1 novel capabilities of power quality monitoring at the smart grid netzah calamaro, yuval beck,...
TRANSCRIPT
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Novel Capabilities of Power Quality Monitoring at the Smart Grid
Netzah Calamaro, Yuval Beck, Doron ShmilovitzIsrael Electric Company , TAU energy conversion
lab, HIT
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Grid event location Existing array of power quality monitors
and meters
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innovative software tools for smart grid diagnostics and control
• Software that analyzes grid through waveform monitoring.
• Modern electric energy transport theories significantly contribute to this
• Periodic averaged theories, instantaneous theories re-investigated
Hardware infrastructure already exists
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Current’s Physical Components theoryThe way it’s done
• Current decomposition into physical components
• Power decomposition into physical components
• All components are orthogonal
• Orthogonal = independent = separate
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Current’s Physical Components theory
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )a r s u Bi t i t i t i t i t i t ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )a r s u Bi t i t i t i t i t i t
Advantages• Energy measurement• active/reactive load characterization • grid monitoring and control• load identification
Disadvantages• requires Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) X 8
channels • Minimal response time: half a cycle• For active filter requires storage components
(explain what is a filter)
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Current’s Physical Components theory
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )a r s u Bi t i t i t i t i t i t ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )a r s u Bi t i t i t i t i t i t
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )a r s u Bi t i t i t i t i t i t
2 2 22 2 2a s r u Bi( t ) i ( t ) i ( t ) i ( t ) i ( t ) i ( t )
Components:ActiveReactiveScatteredUnbalanced Backward
Orthogonality:
Physical decomposition:
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Current’s Physical Components theory
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )a r s u Bi t i t i t i t i t i t ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )a r s u Bi t i t i t i t i t i t
0jn to n
n N
v( t ) U 2 Re V e
0jn to n
n N
i( t ) I 2 Re I e
Voltage and current harmonic representation
(FFT)
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Current’s Physical Components theoryDecomposition Algorithm
Feature generation(FG)
Admittance
Transfer function
FFT and Normalizing
CPC and Z- transform
i(t),v(t)
ia(Z) ir(Z) is(Z) iu(Z) iB(Z)
Ya(Z) Yr(Z) Ys(Z) Yu(Z) YB(Z)
θ (Z) |A(Z)| Phase delay vgroup(Z) Zero-
Pole
In,Vn
FG
V(Z)
FG FG FG
Back to grid monitoring and control
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Instantaneous p-q theory
• p – active, q- reactive
• Significantly different from periodic averaged theories (CPC)
• Instead of periodic averaged powers, it’s instantaneous powers
• Power components are completely different physical meaning than CPC
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Instantaneous p-q theory
Advantages• Grid monitoring and control• Active filtering, power conditioning• Not require storage components• Latency: instantaneous, immediate
Disadvantages• Not characterize active/reactive load
correctlyWhy? Recognition of active/reactive requires a period and not an instant.
• Less suitable for energy measurement
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Instantaneous p-q theoryThe way it’s done
Physical meaning of powers
Back to grid monitoring and control
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Instantaneous p-q theoryDecomposition algorithm
To filter
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Instantaneous p-q theoryClark Transformation
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Grid monitoring and control application - CPC
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Grid monitoring and control application – p-q
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Instantaneous p-q theoryNovel application: Microscope
, telescope
To microscope
To telescope
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Instantaneous p-q theoryNovel application: Microscope,
telescope
2 2 2
, ,
,
T
p q
T
p q T
p u i u i q u i u i i s u i
u i upu pu q u q u q ui i
u u u u uuu u u
Telescope:
1 2
1 2
( ) ( ), ( ),..., ( ) ,
( ) ( ), ( ),..., ( )
M
M
L L L
L L L
v t v t v t v t
i t i t i t i t
To schematic
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Instantaneous p-q theoryMicroscope, telescope
Microscope:
2, 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )
T
np n n n
n nn n
v t i t v t p ti t v t p t v t
v t v tv t
21 1
2
1
( , )
1 1,( , )2 2
2 2
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )
( )1 ( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )
N N
n k k nj k j
Nq
nn
n kn kq n k
N N
n nn n
v t i t v t i ti t i t
v t
q tv t i ti t
i tv t v t
To slide 16
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Instantaneous p-q theoryActive Power quality through active filtering
To schematic
To constant power
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Instantaneous p-q theoryActive Power quality through active
filtering – constant powerTo slide 11
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0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08500
1000
1500
Time (sec)
ph
ase
volt
age (
V)
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
6
8
10x 104
Time (sec)
ph
ase
cu
rren
t (A
)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
-15
-10
-5
0
Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)
Ph
ase
(rad
ian
s)
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Real Part
Imag
inar
y P
art
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
10
20
30
40
50
Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)
Gro
up
del
ay (
in s
amp
les)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
3
4
5
6
7
Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)
Ph
ase
Del
ay (
sam
ple
s)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)
Mag
nit
ud
e (d
B)
Current’s Physical Components theory PC farm
Load identification
To flow diagram
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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
-15
-10
-5
0
Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)
Ph
ase
(rad
ian
s)
Current’s Physical Components theory AC motor
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08500
1000
1500
Time (sec)
Vo
ltag
e p
hase R
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.080
5
10x 10
4
Time (sec)
Cu
rren
t p
hase R
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)
Gro
up
del
ay (
in s
amp
les)
Group delay
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)
Ph
ase
Del
ay (
sam
ple
s)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)
Ph
ase
(rad
ian
s)
-0.5 0 0.5-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Real Part
Imagin
ary
Pa
rt
Load identification
To flow diagram
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Current’s Physical Components theory - dimmer
Load identification
To flow diagram
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Feature generation(FG)
Admittance
Transfer function
FFT and Normalizing
CPC and Z- transform
i(t),v(t)
ia(Z) ir(Z) is(Z) iu(Z) iB(Z)
Ya(Z) Yr(Z) Ys(Z) Yu(Z) YB(Z)
θ (Z) |A(Z)| Phase delay vgroup(Z) Zero-
Pole
In,Vn
FG
V(Z)
FG FG FG
Current’s Physical Components theoryalgorithm
To pc farm
To AC motor
To dimmer
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Conclusion:
• Over existing infrastructure of power quality monitors
• Using only software located at the MDM(Meter Data Management)
• Additional grid power quality data is obtained over EN 50160 is obtained
• It requires modern electric energy transport theories knowledge
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Conclusion:
• Novel applications presented:Telescope, microscope – for grid movement between branches
• Grid monitoring and control
• Grid active filtering
• Power flow –energy flow optimization
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Questions