1 objectives 1.highlight major changes shaping the twenty-first-century workplace. 2.understand...
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1
Objectives1. Highlight major changes shaping the twenty-first-
century workplace.
2. Understand demographics of the new work force.
3. Explain “managing diversity” and why it is important today.
4. Discuss effects on management from the political-legal environment
5. Discuss effects on management from business cycles and globalization
2
Major Changes in the Workplace
• Virtual Organizations
• Just-in-Time Workforce
• Knowledge Workers
• e-Coaching and e-Monitoring
• Increased Diversity
• Aging Workforce
• Dynamic Workforce
3
Virtual teams
• More communication-intensive– but lose contextual cues/voice
• Asynchronous (24/7)
• Dispersed
• Implications for management: characteristics of virtual team members - self discipline, social needs ...
4
JIT Workforce
• Contingent, temporary, freelance workers
• Essentially outsourcing
• Creates a hiring pool - for “permanent” positions
• Trust & loyalty an issue?
• Implications: which functions should managers outsource - or not outsource?
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The Social Environment• “The organization is an arena where interests are mobilized”
• Dimensions of the social environment– Demographics
• Changes in the statistical profiles of population characteristics.
– The new social contract• Changes in the employer-employee relationship.
– Inequalities• Persistent barriers
– Managing diversity• Creating organization cultures that enable all employees to realize their
potential.
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Demographics of the New Workforce
• Needed Remedial Education– The shrinking U.S. workforce is increasingly
deficient in reading, writing, science, and basic math skills.
7Source: International Adult Literacy Survey
Skill Level of Three Workforce Categories
35% 52% 14%
34% 41% 25%
38% 16% 46%
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Percent of U.S.College Graduates
Percent of U.S.Workers
Percent of U.S. H.S.Graduates
Adequate Skills Inadequate Skills Excellent Skills
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Demographics
• The workforce will have more Hispanics and older persons in the future.
• Labor force growth rate is declining
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Asian American
4%
White76%
Black11%
Hispanic9%
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, HRI
White66%
Black15%
Hispanic14%
Asian American
5%
Baby Boomb.1946-64
Baby Bustb. 1965-83
Percent of Baby-Boom and Baby-Bust Generations by Race/Ethnicity
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Annual Growth Rate of U.S. Labor Force
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015 2025 2035
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Demographics of the New Workforce
• Myths About Older Workers (Dispelled)– Are not less productive.– Do not incur higher benefits costs.– Do not have higher absenteeism.– Do not have more accidents at work.– Are not less willing to learn.– Are not inflexible about the hours they are
willing to work.
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A New Social Contract Between Employer and Employee
• New Social Contract– Employer-employee relationship will be
shorter-term, market-based. • Employees are expected to manage their own
careers to increase their long-term value.
• Employers are expected to provide the means necessary for continual workforce development .
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Nagging Inequalities in the Workplace
• Under the Glass Ceiling– Women continue to experience a significant
gender-wage gap and strong barriers to advancement.
– Women are demanding more equitable compensation and workplace opportunities.
14Source: Catalyst’s Census of WomenCorporate Officers and Top Performers; HRI
Women in Top Management
46% of the U.S. Labor Force
48% of Managerial/ProfessionalSpecialty Positions
10% of Corporate Officers
9.5% of Board Directors
2.4% of Highest Titles
1.9% of Top Earners
Two Fortune 500 CEO
15Source: Federal Glass Ceiling Initiative; HRI
While minorities make up almost 22 percent of the U.S. workforce...
... they represent only 2 percent at Fortune 2000 firms.
White78%
White98%
Minorities22% Minorities
2%
Minorities in Top Management
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Nagging Inequalities in the Workplace (cont’d)
• Part-Timer Promises and Problems– Contingent workers will comprise a increasing percentage of
the workforce.– The advantages of lower wage and benefits costs and the
flexibility of a contingent workforce are offset by their negative work attitudes and increased likelihood of quitting.
• Continuing Pressure for Equal Opportunity– Women, minorities, and the physically challenged are all
expected to press harder for more employment opportunities
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Managing Diversity• Managing Diversity
– The process of creating an organizational culture that provides all employees with opportunities to realize their potential
– Requires testing of personal biases, learning
• More than EEO– The moral necessity to go beyond EEO and affirmative
action – Multiple perspectives improve information and decision
making - creating economic value
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The Political-Legal Environment
• Specific Political Strategies– Campaign financing– Lobbying– Coalition building– Indirect lobbying
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Increased Personal Legal Accountability
• Increases in Demands for Accountability– “Cooking the books,” price fixing, and bid rigging are
serious white-collar crimes likely to draw stiff penalties and a jail sentence. E.g. Sarbanes-Oxley act 2002
• Political and Legal Implications for Management– Increased use of legal audits
• A review of all operations to pinpoint possible legal liabilities or problems.
– Use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR)• Settling disputes with less costly methods, including arbitration
and mediation.
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The Economic Environment
• The Job Outlook in Today’s Service Economy, Where Education Counts– Service sector job growth in high paying
occupations that require at least a bachelor’s degree is twice as fast as that of all other occupations.
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Some Industries in the Service Sector
• Banking, stockbrokerage
• Lodging
• IT
• Insurance
• News and entertainment
• Transportation (freight and passenger)
• Health care
• Education
• Wholesaling and retailing
• Law
• Education
• Architecture
• Consulting
22
The Economic Environment
• Coping with Business Cycles– Business cycles
• The up and down movement of an economy’s ability to generate wealth.
• Business cycles are converging worldwide (global interdependence).
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The Business Cycle
Trough
Growthtrend
Peak
RE
AL
GD
P (
units
per
tim
e pe
riod)
TIME
Peak
Peak
Trough
24
The Business Cycle inU.S. History
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990YEAR
2000
Annualgrowth
GR
OW
TH
RA
TE
(pe
rcen
t per
yea
r)
Long-term averagegrowth (3%)
Recession
Zero growth
0
35
10
15
20
-10
-5
25
The Economic Environment
• Cycle-sensitive decisions– Timing decisions about appropriate responses
to changes in the business cycle is necessary to• reduce the chances that a firm’s assets and resources
will be underutilized or wasted in economic downturns.
• take advantage of opportunities that will arise during periods of rapid expansion of the economy.
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The Challenge of a Global Economy
• A Single Global Marketplace– Global trade is causing a shift to a single economy
(e.g., WTO, EU, NAFTA)– The commercial world is no longer East-West, North-
South.
• Globalization Is Personal– Working for a foreign-owned company is a growing
trend (brand ownership, FDI).– Now a world standard for competitive quality and costs
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The Technological Environment
• Technological innovation– is concerned with tools and ideas that provide
practical solutions – generates “Creative Destruction” (Schumpeter)– creates new products and businesses
• e.g., e-Business models, disintermediation, biotech
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The Technological Environment (cont’d)
• The Innovation Process– Concept– Product innovation– Process innovation
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• Innovation Lag– The time it takes for a new product to be translated into
satisfied demand.
• Shortening Innovation Lag– Goal setting: creating a sense of urgency and purpose.– Empowerment: pushing decision-making authority
down to the level of the decision.– Concurrent engineering: using a team approach to
product design involving specialists from all functional areas including research, production, and marketing.
The Technological Environment (cont’d)
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Promoting Innovation Through Intrapreneurship
• Intrapreneur– An employee who personally shepherds an
innovative idea through a large organization.
• Fostering Intrapreneurship– Focus on collaboration, innovation and risk taking
– Tolerate/learn from mistakes
– Requires managerial approaches to creativity individual and group dynamics, organization culture (more on this later!),