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Motor

ELECTRICAL ENERGY Mechanical Energy

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IndexClassificationLaws of

electromagnetismRotating Magnetic FieldAC MotorInduction MotorSynchronous MotorMaintenance Practices

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Laws of ElectromagnetismFaraday’s Law Lenz’s LawFleming’s Right Hand

ruleFleming’s Left Hand

ruleInteraction of two

magnetic fields

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Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

When the magnetic flux through a circuit is changing an induced EMF is setup in that circuit and its magnitude is proportional to the rate of change of flux”

Simulation

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Lenz’s Law“ The direction of

an induced EMF is such that its effect tends to oppose the change producing it”

Simulation

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Fleming’s Right Hand ruleUsed to measure

the direction of induced current in a conductor when cut by a magnetic field.

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Fleming’s Left Hand ruleUsed to measure

the direction of motion of a current carrying conductor when placed in magnetic field.

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Interaction of two magnetic fields

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Production of Three Phase Rotating Magnetic Field

RMF may be set up in two-phase or three-phase machines.

The number of pole pairs must be the same as the number of phases in the applied voltage.

The poles are displaced from each other by an angle equal to the phase angle between the individual phases of the applied voltage.

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+ When Current positive and going into · When Current negative and coming from

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Speed of RMF The magnetic field established rotates

at a speed given by N = 60* f / P where f = frequency of stator

current P = Number of pair of poles

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A machine which converts AC electrical energy into Mechanical energy

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Induction MotorIntroductionConstructionPrinciple of Induction MotorSlipStarting CurrentTorqueTorque Speed characteristicsTwo Phase Induction MotorSingle phase Induction

MotorSummaryUses in Aircraft

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Induction Motor-Intro. The induction motor is the most commonly

used type of ac motor. It is simple, low cost and rugged in construction.

The induction motor derives its name from the fact that ac voltages are induced in the rotor circuit by the rotating magnetic field of the stator.

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Stator Wound Rotor Start Resistance

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AC Machine Stator

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Squirrel Cage Rotor

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Principle of Induction Motor

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Slip in Induction Motor

slip speed = synchronous speed - rotor speed measured in RPM

Slip = (synchronous speed - rotor speed ) /synchronous speed expressed as a percentage

The greater the slip speed, the greater is the force on each conductor and the torque exerted by the whole.

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Starting CurrentThe starting current is very high which

may damage the stator winding.

To reduce this heavy starting current, star-delta starting switch is used.

For starting, the stator winding are connected up in star via the switch to the supply so that the phase voltage is 1/√3 of the normal voltage. This reduced voltage limits the starting current.

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phase voltage is 1/√3 of the normal voltage

phase voltage is equal to the line voltage.

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Torque- StartingThe resistance of the squirrel cage

rotor is small and inductance high. Thus on starting rotor current and the

rotor emf are nearly 90 degrees out of phase.

The lagging rotor current interacts little with stator current and therefore the starting torque is poor.

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As the rotor current come into phase with the rotor emf with increased rotor speed (decreased slip and inductive reactance) the rotor and the stator flux comes more into phase and the torque increases.

Torque- Running

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Methods Of Improving Starting TorqueIn creasing the resistance of the rotor

conductors Using a combination of high and low

resistance conductorsUsing a wire wound rotor connected to

variable resistor

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Wire Wound Rotor Connected To Resistor

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Torque –Speed Characteristic

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Two Phase Induction Motor

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Two Phase RMF

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Single Phase Pulsating Field

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Single Phase Induction MotorThe single phase induction motor produces a

pulsating field.

However, if the rotor is rotated forward at a bit less than the synchronous speed, It will develop some torque.

If the rotor is started in the reverse direction, it will develop a same torque in other direction

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Split Phase Induction Motor Two phases are produced by

splitting a single phase.A capacitor is inserted in

one of the windings and is called a permanent-split capacitor motor.

The direction of the motor is easily reversed by switching the capacitor in series with the other winding.

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SummaryThe three phase induction motor Is very robust in construction No need for slip rings and therefore less

maintenance.Has a high starting current reduced by star-

delta switch.Has a poor starting torque.Runs at a speed less than synchronous speed.

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Direction of rotation can be reversed by interchanging any two stator phases.

Is of two types depending on motor construction: Squirrel Cage or Slip Ring

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Uses in Aircraft1. Constant speed with varying loads and

require smoother torque e.g. fuel booster pumps, hydraulic system’s Electric Motor Driven pumps.

2. Systems which need high torque and reversing e.g. Flap Power units (for alternate flap drives), Stabilizer Trim Actuator.

3. Two phase induction motors also used in aircraft such as aileron trim actuators and in reversible valve actuators in Fuel, hydraulic, oil, and pneumatic systems etc.

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Synchronous MotorSynchronous Motor-IntroSynchronous Motor-principleChanging the LoadStarting Torque Improvement of starting torqueSynchronous Machine

ConstructionV curves Torque versus Speed Summary

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Synchronous Motor- Intro• The synchronous motor rotates at the

synchronous speed i.e. the speed of the RMF.

• Stator is similar in construction to that of an induction motor, so same principle is applied to the synchronous motor rotor.

• Field excitation is provided on the rotor by either permanent or electromagnets with number of poles equal to the poles of the RMF caused by stator

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Synchronous Motor-PrincipleThe rotor acting as a bar magnet will turn to line

up with the rotating magnet field. The rotor gets locked to the RMF and rotates unlike induction motor at synchronous speed under all load condition

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An increase in the load will cause the rotor to lag the stator field but still maintain synchronous speed. Increase in load has increased the torque component, but the field strength has decreased due to the increase in length of the air gap between the rotor and the stator.

If the synchronous motor is overloaded it pulls out of synchronism and comes to rest. The minimum amount of torque which causes this is called the “ pull out torque”.

Lightly loaded motor

Heavily loaded motor

Changing The Load

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Starting TorqueIt cannot be started from a standstill by

applying ac to the stator. When ac is applied to the stator a high speed RMF appears around the stator. This RMF rushes past the rotor poles so quickly that the rotor is unable to get started. It is attracted first in one direction and then in the other and hence no starting torque.

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Improvement of starting torque It is started by using a squirrel cage within a

rotor construction and therefore starts as an induction motor.

At synchronous speed the squirrel cage has no part to play.

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Synchronous Machine Construction

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V curves

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Torque versus Speed

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SummaryThe synchronous motor:1. requires to be started by an external prime mover.2. Runs only at synchronous speed, this is an advantage

where continuous speed is required but a disadvantage where a variable speed is required.

3. Can be used to adjust the power factor of a system at the same time it is driving a mechanical load.

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Maintenance Practices-A.C. Motors

Clean, but don’t forget to inspect before and after cleaning

Check electrical connections for security, the insulation to be in satisfactory condition.Examine for signs of over heatingCheck that the motor is secureDo an audible checkEnsure that the motor is not over heating when operating, a rule of thumb is that if it is too hot for the hand, it is too high.When replacing a motor always ensure that the load, valve has not seized.

Also ensure that the motor operates in the correct direction

End of Motors