1 second semester 14-15 section 2 maintenance of health through good nutrition bader a. el safadi...

1Second semester 14-15

SECTION 2

MAINTENANCE OF HEALTH THROUGH GOOD NUTRITION

Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation


Chapter 10Diet during

Pregnancy and Lactation



Facts Good nutrition during the normal pregnancy is

essential for both mother and child. There is a relationship between mother’s diet and

health of baby at birth The woman who consumed a nutritious diet before

pregnancy is more apt to bear a healthy infant than one who did not.

Malnutrition of the mother is believed to cause decreased growth and mental retardation in the fetus

The recommended weight gain during pregnancy is 11-15 kg (slightly more for underweight women, slightly less for

overweight women).Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation


Nutritional Needs during Pregnancy The protein requirement is increased by 20% for the pregnant

woman There is no need for increased vitamin A during pregnancy as

excessive intake can cause birth defects eg. (hydrocephaly, microcephaly, mental retardation )

Water soluble vitamins should be increased Minerals such as calcium, iron, zinc and iodine are all increased

during pregnancy. Calcium is essential for functions such as development of the

infant's bones and teeth Drinking additional milk each day is a good way of providing

these nutrients (three cups each day) An iron supplement is commonly prescribed during pregnancy.



Concerns during Pregnancy

Nausea

Constipation

Heartburn

Pregnancy-induced hypertension

Anemia



NauseaNausea

Also known as morning sickness Occurs most commonly during first trimester Suggestions:

Eat dry crackers or dry toast before rising Eat small, frequent meals Avoid food with offensive odors Avoid liquids at mealtime

Hyperemesis gravidarum: Occurs when nausea becomes so severe that it is life-

threatening May require hospitalization and parenteral nutrition



Constipation

Constipation and hemorrhoids can occur during

pregnancy. Suggestions:

Eat high-fiber diet

Participate in daily exercise

Drink at least 8 glasses of water per day

Respond promptly to urge to defecate



Heartburn Can result from pressure on stomach by growing

fetus and relaxation of cardiac sphincter and

smooth muscles related to progesterone.

Suggestions: Eat small, frequent meals Avoid spicy or greasy foods Avoid liquids at mealtime Wait at least one hour after eating to lie down and

two hours before exercisingBader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation


Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension Formerly known as preeclampsia or toxemia Sometimes occurs during the third trimester. Characterized by : ( high blood pressure, presence of

albumin in the urine (proteinuria), and edema) May progress into eclamptic stage with convulsions,

coma, and possible death of mother and infant Higher incidence with first pregnancy, multifetal

pregnancies, morbidly obese women, or women with inadequate diets Especially protein-deficient

More frequent in pregnant adults



Anemia Condition caused by insufficiency of RBCs,

hemoglobin, or blood volume Causes weakness, fatigue, poor appetite, and pallor Types

1. Iron-deficiency anemia Most common form Treated with a daily iron supplement.

2. Folate deficiency anemia Characterized by too few red blood cells and large

immature red blood cells. Prevented by folate supplement



Diet for the Pregnant Woman with Diabetes

Gestational diabetes Occurs during pregnancy and disappears after birth Routine screening part of prenatal care Nutrient requirements of pregnant woman with

diabetes same as non-diabetic pregnant woman Insulin often used during pregnancy to control any

type of diabetes Diet plan depends on type and number of insulin

injections required Artificial sweeteners found to be safe during

pregnancyBader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation


Pregnancy during Adolescence Nutritional, physical, psychological, social, and

economic demands on pregnant adolescents are big

Nutrition must meet needs of adolescent’s growing body and needs of fetus

High risk for pregnancy-induced hypertension and premature delivery

Inadequate nutrition of mother related to both mental and physical birth defects

Much counseling and emotional support neededBader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation


Lactation

Almost all women can breastfeed.

Lactation is the production and secretion of breast

milk for purpose of nourishing infant

No supplemental feedings should be given until

feeding routine established

Human milk formulated to meet nutrient needs of

infants for first six months of life



Benefits of Breastfeeding for the Infant

Breast milk Has perfect composition for baby’s needsBreast milk provides antibodiesLower incidence of ear infections, diarrhea, allergies.Promotion of good jaw developmentDecreased risk of obesity later in lifeFacilitation of bonding between mother and childHelps lose weight gained during pregnancyStimulates uterus to contract back to original sizeIs economicalProvides opportunity for restingIs always right temperature and readily available



Conclusion Pregnant woman most likely to remain healthy and

bear healthy infant if following well-balanced diet Anemia and pregnancy-induced hypertension Two conditions that can be caused by inadequate

nutrition Caloric and most nutrient requirements increase for

pregnant and lactating women


1 second semester 14-15 section 2 maintenance of health through good nutrition bader a. el safadi...

Documents

normal pregnancy

lactation slide

lactation bader

safadi bsn

good nutrition bader

parenteral nutrition

facts good nutrition

constipation constipation