1. research problem

7/28/2019 1. Research Problem

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PROBLEM STATEMENT,

OBJECTIVES &

HYPOTHESIS

Rupinder Deol

Lecturer

College of Nursing

DMC & H


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DEFINITION OF RESEARCH

Research essentially is a problem solving process, a

systematic and objective analysis and recording ofcontrolled observation that may lead to the developmentof generalization ,principles, theories , resulting inprediction and possible ultimate control of events.---French M Ruth.

Research is a careful enquiry or examination in seekingfacts or principles, a diligent investigation to ascertainsomething.---Clifford Woody

Research is a process that systematically searches fornew facts and relationship.-----Notter


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RESEARCH PROBLEM

Most challenging and difficult phase of any researchproject.


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..It is believed thatselection of a good research

problem is discovery in itself!!!!!!!!!


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Research problem is a questionwhich researcher wants to answer

or a problem a researcher wants tosolve.


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MEANINGA research problem is an enigmatic,troubling area or topic which needs anenquiry to get better understanding orultimate solution.

For example, solution of female

foeticide in India could be an enigmatic or

troubling topic of the present time and that

could become one of the important research

problem at present;..... there could be many

more such problems.


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Contd. According to Kerlinger,

A problem is an interrogative sentence

or statement that ask what relation exists between

two or more variables. The answer to questions will

provide what is having sought in the research.

R.S. Woodworth defines problem as

A situation for which we have no ready

and successful response by instinct or by previous

acquired habit. We must find out what to do the

solution can be found out only after an investigation.


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BASIC TERMINOLOGY

At the most general level a researcher selects a

topic or phenomenon on which to focus.

EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH TOPIC:

Patient compliance

Coping with disability

Pain management

Chemotherapy

Within each of these broad topics are manypotential research problems.


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A research problem is an enigmatic, perplexing, ortroubling condition.

A problem statement articulates the problem to beaddressed & indicates the need for a study.

Research questions are specific queries researchers

want to answer in addressing the research problem.

They guide the type of data to be collected in a study. Statement of purpose/ purpose statement is the

researchers summary of the overall goal of a study.

Hypotheses: specific predictions regarding answers to

the research questions that are tested empirically. Research Aims/ Objectives: The specific

accomplishments the researcher hopes to achieve by

conducting the study.


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IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

First and most important step in research process.

A broad area is selected and then broad topic is delimited

or narrowed down to a specific one-sentence statement of

the problem. This step is considered as most difficult and challenging

and needs lots of time.

Research problem may come from several sources;

depends on the interest of the researcher. So the ideas a researcher collects to identify a research

problem are influenced by variety of sources.


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SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS

Researchinterests

Experience& clinicalfieldwork

Nursingliterature


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SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS

Social issues TheoryIdeas from

external

sources


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CRITERIA FOR SELECTING A GOOD

RESEARCH PROBLEM

Many factors should be considered while deciding whether

a particular topic is appropriate for a scientific

investigation or not. Significance to nursing profession

Original

Solvable/Researchable

Current

Interesting

Feasible


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SIGNIFICANCE TO NURSING PROFESSION

A research problem is significant for nursing profession,

when it is directed to develop or refines the body of

professional knowledge. Following criteria is to befulfilled

Nursing profession and patients, nurses andhealthcare fraternity will be benefited from the

study.The results will improve clinical nursing practices.

Promotes nursing theory development or testing.

Provides solutions of current nursing practice

needs.

Generate information to have the practicalimplications.


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ORIGINAL

It is fundamentally considered that every research

problem should be new and unique in itself.

Therefore, it is the key responsibility of a researcher that

an innovative knowledge is used for selecting a research

problem, so as to extend the growth of existing body of

the knowledge.


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SOLVABLE/ RESEARCHABLE

Problem selected is considered good only if it is solvable

so that chances of insolvability of problem should be

minimized. Thus, it will enhance relevant results.

For example, a researcher selects a research problem to

know the existence of God in this universe. These sorts of

problems are ambiguous and impossible to solve.


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CURRENT

A good research problem must be based on the current

problems and needs of a profession, so that results

generated will be of more use.

INTERESTING

A research problem can only be considered good if it isin accordance with researchers field of interest.

A research problem must be as per motivation of the

researcher and it should be fascinating to the

researcher.


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FEASIBLE

Regardless of how significant or researchable a problem

may be, feasibility of research problem in reference totime, availability of subjects, facilities, equipment and

money; and ethical considerations should be checked. It

will help researcher to decide whether study can be

actually carried out or not.Time:A nurse might be interested in studying sibling

relationships among quintuplets. Knowledge of the

incidence of quintuplet births would certainly discourage

anyone considering research on this particular

population unless the researcher planned to make this a

lifetime project. So, time is always a factor to be

considered.


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Cost: All research projects cost money; some studies

are much more expensive than others.

Equipment and supplies: All research projects

require some type of resources. Therefore, beforemaking the final decision to conduct a study, an

accurate determination of the needed equipment and

supplies should be ensured. Some questions that

should be answered before beginning a researchproject are:

What equipment will be needed?

Is this equipment available and in proper

working order? Is there a qualified operator of the equipment?

Are the necessary supplies available or can theybe obtained?


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Administrative support: Many research projects

require administrative support. Financial as well as

psychological support from administration is very

helpful. Knowing that your superiors support yourresearch efforts can be a very powerful motivating

force.

Peer support: Many research ideas have never been

developed because potential researchers received nosupport from their peers. One of the best ways to

determine a researchable problem is through

interactions and discussions with other nurses.

Availability of subjects: A researcher may believe that

study subjects are readily available for the study.

Potential subjects may not meet the study criteria,

may be unwilling to participate, or may already be

participating in other studies. Therefore, availability of

subjects must be ensured well in advance.


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Researchers competence:A research problem can

only be feasible if it is in accordance with researchers

competence, where researcher is capable to handle a

given research problem.

Ethical considerations:A researcher must ensure that

the research problem can be considered by the

ethical committee without undue hurdles. A very

important topic of research can not be considered

feasible until and unless it is in accordance with

ethical guidelines.


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FORMULATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

Formulation of research problem is a complex and long

process, which includes following steps;

Selection of research topic

Reviewing the literature and

theories

Delimiting the researchtopic

Evaluating theresearch problem

Formulating

final

statement


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Example of a good formatted research problem:Adescriptive study on prevalence of pin site infectionamong patients with external skeletal fixation

admitted in orthopedic wards of Nehru Hospital,

PGIMER, Chandigarh

This is the example of declarative from of

the statement of problem, where it is precisely and

concisely stated and includes most of the requiredcomponents of a research statement, where;

Research study type: descriptive

Variable(s): it has only research variable as

prevalence of pin site infection

Population: patients with external skeletal fixation

Research setting: orthopedic wards of Nehru

Hospital, PGIMER, Chandigarh


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STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

Problem can be stated in two ways:

a) Declarative form: means making declarative statement(more common).

e.g., An evaluatory study to assess the effect of self

structured teaching program on the knowledge of

catheter care among staff nurses of DMCH Ludhiana.b) Interrogative form : Means posing question on

research problem. It has advantage in sharpening &

focusing the issue.

E.g., What will be the effect of self structured teachingprogram on the knowledge of catheter care among staff

nurses of DMCH Ludhiana?

GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATION OF A


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GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATION OF A

RESEARCH PROBLEM

Substantive issues

1. Does the problem have significance to the nursing profession?

2. Does the problem spells out purpose of conducting study?3. Does the problem have any relationship with existing theories and models?

4. Does the problem flow from prior scientific information and/or experience in topic area?

Methodological issues

1. Does the problem statement clearly identify the research variables in measurable terms?

2. Does the problem identify the nature of population which is to be studied?

3. Does the problem clearly define about type or design of study?

4. Does the problem describe about research setting, place, & time?

5. Does the problem comprise appropriate phrases?

Stylistic issues

1. Is problem statement complete, concise & clear in a declarative form and clearly suggesting

answers to be questioned?

2. Was the problem statement introduced promptly?

Ethical issues

1. Does the research problem require the use of human subject?

2. Does the problem imply potential risks for those subjects?

Practical issues

1. Has the researcher appropriately delimited the scope of the problem, or is the problem too big or

complex for a single investigation?

2. Does the researcher is able to manage the resources, man, money, material & appropriatepermissions from authorities?


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EXAMPLE OF THE STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS

AND VARIABLES IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH STUDIES

Type of study Exmaple of the research problem statement Variables

Descriptive A descriptive study on prevalence of anemia amongadolescent girls in selected villages of district , Karnataka

Research variable: Prevalence of

anemia

ExploratoryAn exploratory study on contributing factors of anemia

among adolescent girls in selected villages of district ,

Karnataka

Research variable: Contributing

factors of anemia

CorrelationalA correlational study on smoking and lung cancer among

slum dwellers of city Mumbai

Independent variable: Smoking

Dependent variable: Lung cancer

CompartiveA comparative study on health problems among rural and

urban older people of district , Research variable: Health

problems

ExperimentalAn experimental study on efficacy of oral morphine in

management of chronic cancer pain among advanced stage

cancer patients admitted in hospice at Chandigarh

Independent variable: Oral

morphine

Dependent variable: Chronic

cancer pain

Quasi-

experimental

A quasi-experimental study of effect of needle gauge on

pain perception among patients receiving Intramuscular

injection in Out Patient Department of CMCH, Vellore,

TamilNadu

Independent variable: Needle

gauge

Dependent variable: pain

perception during IM injection


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EXAMPLE OF THE STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND

VARIABLES IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH STUDIES

Type of study Exmaple of the research problem statement Variables

Phenomenological A phenomenological study on live experiences of Tsunami

victims in selected villages of state TamilNadu

Research variable: Live

experiences

Ethnographical An ethnographic study on the features, critical attributes,processes and benefits of self-help groups of women living

with chronic alcoholic husbands in selected villages of

district Belgam, Karnataka

Research variable: Features,

critical attributes, processes and

benefits of self-help groups

Grounded theory A study on the response and adaptation process of patientsdiagnosed with cancer in Nehru hospital, PGIMER,

Research variable: Response and

adaptation process

Case study A case study on availability and utilization of emergencyservices in public hospital at Ludhiana, Punjab

Research variable: Availability

and utilization of emergency

services

Historical study A historic study on experiences of ward facilities amongpsychiatric nurses during 1960 and 1970 in National Institute

of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences, Bangalore

Research variable: Experiences of

ward facilities

Action research A study on practicability of integrating the nursing serviceand education in selected premier nursing institution of

DMC & H, Ludhiana.

Research variable: Practicability

of integrating the nursing service

and education


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RESEARCH OBJECTIVES


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MEANING

A research objective is a clear, concise, declarative

statement, which provides direction to investigate thevariables. Generally research objectives focus on how

to measure the variables such as to identify or describe

them. Sometime objectives are directed to identify the

relationship or differences between two variables.

Research objectives are the results sought by the

researcher at the end of the research process i.e. what

the researcher will be able to achieve at the end of the

research study.

The objectives of a research project summarize what is

to be achieved by the study. Objectives should be

closely related to the statement of the problem.


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WRITING RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

To get right solution of a right problem, clearly defined objectives are

very important.

Without objectives researcher will be lost somewhere in the way or mayfind out some other results which are not the need of the time.

Therefore, clearly defined objectives are important feature of a good

research study without which the researcher is aimlessly looking for

something resulting in wastage of resources.

Once the need for research information has been clearly defined, theresearcher must specify the objectives of proposed research and

develop a specific list of information needed.

Objectives formulated in quantitative and qualitative studies are quite

similar, however, objectives formulated in qualitative studies are broad

and includes variables which are more complex and abstract in nature.


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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

Research objective is a concrete statement describing

what the research is trying to achieve. A well worded

objective will be SMART i.e. Specific, Measurable,

Attainable, Realistic, and Time bound.

Research objective should be Relevant, Feasible,

Logical, Observable, Unequivocal and Measurable.

Objective is a purpose that can be reasonably achieved

within the expected timeframe and with the available

resources.

The objective of research project summaries what is to

be achieved by the study.


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NEED OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The formulation of research objectives will help the

researcher to: Focus: If the researcher knows what he has to achieve

ultimately, he will be only looking for the ways to achieve it.

The formulation of research objectives helps in narrowing

down the study to its essentials, which are the crying need

of the hour.

Avoiding unnecessary steps: The formulation of research

objectives helps to avoid the collection of data which are not

strictly necessary for understanding and solving problem

that the researcher has defined. For example, if a researchis only interested in identifying the presence and absence of

variables but not in detailed description of related factors,

the research objective will help the researcher to avoid

collection of unwanted information.


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Organize: The formulation of objectives organize thestudy in clearly defined parts or phases.

For example, if researcher is conducting a research studyon effects of the ginger on morning sickness among

pregnant women, the objectives are formulated as a) To

assess the prevalence of morning sickness among

pregnant women; b) To identify the effect of ginger on

morning sickness symptoms among pregnant women.

Directions: Properly formulated, specific objectives will

facilitate the development of research methodology and

will help to orient the collection, analysis, interpretationand utilization of data.


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TYPES OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The research objectives are of two types:

General objectives:

General objectives are broad end goals to be achieved.

The general objective of the study states what the researcher

expects to achieve by the study in general terms.

General objectives are usually less in number.


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Specific objectives: Specific objectives are short term and narrow in focus.

General objectives can be broken into small logicallyconnected parts to form specific objectives.

General objective is met through accomplishing each of

the specific objectives.

The specific objectives are more in number and theysystematically address various aspect of problem as

defined under statement ofproblem and the key factor

that are assumed to influence or cause the problem.

They should specify what the researcher will do in thestudy, where and for what purpose.


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A Quasi-experimental study on the effects of ginger on morning

sickness among pregnant women in selected cities of stateKerala.

General objective: General objective of this study will be:

To assess the effects of ginger on morning sickness among

pregnant women.

Specific objectives: This general objective will be splited up intofollowing specific objectives:

To determine the prevalence of morning sickness in thepregnant women.

To compare the severity of morning sickness in primigravida and

multigravida.

To compare the effects of ginger on morning sickness in

multigravida and primigravida. To identify the relationship of effectiveness of ginger on morning

sickness with age and dietary habits of the pregnant women.

To compare the effectiveness of ginger on morning sickness in

working and non-working pregnant women.


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METHOD OF STATING OBJECTIVES

The objectives should be presented brieflyand concisely.

Cover the different aspects of the problem and its

contributing factors in a coherent way and in a logical

sequence.

Are clearly phrased in operational terms, specifying exactly

what researcher is going to do, where, and for what

purpose.

Are realisticconsidering local conditions and

Use action verbs that are specific enough to be evaluated.

Examples of action verbs are: to assess, to identify, to find

out, to determine, to compare, to find, to verify, to calculate,

to describe, to analyze and to establish etc.

A LIST OF ACTION VERBS USED TO FORMULATE


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A LIST OF ACTION VERBS USED TO FORMULATE

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation

Count

Define

Describe

Draw

Identify

Labels

List

Match

Name

Outlines

Point out

Write

Associate

ComputeConvert

Defend

Discuss

Distinguish

Estimate

Explain

Extend

Extrapolate

Generalize

Give examples

Infer

Paraphrase

Predict

Rewrite

Summarize

Add

ApplyCalculate

Change

Classify

Complete

Compute

Demonstrate

Discover

Divide

Examine

Graph

Interpolate

Manipulate

Modify

Operate

PrepareProduce

Show

Solve

Subtract

Translate

Use

Analyze

ArrangeBreakdown

Combine

Design

Detect

Develop

Diagram

Differentiate

Discriminate

Illustrate

Infer

Outline

Relate

Select

Separate

SubdivideUtilize

Categorize

CombineCompile

Compose

Create

Drive

Design

Devise

Explain

Generate

Integrate

Modify

Order

Organize

Plan

Prescribe

ProposeRearrange

Reconstruct

Reorganize

Revise

Summarize

Specify

Appraise

AssessCompare

Conclude

Contrast

Criticize

Critique

Determine

Grade

Interpret

Judge

Justify

Measure

Rank

Rate

Support

Test


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HYPOTHESES


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HYPOTHESES

Introduction: Hypotheses is the most important mental tool

research has.

A hypotheses is an assumption statement about the

relationship between two or more variables thatsuggests an answer to the research question.

It is a tentative prediction or explanation of the

relationship between two variables .

It implies that there is a systematic relationship

between an independent and dependent variable.


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Contd.

Hypotheses converts the question posed by theresearch problem into a declarative statementthat predicts an expected outcome. E.g.,smoking causes lung cancer.

The formulation of hypotheses plays animportant part in the growth of knowledge inevery science.

E.g., dietary compliance will be greater indiabetic patients receiving diet instruction insmall group than in diabetic patients receivingindividualized diet instructions.


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DEFINITION OF HYPOTHESES

Lundberg defines hypothesis as a

tentative generalization, the validity of

which remains to be tested.

Goode and Hatt define it as, a proposition

which can be put to a test to determine its

validity.


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Purpose Of Hypothesis

It provides bridge between the theory and reality.

It provides a powerful tool, for the advancement ofknowledge.

It provides direction for any research.

It guides to the thinking process and the process ofdiscovery.

It serves as a framework for drawing conclusion.


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ROLE OF HYPOTHESIS IN NURSING RESEARCH

A hypothesis specifies the source of data.

It defines which data is relevant which arenot.

A hypotheses suggest which type ofresearch is likely to be most appropriate.

It determines the most appropriate

technique of analysis.It links theory and investigation.


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CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESES

Conceptual Clarity: Hypotheses should consist of

clearly defined and understandable concept.

Specificity: A hypothesis should be specific and

explain the expected relations between variables.

( e.g., regular yoga reduces stress).

Testability: Hypotheses should be testable and

should not be a moral judgment. e.g., statement like

bad partners produce bad children , cannot be tested.

Availability of techniques: The researcher must make

sure that methods are available for testing hisproposed hypotheses.


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Contd.Consistency:

A hypotheses should be consistent with an

existing body of theory and research

findings.

Simplicity:

A hypotheses should be simple one

requiring fewer conditions andassumptions.


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SOURCES OF HYPOTHESES

Literature: This is one ofthe main source of

hypotheses. It gives direction

to research by stating what is

already known.

Observation: It can be

derived from observation ofdaily experience.


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Contd.

Intuition and personalexperience:

Personal life experience of

persons determine theirperception and conception.

These may ,in turn, direct a

person to certain hypotheses

more quickly.

e.g., the story of Newton and

the falling apple illustrates this

individual accidental process.

Fi di f t di H th b d l d


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Findings of studies: Hypotheses may be developedout of the findings of other studies in order to replicate

and test.

Scientific theory: the various scientific laws or theorieswhich are transferable to the field of nursing research

e.g., Maslows theory of hierarchy.

Culture: Another source of hypotheses is the culture onwhich the researcher was nurtured. A large part of thehypotheses on American society examined by theresearchers were connected with violence.

Continuity of research: The rejection of somehypotheses leads to the formation of new ones.


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CLASSIFICATION OF HYPOTHESES

Research hypotheses:It indicates what the outcome of the study

is expected to be. It is also known as

scientific or workable hypotheses.

It can be Directional or Non-directional

hypotheses .


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Directional hypotheses: is one that specifies the

expected direction of the relationship between the

independent and dependent variables. It is also called

relational hypotheses

e.g., there will be a positive relationship between years

of nursing experience and attitude towards patient with

HIV disease.

Non-directional hypotheses: indicates the existenceof relationship between variables. It does not specify theanticipated direction of the relationship.

e.g, there will be a relationship between years of nursing

experience and attitude towards patient with HIVdisease.


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Statistical hypotheses: is also known as null

hypotheses that states there is no relationship between

dependent and independent variables.

If in the data analysis a statistically significant

relationship emerges between the variables at a specifiedlevel of significance , the null hypotheses is rejected and

research hypotheses is accepted.

e.g., there is no relationship between sedentary life style

and incidence of hypertension.


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TYPES OF HYPOTHESES ACCORDING TOTHEIR FUNCTIONS

A. Descriptive hypotheses: These are proposition thatdescribe the characteristics of variables. Variable can be

an object, person, organization, situation, or event.

e.g., patient who attend pre-operative education classes

have less post-operative emotional stress than thosepatient who do not.

B. Relational hypotheses:

These are the proposition, which describe the positive or

negative correlation between two variables.e.g., Families with higher incomes spend more on

recreation.


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C. Causal hypotheses: It states the existence of, or a

change in, one variable causes or leads to an effect onanother variable.

The first variable is called independent variable, andthe later the dependent variable.

E.g., smoking (independent) causes lung cancer(dependent).


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ADVANTAGES OF HYPOTHESES

It gives direction to the study.

Hypotheses builds researchers

confidence in his results.

A good hypotheses enriches the theory.


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DISADVANTAGES

It may bias the investigator towards a

particular position and cause him lose his

objectivity.


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THANK

YOU!!


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FURTHER READING

Polit and Hungler.. Essentials of Nursing Research: methods,

Appraisal and utilization, Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company.,1989: 102.

Fitzpatrick ML. Historical research: the method. In P.L. Munhall

(Ed.). Nursing Research: A qualitative perspective. 3rd ed. Boston:

Johen and Bartlett, 2001: 403-415.

Germain CP. Ethnography: The method. In P.L. Munhall (Ed.).Nursing Research: A qualitative perspective. 3rd ed. Boston: Johen

and Bartlett, 2001:277-306.

Kahn CR. Picking a research problem: the critical decision. The New

England Journal of Medicine, 1994;330(21):1530-1533.

Kerlinger FN, Lee HB. Foundation of behavioral research. 4th ed.Atworth TX: Harcourt College, 2000.


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Contd.

Munhall PL. Nursing Research: A qualitative perspective. 3rd

. Boston: Johenand Bartlett, 2001.

Melney BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Evidence-based practices in nursing and

healthcare: A guide to best practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &

Wilkins, 2005.

Vrrkevisser CM, Pathmanathan I, Ann B. Designing and conducting health

systems research projects 1ST ed. Proposal development and fieldwork, 2003.

Reviewed on 21 February 2010, from http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-56599-201-1-

DO_TOPIC.html.

Neeraja KP. Textbook of nursing education.1st Ed. New Delhi: Jaypee

brothers medical publishers,2007 :158-160.

No author.Student learning objectives (SLO) action verb list suggested verbsto use in each level of thinking skills. . Reviewed on 21 February 2010, from

http://www.emnu.edu/academics/assessment/faculty/mannual/verb_list.shtml.

No author. Research ideas, critiquing research and hypothesis. Reviewed on

21 February 2010, from www.carlrenold.com/files/Chapter_2.pptx
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1. research problem

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