1

Protista

The “Leftovers” Kingdom

2

Plant-like Protists

All are autotrophs Use light energy to make their own

food Includes both single-celled protists and

multi-celled protists Includes all the algae except the blue-

green algae (cyanobacteria)

3

Plant-like Protists

Provide a source of food for many other organisms

Live in symbiosis with some organisms including some animal-like protists, sea anemones, corals and giant clams

Form the base of many food chains Produce about 70% of Earth’s oxygen supply

4

Plant-like Protists

Many are flagellates – Phytoflagellates are plant-like flagellates.

Includes:EuglenasDiatomsDinoflagellates

5

Euglenas

Euglenas have a variety of forms with three characteristics in common:A pouch that hold 2 flagellaA reddish eyespotChloroplasts

If placed in a nutrient-rich medium in the dark the chloroplasts will disintegrate and the euglenas will become heterotrophs. They will remain so even if later placed back in the light.

6

Euglenas

Racette

7

Euglenas

Euglena viridisPhoto by Deuterostome

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euglena_viridis.jpg

Euglena viridisPhoto by Proyecto Agua

https://www.flickr.com/photos/microagua/3226101077/

Videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4MlR3dKfXmc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Md0PtdRxXvw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DALQ-XLJ4Q

8

Diatoms

Among the most numerous of protists 10,000 living species Have a two-part glassy shell The remains of these shells make up

diatomaceous earth that is an ingredient of toothpaste and car polish

9

Diatom Shells

SEMs of Diatoms (bar = 10μm)

Photos by Mary Ann Tiffany, published in

Bradbury J: Nature's Nanotechnologists: Unveiling the Secrets of Diatoms. PLoS Biol 2/10/2004: e306.

doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020306

Assorted Marine DiatomsPublic Domain: NOAA http://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg

Diatom Shells (also called frustules)

Frustules of 50 species of diatomsPhotograph by Randolph Femmer is public domain from USGS Library of Images From Life. http://www.flickr.com/photos/pali_nalu/6550459757/

10

11

Dinoflagellates

Have two flagella and walls that look like plates of armor

One flagellum wraps around the cell causing it to spin

Some glow like fireflies

Karenia brevisPublic Domain Image from Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation

Commission http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karenia_brevis.jpg

Live dinoflagellatesPhoto by Marc Perkinshttps://www.flickr.com/photos/occbio/5687371411/

Ceratium sp.Photo by Keisotyo http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceratium_sp_umitunoobimusi.jpg

12

Dinoflagellates

Cause red tide (not always red in color) when they reproduce rapidly and become overly abundant

Produce toxins that can injure or kill living things Red Tide caused by Dinoflagellates off

coast of La Jolla, California Released into the Public Domain, August 2005. P. Alejandro Díaz and Ginny Velasquez http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La-Jolla-Red-Tide.780.jpg

Dinoflagellates/Red Tide

13

Pfiesteria shumwayae SEM micrograph, cells < 15 µm

Public Domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pfiesteria_shumwayae.jpg

Picture of Red TidePublic Domain: NOAA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_tide.jpg

14

Multicellular Algae

Sargassum WeedPublic Domain Ocean Explorer/NOAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sargassum_weeds_closeup.jpg

Sea LettucePhoto by H. Krisp

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Meersalat-Ulva-lactuca.jpg

Bladderwrack or RockweedPhoto by Stemonitis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fucus_vesiculosus_Wales.jpg

Kelp ForestPhoto by Peter Southwood

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kelp_forest_at_Taranga_pinnacles_Hen_and_Chicken_Islands_PA232359.JPG

• Red, green, or brown marine algae

• Classification is still debated.

A Mutualistic Relationship

Photo by Bob Blaylock http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20090719_062218_ParameciumBursaria.jpg

Paramecium bursaria is an animal-like ciliate that lives in a mutualistic relationship with a plant-like protist, Zoochlorella

15

Colonial Plant-like Protists

VolvoxPhoto by Frank Fox ( www.mikro-foto.de)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mikrofoto.de-volvox-4.jpg

SpirogyraPhoto by Bob Blaylock

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:3x2_millimeters_of_Spirogyra.jpg

16

Two common examples: