1.1 Introduction:

1.2 Digital Signals:

1.3 Basic Digital Circuits:

a. AND Operation:

b. OR Operation:

c. NOT Operation:

1.4 NAND and NOR Operations:

a. NAND operation:

NAND as NOT-AND operation and the NAND Gate symbol

b. NOR operation:

NOR as NOT-OR operation and the NOR Gate symbol

c. Exclusive-OR operation: