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EKONOMI SUMBER DAYA HUTAN
Rinekawiati Soelaeman
Fakultas Kehutanan
Universitas Kuningan
2010
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EKONOMI SUMBER DAYA HUTAN
EKONOMI SUMBER DAYA HUTAN
Suatu kesatuan ekosistem berupa hamparan
lahan berisi SDA hayati yang didominasi
pepohonan dalam persekutuan alam
lingkungannya, yang satu dgn lainnya tidak
dapat dipisahkan?
Sumber Foto : Ekonomics
Principle and Practices, Gary
E. Clayton (2008)Sumber Foto : SUSTAINABLE
FOREST MANAGEMENT, Rice,
RE, dkk (2001)
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Sumber Daya Hutan
Dapat berupa :
Hasil nabati dan turunannya : (bambu, rotan,
rumputrumputan, jamur, tanaman obat, getah, daun,
buah, biji, tanin, dlsb.) Hasil hewani beserta turunannya seperti satwa liar dan
hasil penangkarannya :(Satwa buru, satwa elok)
Benda-benda non hayati yg secarr ekologis merupakan
satu kesatuan ekosistem dgn benda-benda hayati
penyusun hutan : sumber air, udara bersih, dlsb.
Jasa yg diperoleh dari htn : jasa wisata, estetika, dlsb. Hasil produksi primer : kayu bulat, kayu gergajian, kayu
lapis, kayu bakar, pulp, dlsb.
Kegiatan Ekonomi
Dapat Berupa :
1. Ekploitasi Kayu
untuk bahan
perdagangan danbahan baku industri
2. Pemanfaatan Hasil
Hutan Bukan Kayu
seperti getah, tanin
dll.
3. Wisata Alam
EKONOMI SUMBER DAYA HUTAN.. (2)
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Keterbatasan adalah dasar dari masalah ekonomi yang menuntut
manusia membuat pilihan tentang bagaimana menggunakan
sumberdaya yang terbatas.
Motivasi terhadap keuntungan adalah pendorong masyarakatuntuk memproduksi dan menjual barang dan jasa
Pembeli dan penjual secara sukarela berinteraksi di pasar, dan harga
pasar ditentukan oleh interaksi penawaran dan permintaan
GARY E. CLAYTON, Ph.D. Ekonomics Principle and Practices
Professor and Chair of the Economics and Finance Department at Northern Kentucky.
IDE-IDE BESAR EKONOMI
Setiap tatanan masyarakat mempunyai sistem ekonomi sendiri yang
mengatur alokasi barang dan jasa
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Pemerintah menentukan keseimbangan antara biaya dan keuntungan darikebijakan ekonominya untuk mendorong stabilitas dan pertumbuhan
ekonomi
Pemerintah dan Lembaga ekonomi membantu pelaku di ekonomi pasar
untuk mencapai tujuan keuangan mereka
Pertukaran dan spesialisasi mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi untuk
individu, wilayah dan negara.
Ahli ekonomi menggunakan banyak faktor dalam menilai pertumbuhan
dan performa ekonomi negara
Pasar tenaga kerja seperti pasar lainnya ditentukan oleh penawaran dan
permintaan
Kajian ekonomi akan membantu kita menghadapi isu ekonomi global
dan permintaan dan penawaran dalam sumberdaya
IDE-IDE BESAR EKONOMI ..(2)
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PANDANGAN TERHADAP SUMBER DAYA HUTAN
Hutan sebagai barang publik dan dikuasai oleh negara
Hutan adalah sumber daya alam terpulihkan (renewable)
Hasil Hutan merupakan komoditas ekonomi seperti
hasil hutan kayu, non kayu, jasa lingkungan, dll
Tegakan hutan sebagai komponen ekosistem alam yang
mempunyai fungsi menjaga keseimbangan lingkungan
Fungsi ekologis dan sumber dari biodiversity
tegakan hutan tidak dapat digantikan
Sumber Foto : SUSTAINABLE
FOREST MANAGEMENT, Rice,
RE, dkk (2001)
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Sistem Silvikultur
Tebang Pilih Indonesia
(TPI)
dilaksanakan
secara uniform
pada seluruh tipe hutan
di seluruh Indonesia
TPI DI MODIFIKASI
MENJADI TPTI
ERA
-Timber Extraction
-- State Bases Forest Management
Sistem Silvikultur
Tebang Pilih Tanam Indonesia
(TPTI)
Modifikasi:
Tebang Pilih Tanam Jalur,
- TPTI-Intensif (TPTI-I)
- Multi sistem silvikultur pada satu
kawasan kelola hutan
Dikukuhkan di dalam
PP 6/2007 dan PP 3/2008
SISTEM HAK PENGUSAHAANHUTAN (HPH)
SISTEM IZIN USAHA PEMANFAATANHASIL HUTAN KAYU (IUPHHK)
HUTAN DAN PEMANFAATAN SECARA EKONOMI
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Sumber Foto : WESTCARB Annual
Business Meeting, John Nickerson
Pacific Forest Trust, (2006)
Menurut laporan Baplan DepartemenKehutanan (2001), hutan alam yang
rusak meningkat dari 28,5 % menjadi
45,6%, hutan sekunder meningkat dari
27% menjadi 43,9% dan hutan primer
menurun dari 44,5% menjadi 10,5%.
Data lain juga menunjukkan bahwa saatini terdapat 16,2 juta ha hutan produksi
bebas karena HPH sudah tidak lagi
mengusahakannya (Fakultas Kehutanan
IPB, 2002).
HUTAN DAN PEMANFAATAN SECARA EKONOMI..(2)
HASIL PEMANFAATAN
SECARA EKONOMI
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MASALAH DAN KAJIAN EKONOMI SUMBER DAYA HUTAN
Sumberdaya Hutan
Apakah memenuhi kaidah kelangkaan sumberdaya ?
Bagaimana mengukur nilai ekonomi dari
sumberdaya hutan?
Siapa yang menjadi penjual dan pembeli pada
transaksi sumberdaya hutan?
Siapa yang mendapat keuntungan dari
pengelolaan sumberdaya hutan?
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STANDAR PENDEKATAN EKONOMI
Standard 1 Scarcity
Productive resources are limited. Therefore, people cannot have all the goods
and services they want; as a result, they must choose some things and give
up others.
Standard 2 Marginal Cost/Benefit
Effective decision making requires comparing the additional costs of
alternatives with the additional benefits. Most choices involve doing a
little more or a little less of something: few choices are all or nothing
decisions.
Standard 3 Allocation ofG
oods and ServicesDifferent methods can be used to allocate goods and services. People
acting individually or collectively through government must choose
which methods to use to allocate different kinds of goods and services.
Standard 4 Role of Incentives
People respond predictably to positive and negative incentives.
Voluntary National Content
Standards in Economics the National Council on EconomicEducation., AS. (Dalam Economics Principle and Practices, GARY E.
CLAYTON, 2008)
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Standard 5 Gain from Trade
Voluntary exchange occurs only when all participating parties expect to gain. This istrue for trade among individuals or organizations within a nation, and usually
among individuals or organizations in different nations
Standard 6 Specialization and Trade
When individuals, regions, and nations specialize in what they can produce at the
lowest cost and then trade with others, both production and consumption
increase.
Standard 7 MarketsPrice and Quantity Determination
Markets exist when buyers and sellers interact. This interaction determines market
prices and thereby allocates scarce goods and services.
Standard 8 Role of Price in Market System
Prices send signals and provide incentives to buyers and sellers. When supply ordemand changes, market prices adjust, affecting incentives.
Standard 9 Role of Competition
Competition among sellers lowers costs and prices, and encourages producers to
produce more of what consumers are willing and able to buy. Competition among
buyers increases prices and allocates goods and services to those people who are
willing and able to pay the most for them.
STANDAR PENDEKATAN EKONOMI..(2)
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Standard 10 Role of Economic Institutions
Institutions evolve in market economies to help individuals and groups
accomplish their goals. Banks, labor unions, corporations, legal systems, and not-
for-profit organizations are examples of important institutions. A different kind
of institution, clearly defined and enforced property rights, is essential to a
market economy.
Standard 11 Role of MoneyMoney makes it easier to trade, borrow, save, invest, and compare the value
of goods and services.
Standard 12 Role of Interest Rates
Interest rates, adjusted for inflation, rise and fall to balance the amount
saved with the amount borrowed, which affects the allocation of scarce
resources between present and future uses.
Standard 13 Role of Resources in Determining Income
Income for most people is determined by the market value of the productive
resources they sell. What workers earn depends, primarily, on the market value of
what they produce and how productive they are.
STANDAR PENDEKATAN EKONOMI..(3)
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Standard 14 Profit and the Entrepreneur
Entrepreneurs are people who take the risks of organizing productive resources to
make goods and services. Profit is an important incentive that leads entrepreneurs to
accept the risks of business failure
Standard 15 Growth
Investment in factories, machinery, new technology, and in the health, education,
and training of people can raise future standards of living.Standard 16 Role ofGovernment
There is an economic role for government in a market economy whenever the
benefits of a government policy outweigh its costs. Governments often provide for
national defense, address environmental concerns, define and protect property
rights, and attempt to make markets more competitive. Most government policies
also redistribute income.Standard 17 Using Cost/Benefit Analysis to Evaluate Government Programs
Costs of government policies sometimes exceed benefits. This may occur because
of incentives facing voters, government officials, and government employees,
because of actions by special interest groups that can impose costs on the
general public, or because social goals other than economic efficiency are being
pursued.
STANDAR PENDEKATAN EKONOMI..(4)
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Standard 18 Macroeconomic-Income/Employment, PricesA nations overall levels of income, employment, and prices are determined by the
interaction of spending and production decisions made by all households, firms,
government agencies, and others in the economy.
Standard 19 Unemployment and Inflation
Unemployment imposes costs on individuals and nations. Unexpected inflation
imposes costs on many people and benefits some others because it arbitrarily
redistributes purchasing power. Inflation can reduce the rate of growth of
national living standards because individuals and organizations use resources to
protect themselves against the uncertainty of future prices.
Standard 20 Monetary and Fiscal Policy
Federal government budgetary policy and the Federal Reserve Systemsmonetary policy influence the overall levels of employment, output, and
prices.
STANDAR PENDEKATAN EKONOMI..(5)
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CLAYTON GARY.E,. 2008. Ekonomics Principle and Practices University Copyright
2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. New York.
PUSTAKA
RICE, RE, at all. (2001). SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT, Center for
Applied Biodiversity Science Conservation International. NY.
SUHENDANG, E. (2002). Pengantar Ilmu Kehutanan, YPFK. Bogor.
Davis, L.S. and K.N Johnson. 1978. Forest Management. Part III. Third
Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Co.