a channel-fill succession
![Page 47: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Right to left migration of a braided stream
![Page 48: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Braided river
![Page 49: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Mixed load rivers = Meandering
Rivers sediment carried as both bed- and suspended load
![Page 50: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
“Gooseneck”, Utah Alaska
Fluvial – Meandering Stream
Present in continental plains
One single, sinuous channel
Meanders due to a perturbation of uniform flow within
a channel (e.g., sediments, talus)
Clay deposition: more stable river bars (less erodible)
![Page 51: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Erosion and deposition in meanders
The bank of the channel close to thalweg has faster flowing waters leading to erosion, and consequent
deposition on the opposite side
![Page 52: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Morphology of a meandering river
![Page 53: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Fluvial – Meandering Stream
![Page 55: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Meandering Rivers: Point Bars
Meandering channels migrate, leaving sandy deposits at inside bends
![Page 56: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Point bars of the inside bends of a meandering river
![Page 57: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Point bars of the inside bends of a meandering river
![Page 58: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Sedimentary structures in point-bars
• Lateral migration, grading vertically from coarser (faster flow) to finer-grained (floodplain deposits)
• Large scale cross-beds at base (dunes), and smaller sets at the top (ripples)
• If lateral migration is not continuous (series of steps), periods of non- deposition and slower flow may be characterized by mud-draping (lateral accretion surfaces)
![Page 59: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Lateral accretion surfaces
Large low-angle cross stratification, perpendicular to the flow!
![Page 60: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Lateral accretion of a point bar in a channel
![Page 61: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Floodplain deposits
Levèe: repeated deposition of sand close to the channel edge forming a bank which is higher than the level of the floodplain.
When the levée breaks, water mixed with sediment is carried out onto the floodplain to form a crevasse splay, a low cone of sediment formed by water flowing through the breach in the bank and out onto the floodplain.
Upward-coarsening of the sediments
Fine sandSilt, clay,
soil
![Page 62: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Thin ,fine grained depositsDessication structuresSoils formation
Floodplain deposits
![Page 63: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Fan shapeDm thicknessNormal gradingInterbedded with floodplaindeposits
![Page 64: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Depositional architecture of a meandering river
![Page 65: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Point of avulsion
Oxbow lake
![Page 66: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Oxbow lake former by cut-off of a meander loop
![Page 67: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Braided and Meandering Rivers
Meandering Streams
• Single channel• High sinuosity• Mostly fine grained• Mixed load• very low depositional gradient (1/100)°
Braided Streams
• Multiple Channels• Low sinuosity• Mostly coarse grained• Bed load• low depositional gradient (<0.5°)
![Page 69: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Fluvial – Meandering vs. Braided Stream
![Page 70: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Ancient Fluvial Deposits:Lithofacies
• coarser sediments in channels and finer on floodplains
• channel areas: all grain sizes, with distinctive spatial organization
• Floodplains: mixture of flood events and soils
• Relative proportions of lithofacies may help to characterize different fluvial environments
![Page 71: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
A mud-filled channel
![Page 72: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Stacked sandstone filled channels
![Page 73: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Floodplain deposits of sandstone and mudstone
![Page 74: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Huesca Channel, Spain (Oligo-Miocene)
![Page 75: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Modern Rivers Brazil
Ancient Rivers, Arizona
![Page 76: 1. Sedimentary facies](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022012123/61ddea9c9607fe57b973a660/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)